Historical Evolution of Luoyang Ancient City in Han and Wei Dynasties

Through the dissection and trial excavation of the wall of the ancient city of Han and Wei, the cultural relics workers found that the existing scale and shape of the ancient city of Luoyang in Han and Wei were not the product of a certain era, but gradually formed through long-term repair and addition activities.

Luoyang, the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties, is composed of Miyagi, inner city and outer Guo Cheng. In the inner city, that is, the central part of Luoyang City from Han Dynasty to Jin Dynasty, the earliest city site was discovered. Its scale is basically square, roughly in line with the pattern of six miles from east to west and five miles from north to south at that time. Judging from the available materials, its specific age is not later than the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty, which is the beginning of the construction of Luoyang ancient city in Han and Wei Dynasties. Houcheng site is located in the north-central part of Luoyang city from Han Dynasty to Jin Dynasty, which was built in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Except for the newly expanded part in the north, the city built in the Western Zhou Dynasty was used in the south, slightly repaired or added. The latest city site was built after the Western Zhou Dynasty and the late Spring and Autumn Period and extended to the south. Its construction time was later than the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and earlier than the Han Dynasty. The former city ruins are still being used and restored. During this period, the city site was about nine miles long from north to south and six miles long from east to west, reaching and forming the shape and scale of Luoyang City in Han, Jin and Han Dynasties. This city circle was repaired or added from the Western Han Dynasty to the Northern Wei Dynasty, and it has been in use ever since. It can be seen that there are at least three ancient city sites with different scales and different times on the site of Luoyang City in Han and Jin Dynasties, and the later city sites of each era expand to the north or south on the basis of the previous generation to form a new city. In the literature about Luoyang city construction, there are two major urban construction climaxes. One was at the beginning of the founding of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the other was during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Through the study of historical documents and archaeological exploration and excavation, it is confirmed that as early as the Western Zhou Dynasty, a large-scale city site has appeared here, which is the beginning of the construction of Luoyang ancient city in Han and Wei Dynasties.

The construction of Luoyi in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty is recorded in Shangshu, Yizhou Book, Historical Records and unearthed inscriptions. After Zhou Wuwang's commerce was destroyed, the idea of "summer vacation" came into being in the south of the Yellow River and Yiluo area, which was originally "camp in Luoyi and then go". Two years later, Zhou Wuwang died, his son succeeded to the throne, and the Duke of Zhou assisted the government. According to Zhaogu Shangshu, King Cheng sent Taibao Zhao Gong to Luoyi to inspect the terrain and plan the address of the capital in order to realize King Wu's last wish to build the capital in Luoyi. Zhao Gong walked on the road for half a month and arrived in Luoyi on the fifth day of March. On the seventh day, Zhao Gong ordered Yin Min to plan battlements, palaces, suburban temples and the positions of the cities on the north bank of Luoshui, and the planning was completed on 1 1 day. The next day, Duke Zhou went to Luoyi, inspected the new city in an all-round way, and divined to build a new city between Jianshui East and Huangshui West, and on the bank of Deshui East and Luoshui. Everything was a good sign. So the Duke of Zhou gave Wang Cheng the map and divination to build Luoyi. With the approval of Wang Cheng, cows, sheep and pigs were sacrificed on 14 and 15, and a temple was set up in Xinyi. Seven days later, the Duke of Zhou issued an order to the vassal states and Yin Min, and then ordered Yin Min to start large-scale construction. After eight or nine months of construction, Chengzhou City was completed at the end of the year.

Luoyang was the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and Zhou moved the capital to Chengzhou in order to escape the rebellion. Because of its small city, Jin led the princes to expand and called it "Chengzhou". * * * Experienced Zhou, Zhou Calm, Zhou Ai, Zhou Siwang, Zhou, Zhou Weilie, Zhou An, Zhou Xianwang and Zhou Shenjing 65438. Lv Buwei was named "Wen Xin Hou", which ate 65,438+households in Luoyang and expanded Luoyang City again.

During the Qin Dynasty, Sanchuan County was established in Henan, and Luoyang was the seat of Sanchuan County, which was also the main road of Xianyang in Qin Dou to the east. Because Lv Buwei helped establish the King of Qin, Chu Yougong, became the prime minister, and named him Wen Xin Hou, who ate 100,000 households in Luoyang. Lv Buwei once again expanded Luoyang City. This is consistent with the increase and expansion of the southern part of the city site discovered by archaeological exploration. This expansion is of great significance in the development history of Luoyang city in Han and Wei Dynasties. The shape of the city has changed again, reaching the scale of six miles from east to west and nine miles from north to south, commonly known as "96 cities" Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Cao Wei Dynasty and the Western Jin Dynasty, and the inner city of Luoyang, the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, were all built and used on this site. In other words, the formation scale of Luoyang City in Han and Jin Dynasties was in Qin Dynasty. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, from the first year of Jianwu (AD 25), Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty made Luoyang its capital, and began to rule and operate from 65438 to 065. In the first year of Jianwu (AD 25), Liu Xiuyu Yuyu (now Baixiang, Hebei Province) proclaimed himself emperor, following the Han title. In the same year 10, Liu Xiu made Luoyang his capital. After making Luoyang his capital, Han worshiped Huode, thinking that the three-point water in the word "Luo" was not conducive to his Huode, because the fire would go out as soon as it touched the water, so he turned it into "Luoyang". Liu Xiu built a large-scale construction in Luoyang, built a high temple, established a cherry blossom society and official offices, and set up imperial academy, Tang Ming, Biyong and Lingtai in the southern suburbs. Liu Xiu also carried out a series of political reforms, especially ordered the release of handmaiden six times in a row, which partially solved the serious problem of land annexation and improved the situation of farmers. Farmers' enthusiasm for production increased, and the social economy gradually resumed development, which was called "Guangxu Zhongxing" in history. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu made Luoyang his capital, including Emperor Guangwu (Xiu), Emperor Hanming (Zhuang), (Xu), Emperor Hanhe (Zhao), (Dou), Emperor Han An (Visit), Emperor Han Shun (Bao), Emperor Han Chong (Bing), (Cheng) and Emperor Han Huan (Zhi).

Jincheng archaeological site is an irregular rectangle with rammed earth wall thickness of 14 ~ 25m. The west wall is about 3,500 meters long, the north wall is 2,523 meters long, and the east wall is 3,895 meters long. The Cheng Nan wall was born of the Luohe River.

Transfer and destroy. Among the 12 gates, Xiamen is the best preserved. The streets in the city are connected with the city gates. According to the drilling results, there are five streets in the north-south direction and five streets in the east-west direction. The main buildings in the city are Nangong and Gong Bei, which are located in the south of the city. The Nangong is rectangular, with a length of1.300m from north to south and a width of1.000m from east to west. Gongbei is about1500m long from north to south and about1200m wide from east to west. Besides, there is Yong 'an Palace near Shangdong Gate in the northeast of Gong Bei, and there is a royal palace Zhuolong Garden in the northwest of the city. The highest administrative institutions, such as Taiweifu, Situfu and Sikongfu, are located in the southeast of Nangong, near Chengmen and Kaiyangmen. Taicang and Arsenal, which store grain and weapons, are built in the northeast of Gong Bei. In the northeast corner of the city, that is, near the Shangdong Gate, there are dignitaries, and most ordinary people live outside the city near the city gate. There are gold market, horse market and sheep market in the industrial and commercial area. Sacrificial buildings such as Biyong, Taixue, Tang Ming and Lingtai are located in the south of the city. Biyong plane is square with a side length of1.70m.. There is a door on each side, with a square rammed earth temple base in the middle, with a side length of 45 meters. Jinbiyong tablet was unearthed in the south of the temple base. In a site in the northeast of Biyong Site, fragments of stone classics from the Han and Wei Dynasties were unearthed, which may be the remains of imperial academy since the Eastern Han Dynasty. Tang Ming site is located on the west side of Biyong site, with a square plane and a side length of 240 meters, and a circular rammed temple foundation with a diameter of more than 60 meters in the center. Located on the west side of Tang Ming, Lingtai is the earliest observatory discovered in China, with a side length of 220 meters and a square rammed earth foundation with a side length of 50 meters in the center. In the southern suburbs, the graves of prisoners who were recruited to serve in the capital Luoyang during the Eastern Han Dynasty were also found. Dozens of people have been cut and assassinated on their bones. Carving names, subordinates and criminals' names in tombs with waste bricks is an important material for studying laws and criminals in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the first year of Chuping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 190), Dong Zhuo coerced Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty to move to Chang 'an, burning Luoyang Palace Temple and others, and the bustling Luoyang City was completely destroyed.

In the first year of Huang Chu (220), Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor, built Wei, and made Luoyang his capital. Wei ruled the soil, and the soil flowed when it met water, and the native land was soft when it met water, so it was changed to Luoyang. The soil was yellow, so this year was named Huang Chu, which started the construction and reconstruction of Luoyang City in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Wei Wendi's Cao Pishi restored some buildings in Gong Bei, and Wei Mingdi's Cao Cao made great efforts to build the Taiji Hall and Zhaoyang Hall on the old site of Chongde Hall in Nangong in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and decorated Fanglin Garden. Cao Wei's regime mainly restored Gong Bei, built the Taiji Hall and adopted the single palace system, that is, Miyagi was located at the northern end of the central axis of the city. Miyagi, built in the center, should have Polaris, which is a manifestation of the strengthening of centralization. The single palace system was intended to establish the absolute prestige of the central imperial power, and changed the mode of juxtaposition of the two palaces in the history of China.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Wei also thickened the north wall of the old city to about 30 meters, and built a horse face in the north section of the west wall and the outside of the north wall, rebuilding the big west gate, in order to strengthen the defense of Miyagi. The formation of a complete protection system such as high platform, city wall, horse face and moat in the city marks its maturity.

Most importantly, Cao Pi, Emperor Wen of Wei, built a 100-foot building in the northwest corner of Luoyang City, and then Cao San in Wei Mingdi was expanded into a military fortress-Jinyong City. Jinyong City consists of three small castles arranged in north and south, with a length of1048m from north to south and a width of150 ~ 255m from east to west. The city wall is made of plate, and battlements are built outside the city wall. There is a moat in the east, west, north and south. The latest excavation shows that the three small castles in Jinyong City are the products of construction and expansion in different periods, and only the castle in the south is Jinyong City founded by Wei Mingdi.

Cao Wei lived in Pi, Rui, Fang, Gui Xianggong and Wei Huan for 46 years.

Luoyang is also the capital of the Western Jin Dynasty, but the shape and layout of Luoyang City have not changed much. In the 5th year of Yongjia (AD 3 1 1), Liu Cong, a Hun, led an army into the city, and Luoyang City became ashes again. 180 years later, Luoyang City was the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty. After Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved to the capital in the 19th year (AD 495), large-scale construction began, and the capital consisting of Miyagi, inner city and outer Guo Cheng reached its brilliant peak. Miyagi is located in the hometown of Gong Bei in the Eastern Han Dynasty, in the northern center of the inner city, with a length of1398m from north to south and a width of 660m from east to west. Except for the unclear north wall, the other three walls of Miyagi still exist. It is found that there are four gates of the palace, and the opening of the main south gate is 46 meters wide, which shows the grand scale. Miyagi rammed earth platforms are dense, and palace buildings are concentrated here. Luhemen is the base of a rectangular palace, which is 100 meters long from east to west and 60 meters long from north to south. It is the main hall of Miyagi-Taiji Hall and the center of the whole city. The inner city follows the wall of Luoyang city in Han and Jin dynasties, and the gate is slightly changed. The streets in the city are relatively regular, and the east-west avenue basically runs through the inner city. The road from Dongyang Gate to Xiyangmen is an important boundary of the inner city. Lubei is located in Miyagi, Garden, Arsenal and Taicang. South of the road are mainly yamen, temples, monasteries and aristocratic mansions. Tongtuo Street is located on the central axis of the city, with a width of about 42 meters, and extends to the main entrance of Guancheng at Yangxuanmen. On both sides of the street are the office buildings of the central government, ancestral halls, Taishe, and the remains of Guozi School. From the Taiji Hall in Miyagi along Tongtuo Street to the Xuanyang Gate through Liuhe Gate, across the Yongqiao Bridge on Luoshui, to the ball outside the South China City, which constitutes the central axis of Luoyang City in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Although the inner city is slightly west, it basically maintains the position of Miyagi in the middle. Therefore, the overall layout of Luoyang City in the Northern Wei Dynasty embodies the architectural principles of the feudal capital. It is the residence of the emperor, the setting of telephone poles, the peripheral facilities of the government, and the Zuo Zu You She. Guo Cheng is dominated by ordinary people, and the divided areas are neat and tight, which is called Li or Fang. Archaeological findings show that the east-west wall of Waiguo is 3500 meters away from the inner city, and the north wall is 850 meters away from the inner city. At this point, the east-west width and the north-south length of Luoyang City have reached 10 km, making it one of the largest cities in the ancient history of China. According to documents, there were more than 300 Buddhist temples in Luoyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty, only one was 1 Yongning Temple, which was built after archaeological excavation in the first year of Xiping in the Northern Wei Dynasty (5 1 6). The temple site is located in the southwest of the south gate of Miyagi, with a rectangular plane and a perimeter of1060m. The cultural relics unearthed from the foundation of the square tower are mainly clay sculptures related to Buddhism.

In the third year of Yongxi (A.D. 534), the Northern Wei Dynasty fell and was once again in ruins, bidding farewell to the glory of the capital. The remains of the capital of the Four Dynasties left by Luoyang City in the Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties represent the fundamental changes in the urban layout with the expansion of the city: from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty, the palace area experienced a transformation from a relatively scattered north-south palace system to a single palace system concentrated in the north-central part of the city; During the Northern Wei Dynasty, the urban area expanded, and Luoyang City in Han and Jin Dynasties became an inner city, mostly occupied by Miyagi, ancestral temple and central yamen, which already possessed the nature of some later imperial cities. Outside Guo Cheng, it has become a major resident and industrial and commercial market in Li Fang. This layout of the triple walls of Miyagi, Inner City and Guo Cheng became the originator of the layout of Miyagi, Imperial City and Guo Cheng in later dynasties. In this way, Luoyang City in the Han and Wei Dynasties, like a phoenix that died in a sea of fire, had a far-reaching impact on the Sui and Tang Dynasties and later capitals with the change of dynasties.

During the hundreds of years when the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Cao Wei Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty and the Northern Wei Dynasty successively made their capitals, the development of the ancient city of Luoyang in the Han and Wei Dynasties had two remarkable changes: First, Luoyang was officially built in the Three Kingdoms and Wei Dynasties, and a small town with the nature of leaving the palace-Jinyong City was built in the northwest corner of the big city; Second, in the Northern Wei Dynasty, it was popular to build foreign Guo Cheng and workshops in Xuan Wudi. These two buildings, especially the latter, are not only of great significance in the history of capital construction in China, but also laid the foundation for Luoyang, the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties, and its scale today: north-south length10km, east-west width10km, and area100km2. This scale makes Luoyang, an ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties, the largest ancient capital in China and even the world.

Emperor Xiaowen, Xuan Wudi, Emperor Xiaoming, Emperor Xiao Zhuang, Emperor Jiemin and Emperor Xiaowu lived in Luoyang for 42 years.

Since then, when the Northern Zhou Dynasty proclaimed itself Emperor Xuandi, Luoyang was taken as Xijing, and the soldiers were transferred to overhaul Luoyang Palace, often employing 40,000 people. The Sixth Hospital of Yecheng moved to Luoyang, and imperial academy's Book of Songs, which was originally moved to Yecheng, moved back to Luoyang. According to Zhou Shu Xuandi Ji, "its scale is magnificent, surpassing Han and Wei Dynasties." However, due to the short time, none of them were completed.

When the Sui Dynasty unified the whole country, Yang Di opened up a new venue in Luoyang and built Luoyang, the eastern capital, on a large scale. Luoyang city, once brilliant in history, has lost its long-standing orthodox position. In the sixth year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty (AD 632), Luoyang County and Henan Province were moved from Jinyong City to Yudefang in the east. Since then, Luoyang City, the glorious imperial capital of Han and Wei Dynasties, has gradually become a ruin. After the founding of New China, the people's government attached great importance to the protection, excavation and research of cultural relics. 196 1 year, the State Council announced Luoyang ancient city and Baima temple as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units. The Institute of Archaeology of China Academy of Sciences determined the key points for the protection of the ancient slopes of Luoyang in Han and Wei Dynasties, which was approved by National Cultural Heritage Administration. The cultural relics departments in Luoyang area and those in Yanshi and Jin Meng have set up signs in key protected sites.

From 65438 to 0962, Luoyang Team of the Institute of Archaeology of China Academy of Sciences began to conduct comprehensive drilling, exploration and excavation of Luoyang, the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties. Through more than 40 years of archaeological excavation, the urban layout and scale of Luoyang, the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties, have been basically clarified, some important sites have been excavated or explored, and many important scientific research materials have been obtained, which also provide rich physical materials for studying the history of urban architecture in China and exploring the politics, economy, military, transportation and culture of the four dynasties of Eastern Han, Cao Wei, Western Jin and Northern Wei, and even the Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou Dynasties.

From 65438 to 0989, the People's Government of Henan Province delineated the protection scope of Luoyang, the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties, and made it public. The protection scope of Luoyang in the Han and Wei Dynasties is from the north-south line between Houzhangli and Baizhai in shouyangshan Town, yanshi city in the east, from Fenjingou Village in Baimasi Town, Luolong District, Luoyang City to Pancai in the west, from Shangtunli in pingle town, Mengjin County to the east-west line in the west, and to Gongyi Blocking in Dianzhuang Township, Xingshi City in the south. The total area is about 100 square kilometers.

Starting from 1992, the protection work of the tower foundation site of Yongning Temple in Luoyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty was started, and the protection plan of the tower foundation site of Yongning Temple was formulated and reported.

With the consent of National Cultural Heritage Administration in principle, we will allocate special funds for the protection of land requisition fence in Taki.

1999, National Cultural Heritage Administration officially approved the Protection Plan of Yongning Temple Pagoda Group and the Protection Plan of Lingtai Site in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and reported them to National Cultural Heritage Administration. On the premise of protecting Lingtai site, the scheme pays attention to the display function.

From 2065438 to June 2004, Luoyang City Site of Han and Wei Dynasties, as the only capital site among the 22 sites of the Silk Road Project in China, was successfully selected as a world cultural heritage.