Comment on Dingling, a scenic spot in the Ming Tombs.

Dingling is located at the foot of Dayu Mountain in the northeast of Zhaoling. Its building scale is similar to that of his grandfather Ming Shizong. It is the third largest tomb among the Ming Tombs. Among them, the 13th emperors of Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yijun and Xiao Rui, were buried here to commemorate the two Empresses. Zhu Yijun, the owner of the mausoleum, is the god of the temple, and posthumous title is the emperor. He reigned from 1572 to 1620 and ascended the throne at the age of 10. He ruled for 48 years at the age of 58. Taking the seventeen years of Wanli as the boundary, the life of God living in Zhu Yijun can be divided into two stages. In the previous period, it was controlled by Li Taihou and eunuchs and led by Zhang, the minister of records, which made great progress in all aspects of the country. However, since the death of these people bound by Zhu Yijun, the state machine has almost stopped working. It was also at this time that the peasant uprising was surging, and the Ming Dynasty began to move towards the road of extinction. From the 20th to 27th year of Wanli (1592- 1599), under the decision of Emperor Zhu Yijun of Wanli, millions of soldiers were wasted, and the Japanese invaders headed by Toyotomi Hideyoshi who tried to annex Korea were driven out of Korea, thus consolidating the relationship between China and North Korea.

Filial piety queen Wang is a native of Yuyao, Zhejiang, the daughter of Yongnian Bo. Wanli entered the palace in 6 years and spent 42 years in Kunning Palace. His life is calm and peaceful. In the forty-eighth year of Wanli (1620), he died on the sixth day of April. Posthumous title filial piety queen. Queen Wang Xiaojing, a native of Hebei, has a father of 100 royal guards. Wanli entered the palace in 6 years and served Empress Dowager Cixi. Emperor Wanli gave birth to Prince Zhu Changluo. In the thirty-ninth year of Wanli, the imperial concubine was buried at the gates of Hiraoka, Tokyo, and Guangzong (Zhu Changluo) succeeded to the throne as the Empress Dowager. However, etiquette failed and Guangzong died. Xizong (Zhu Youxiao) succeeded to the throne, and his grandmother was buried in Dingling Underground Palace in honor of the Empress Dowager.

In the 11th year of Wanli (A.D. 1583), Emperor Wanli, who was only 2l years old, began to choose his own mausoleum site at the time of offering sacrifices to the mausoleum. Dingling was founded in the 12th year of Wanli (AD 590). It's worth 8 million taels of silver. Nowadays, most of the ground buildings in Dingling have been destroyed, and Baocheng, Minglou and Baoding are well preserved. As usual, the tablet of Shengde in Dingling Qianci has no words, so it is called a tablet without words. "The top of the tablet is carved with dragon hands, and the bottom of the tablet is carved with sea lines. The pedestal is a stone seal with its head held high. It is said that it is one of the nine sons of the dragon. In the Ming Tombs, there are no epitaphs except Changling. Historians believe that the existence of the stele without children in the Ming Tombs has a lot to do with Emperor Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty. The inscriptions on the imperial tombs in the early Ming Dynasty were all written by the imperial heirs. The inscription on the tombstone of Nanjing Xiaoling Tomb was written by Judy, the founder of Nanjing City. The inscription of Changling in Beijing was written by Renzong Zhu Gaochi. In the Ming Tombs, there were no stone pavilions in front of the Six Tombs of Xian, Jing, Yu, Mao, Tai and Kang, so there were no imperial heirs to write. In the fifteenth year of Jiajing (A.D. 1536), the tablet pavilion and stone tablet of Liuling were built one after another, which should be carved by Emperor Jiajing. However, Emperor Jiajing was addicted to debauchery, and was busy with alchemy in order to seek immortality, so he had no time to take care of it. Therefore, six monuments are empty. Because there were no words on the stone tablets in front of the ancestors' tombs in the tombs after Yongling, the emperors were glad not to write them. In addition, after the mid-Ming dynasty, the emperor had no political achievements. If he doesn't whitewash it, he can't erect a monument. If it is whitewashing, it will violate the ancestral training, so there will be no words at all. "

Lingenmen and Lingentang in Dingling were seriously damaged when the Qing soldiers entered the customs. At present, the two high stone platforms that can be seen in Dingling are Linggenmen Site and Linggentang Site.

Lingen Hall, also known as Xiang 'an Hall, is the place where the emperor and his entourage held sacrificial ceremonies. Lingenmen is located in front of Lingentang. The original building in front of Ling 'en Temple was seven rooms wide and was destroyed after the Qing soldiers entered the customs. During the Qianlong period, Emperor Qianlong carried out a restorative repair to win the hearts of the people. Using local materials, it was reduced to a five-room hall. Later, it was destroyed, so today only ruins are left.

There is an exhibition room in front of the Ming building. The south side is the first showroom, which mainly displays the funerary objects of Emperor Wanli, and the north side is the second showroom, which mainly displays the funerary objects of two empresses.

Ming Lou is a stone structure building decorated with colored paint, so it and Baocheng have never been seriously damaged, and even become the best preserved building on the ground of Dingling. On the yellow glazed tile of Ming architecture, there is a tall stone tablet engraved with the word "Dingling". The inscription in the Ming building is engraved with the word "Daming". The Ming building is connected with Baocheng, which is a circular wall made of city bricks, and there is an artificial mound in the middle, which is called Baoding. Below the top of the treasure is the underground palace.

Dingling is the only tomb in the Ming Tombs to excavate the underground palace.

1955 10 Wu Han, Guo Moruo, Fan, Deng Tuo, Contradiction and others wrote to the State Council, suggesting that the Ming Tombs be excavated. With the approval of the central government, the Changling Excavation Committee was established, with He Bai as the deputy head respectively. On May 19, 1956 Dingling was officially excavated. First of all, the first deep ditch was dug in the wall of Baocheng, just outside the wall exposed by the ticket door. During the excavation, the tunnel door of Dingling was found, including a stone tablet, and a stone tablet was engraved in Baocheng Gate. The palm rope of the tunnel is placed one foot inside the urban soil lining, and the rope is 34 feet long. This is the front skin of King Kong. Due to various reasons, the tunnel door was not opened from the outside, so this stone tablet was not discovered in time, but was discovered after the underground palace was opened and the tunnel door was arranged, which missed the excellent opportunity to open Dingling. 1956 On July 6th, in order to reduce the amount of earthwork excavated and cut down the pine and cypress trees on Baoding as little as possible, according to the direction indicated by the tunnel, members of Dingling Excavation Committee dug a second trench directly behind the Ming building, facing Baoding, but found nothing. The excavation work was blocked. With the widening of the trench, on September 2, Luan Shihai, a migrant worker, found a small stone tablet with the inscription "This stone is sixteen feet in front of the King Kong Wall and three feet and a half deep". Terrible people think that this is the key to Dingling underground palace, so it has become the first precious cultural relic unearthed since Dingling was excavated. Soon after, according to the direction indicated by the small stone tablet, archaeologists dug a third trench on the west side of the second trench, perpendicular to it and separated by two meters, aiming at the underground center of Baoding. Finally, the seal of King Kong Wall was found on May 19, l957, and the city brick sealed in the shape of laurel was removed on September 19 of that year. 1On the morning of June 5th, 957, Qichang Zhao and others removed the natural stone of the top door with iron wire and wooden boards, thus opening the door of the underground palace that had been sleeping for 337 years. The excavation proved that Dingling underground palace had no organs to stab people in the back, no living people were buried with them, and there was no theft.

The whole Dingling underground palace adopts the construction method of stone coupons, which can be described as an underground beamless hall. The underground palace is 27 meters deep with a total area of 1 195 square meters. It is the most important part of the mausoleum and consists of five halls: front, middle, back, left and right. There is a stone coupon door with the same structure between the front, middle and back halls, all carved out of white marble. The bronze pipe fan placed horizontally on the door leaf weighs 10 ton, and firmly holds the door pivot, so that the center of gravity of the stone door is biased towards the door axis, so even if the white marble door looks heavy, it can still be opened and closed freely under this arrangement. After closing the door, use a natural stone to hold the door from the inside out, so it is much more difficult to open the door from the outside. The ground is paved with bricks. There are two aisles on the left and right sides of the nave, which lead to the left and right accessory halls respectively. The tunnel is also equipped with a stone gate, and the stone used is bluestone. The form is the same as that of the front hall, but the method is simpler and smaller than that of the front hall. The coffin bed in the middle is made of white marble and covered with gold bricks. The building of Empress Dowager Cixi's mausoleum in the underground palace is quite different in the height of the gate, the width of the passage and the specifications of the coffin bed, which vividly reflects the strict regulations under the concept that men are superior to women in China's feudal ethics.

In Dingling underground palace, the front hall and two accessory halls are not furnished.

The middle room, also known as the middle hall, is located in the center of the four rooms. At the bottom is the white marble shrine of Emperor Wanli and two empresses. Before the Three Gods, there were five offerings of yellow glass and a blue-and-white Yunlong porcelain jar made in Jiajing period. Large porcelain pots are ever-burning lamps. The white marble throne is the same as that used by the queen before her death. Faucets are carved on the backrest and armrest of the throne of Emperor Wanli, symbolizing the majesty of the emperor. The pedestal of the queen carved out the limelight, symbolizing the dignity of the queen. The original exhibits of the three shrines are arranged in a zigzag pattern in the central hall. After the opening visit, it will be displayed side by side for the convenience of tourists.

The back room, also known as the back hall or inner court, is the main room of the Xuan Palace. The four walls of the back room are made of stone strips, and the top is a stone arch coupon. The indoor floor is covered with square porphyry. There is a coffin bed against the wall in the middle. The coffin bed is sumitomo-style, covered with mottled stones and inlaid with white marble. There is a rectangular hole in the center of the coffin bed, and the middle is filled with loess (loess is the first shovel of loess), which is called the golden well. Jinjing played a very important role in the Ming and Qing emperors' tombs. When "Millennium Land" is selected, Mr. Feng Shui will begin to point out the location of Jinjing. The next task is to dig gold mines to determine engineering geology. In the whole design, the golden well is the benchmark to control the cutting mode of the whole underground palace and mausoleum building. There is jade around and inside the coffin, or the dead man has jade in his mouth, which is for jade burial. "Jinjing Jade Burial is the highest-ranking funeral in feudal times.

There are coffins of Emperor Wanli and two empresses on the coffin bed. Located in the middle of Jinjing is the Emperor Wanli Zigong, with the coffin of the Empress Dowager on the left and the coffin of the Empress Dowager Dowager on the right. On both sides of the coffin bed, there are 26 painted wooden boxes with funerary objects.

More than 3,000 pieces of various cultural relics were unearthed in Dingling, including various ceremonial crowns of the emperor and various crowns of the queen. Empress's clothing, fabrics, jewelry, jade belts, Yu Pei, costumes, ritual vessels, gold and silver ingots, weapons, porcelain, funerary objects, etc. , seems to be glowing.

Crown: The most honorable ceremonial crown of ancient emperors. Two crowns of gods were unearthed in Dingling, one in its coffin and the other in the burial box. The hat part of the crown is round, covered with black tulle and lined with red silk. Zhu Yijun's double crown system is a rare and precious cultural relic.

Wing crown: It is said that this kind of hat was invented by Li Shimin. Three winged crowns were unearthed in Dingling, two of which were Wusha winged crown and one was golden winged crown, of which the golden winged crown was the most exquisite. This golden wing crown weighs 862g and is made of 5 18 gold wires with a diameter of 0.2mm. It can be described as pure gold. Woven patterns are even, light and transparent, like wings and yarns.

Costume: one of the highest-grade costumes of ancient emperors. Five clothes were unearthed in Dingling, including three embroideries and two silks. Each dress is decorated with twelve chapters and twelve dragons. Among these clothes, two silk products are extremely precious. They use a lot of red gold round threads to weave weft and weave peacock feathers into patterns. The combination of dozens of colors of colored velvet and silk thread makes clothes full of color without losing nobility and luxury. The weaving art of reeling silk is very complicated and precise, and the weaving materials used in these two clothes are extremely rare, so they are more extraordinary and noble.