Historical information about the Yellow River

I. River course changes

Textual research on the evolution of geological history shows that the Yellow River belongs to a relatively young river. About 1 15000 years ago, there were only some disconnected internal water systems in the Yellow River Basin. Since then, with the uplift of the western plateau and the erosion and invasion of rivers, after the Middle Pleistocene of 6.5438+0.05 million years, lakes and basins have gradually connected, forming the embryonic form of the Yellow River system. In the late Pleistocene, about 654.38 million+years ago, the Yellow River gradually evolved into a big river from its source to its mouth.

In the fifth year of King Ding of Zhou Dynasty (602 BC), the Yellow River decided to migrate in Suxukou, Liyang (now southwest of Xunxian County, Henan Province), deviating from the old course of Yu He River and entering the sea in Zhangwu (now northeast of Cangxian County, Hebei Province). This was the first major diversion of the Yellow River after Dayu's flood control.

In June of the eighth year of Qing Dynasty (1048), the Yellow River burst its banks and went north to Daming. Since the west of Liaocheng, the territory of Qingxian County in Hebei Province joins the Weihe River and then enters the sea.

In the second year of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 128), in order to prevent the nomads from going south, Du Chong, the commander-in-chief of Tokyo, artificially broke the Yellow River levee in Slipzhou, causing the Yellow River to be diverted and divided into Surabaya and Jishui to flow southeast. At this point, the Yellow River enters the Bohai Sea from the north and the Yellow Sea from the south. Until 1855, the Yellow River swayed mainly to the south. Although it sometimes rushed to the north, it was forced to block the south flow by manpower.

The last major diversion of the Yellow River was during the Xianfeng period of the Qing Dynasty. On June 19th, the fifth year of Xianfeng (1 August 8551), the Yellow River burst in the Tongwa Chamber on the north bank of Lankao, Henan Province, changed its northeast direction, and entered the Bohai Sea through Shandong Jishui (also known as Daqing River).

1June 9, 938, in order to stop the Japanese army, the national army destroyed the Huayuankou levee on the south bank of the Yellow River in Zhengzhou. The whole river flowed south and entered the Huaihe River along Jia Luhe, He Ying and Guo River. It was not until 1947 Huayuankou was blocked that the Yellow River returned to North Road.

According to historical records, during the 2540 years before 1946, the Yellow River was threatened by the recent 1593 flood, and its course was diverted 26 times.

Second, the origin of textual research

The Yellow River originated in bayan har, Qinghai, but the real source is still controversial. Historically, people's understanding of the source of the Yellow River has a process.

Third, ancient times

"Shangshu Gong Yu" once recorded that "the stone is accumulated by drawing water from the river, but as for Longmen", and "the stone is accumulated" is located in Qingshan, Anima, near Xunhua Salar Autonomous County, Qinghai Province, which is still far from the source of the Yellow River. There are records of rivers flowing out of Kunlun in Shan Hai Jing, Er Ya and Water Mirror Notes. After Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions in the Western Han Dynasty, it was said that the Yellow River originated in Khotan, flowed eastward to Yanze, then sneaked underground, and went out to the south as Heyuan. These statements are not accurate, but they continued until the Sui and Tang Dynasties.

After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, people gradually established a correct understanding of the source of the Yellow River. In the fifth year of Yang Di the Great (609), Tuguhun was destroyed and later moved to Heyuan County, which is now part of Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai and Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, indicating that people know that the Yellow River originated here.

In the ninth year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign (635), in order to quell Tuguhun rebellion, generals Li Jing, Hou and Li Daozong led troops to Xingsuhai area. The Book of the New Tang Dynasty contained "Visit Xingsuchuan, Dabaihai, Jishishan and Heyuan". Xinghai has been called the source of the Yellow River since the Tang and Song Dynasties.

In the Yuan Dynasty, people began to make field trips to the source of the Yellow River. In the 17th year of Yuan Dynasty (1280), Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu sent Du Shi and others to explore the source of the Yellow River and made a detailed investigation of the area around Xingsuhai. 13 15, Pan Anxiao wrote a book "Heyuan Zhi" based on his investigation in Du Fu's poems, clearly pointing out that the Yellow River originated in the southwest of the Star Sea, where "there are more than 100 wells with water gushing from the ground".

In the 15th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1382), monk Zong Ling sent Tibet back to the DPRK, and when he passed through Heyuan, he inspected it and wrote a poem "Looking at Heyuan". In his preface, he pointed out that Heyuan originated in the northeast of Bayan Kara and was the watershed between the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, which became a breakthrough in understanding Heyuan.

Fourth, the Qing Dynasty

In the early Qing Dynasty, the communication between the Central Plains and Heyuan was closer. At that time, people gradually learned that there was "Gurban Solomo" (Mongolian means three tributaries) in the source area of the upper reaches of the Yellow River, but the specific situation was not clear. In the 43rd year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1704), Kangxi ordered Laxi and Lan Shu to explore the source of the Yellow River. When they arrived in Xinghai, they found that there were three rivers in the upper reaches of Xinghai, but they didn't catch up with the source.

After Lacey and Lan Shu returned to Beijing, they drew a map of Heyuan, and Lan Shu also wrote a record of Heyuan. At the end of Kangxi, a nationwide topographic survey was organized. In the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi (17 17), Lamar Qinzangbu, Ramba, the director of the hospital and others were sent to the Heyuan area for investigation. This trip "crosses the source of the river and involves Wan Li". After returning to Beijing, the survey results are drawn into the imperial map. This mapping also explored and mapped the source of the river above Xinghai.

In the middle of the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, Qi compiled the Waterway Sketch by using the imperial map and other materials, in which one of the three tributaries in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, the altan River (now Yuegu Zonglie Canal), was positioned as the proper source. In the forty-seventh year of Qianlong (1782), due to the flood of crevasses in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, it was difficult to stop it, so Amitabha, the bodyguard of the Mingmen of Qianlong, ordered him to "pay tribute to the source of the river".

Amitabha arrived 300 miles west of Xinghai and made a field survey of three rivers in the upper reaches of Xinghai. It is determined that Allerstam Guole River (now Kaliqu) in the southwest of Xinghai is the upstream source of the Yellow River.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) modernity

/kloc-from the end of 0/9 to the beginning of the 20th century, western explorers and geographers went deep into the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to carry out investigation activities. They also went to Heyuan to collect natural and cultural materials, such as Aka, Indian, Doutole and Oren, French, PuR Val, snook, kozlov, Faessler and Tepel. After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the headwaters of the Yellow River were inspected many times. From 65438 to 0952, organized by the Yellow River Conservancy Commission and led by Xiang Lizhi and Dong Zaihua, the source of the Yellow River was explored for several months.

Heyuan exploration team determined that Yuegu Zonglequ is the main source of the Yellow River, and Yahe Lada Heze Mountain is its source, with Ering Lake above and Zhaling Lake below. This result is not consistent with the previous investigation results, which has caused controversy in academic circles, but the statement that the Yellow River originated from Zonglie Canal in Yuegu is widely circulated.

During the period of 1978, Qinghai Province invited relevant scientific research professionals from the central and local governments to make another field trip to the headwaters of the Yellow River and the two lakes of Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake, and confirmed that Kaliqu was the main source of the Yellow River, with Zhaling Lake above and Eling Lake below. From 198 1 to 1982, scholar Yang traveled all over the Yellow River on foot. He thinks that the farthest source of the Yellow River is the love song of Lalang, which started from bayan har Ridge, which is 30.5km longer than that of Bjorgu Zonglie Song and 1 1.9km longer than that of Kari Song.

From 65438 to 0985, the Yellow River Conservancy Committee confirmed Maqu as the main source of the Yellow River according to historical traditions and opinions of various factions, and set up a sign of the source of the Yellow River in Maqu Fruit Tree in the southwest corner of the Yogu Zonglie Basin.

The three tributaries of Xinghai Shangyuan are Zhaqu, Yuegu Zonglie and Kariqu. Zhaqu, located in the northernmost part, originated in Cha Hasila Mountain. This river is 70 kilometers long and narrow, with few tributaries and limited water, and it is cut off for most of the year. Yoguliequ is located in the west of Xinghai, among the three upstream sources, and originated in the southwest corner of Yoguliezong Basin, with an altitude of 4,750 meters. The water volume is very small, and it is a stream with a width of 1.0- 1.5 meters and a depth of 0. 1-0.2 meters.

Kaliqu, a tributary in the south, originated at the northern foot of Geziya Mountain, a branch of bayan har, with an altitude of 4,800 meters. Five springs gushed out of the valley and merged into a small river with a width of about 3 meters, a depth of 0.3-0.5 meters and a flow rate of about 3 meters per second. This river has water all the year round. Yueguzong Liequ and Kariqu merged at the source of the Yellow River to form the original river Maqu, which was then injected into Xinghai.

According to the survey of1:100000 aerial survey, Kariqu is 25 kilometers longer than Beyogul Zongqu. The area of Kariqu watershed is 3 126 square kilometers, and the area of Yuegu Zonglequ watershed is 2372 square kilometers. Near the intersection of Kariqu and Guzong Liequ, the discharge of Kariqu is 6.3 m3/s and that of Yogu Liequ is 2.5 m3/s ... Based on this, the investigation at the source of the Yellow River at 1978 confirmed that Kariqu is the positive source of the Yellow River.

Extended data:

I. Introduction

The Yellow River, known as the Great River and the Great River in ancient China, is the second longest river in China, second only to the Yangtze River, and the sixth longest river in the world. One of the two mother rivers in China originates from Gadasuqi Laofeng in bayan har, Qinghai Province, China, flows through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces, and finally flows into the Bohai Sea in Kenli District, Dongying City, Shandong Province. The total length of the main stream is 5,464 kilometers, and the total basin area is 795,000 square kilometers (including 42,000 square kilometers of inflow area).

The source of the Yellow River is located at the Yaladazi Peak in Bayan Kara, Qinghai Province, and the Maqu and Yueguzong music at the northern foot of Bayan Kara are the positive source of the Yellow River. The Yellow River flows through the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Loess Plateau, the Inner Mongolia Plateau and the North China Plain in turn, meanders eastward and flows into the Bohai Sea (Laizhou Bay) in Kenli County, Dongying City, Shandong Province.

Throughout the history of China, the Yellow River and its basins have had a great influence on human civilization, and it is the main birthplace of the Chinese nation.

Second, explain the name.

Before the Qin and Han Dynasties, the word "river" was basically the proper name of the Yellow River, and the river was called "Sichuan" or "water" (but there were exceptions, such as the book of Mountains and Seas, which said: "Kunlun Mountain runs across Wan Li, with a height of 1,000 miles, reaching 50,000 miles in Shan Hao, surrounded by Qinghe, Baihe and Heihe." ) The word "Yellow River" can't be found in the pre-Qin literature, and the statement of the Yellow River can't be found in the full text of Historical Records written by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

According to the textual research of scholar Li Erong, the word Yellow River first appeared in the explanation of "Yuanshi County in Changshan County" in the Geography of Hanshu written by Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The word "yellow" of the Yellow River is used to describe the turbidity of the river. It has long been recorded in ancient books: "Zuo Zhuan Xiang Gong Eight Years" in the Warring States Period, the son of Zheng quoted Yizhou as saying: "Initiate the river to be clear, life is geometric!" ; "Erya Shi Shui" records that "the river flows out of Kunlun, the color is white, and the canal is 1701 rivers, and the color is yellow."

Xinghu Lake in the upper reaches of the Yellow River consists of a large number of Shui Bo and Haizi, such as Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake. Under the sunshine, countless lakes and swamps in Xinghu Lake are dazzling, just like proud peacocks, very beautiful and spectacular. Therefore, local Tibetan residents call this section of the Yellow River "Maqu", which means "Peacock River". Maqu County, Gansu Province is named after this reach.

Three. Soil erosion

From 3000 BC to 2000 BC (Yangshao culture in the Yellow River valley to Yinxu in Anyang), the geographical environment of the Yellow River valley was suitable for the growth of vegetation and the development of human production and living activities, and the climate environment about 2℃ higher created favorable conditions for the development of crops and vegetation. During this period, there were a large number of lakes such as Leixiaze and Onoze in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. "On Mencius and Teng Wengong" once recorded that the Yellow River valley was "lush with vegetation and animals", and there were still "beautiful mountains and rivers and talented people" in Guanzhong Plain until the Warring States Period in China.

After the Warring States period, with the extensive use of iron farm tools and the migration of Qin's economic center to Guanzhong, the vegetation in the Yellow River basin and the Loess Plateau began to be destroyed. Because the Yellow River Basin has been the center of Chinese civilization for a long time, and the phenomenon of attaching importance to agriculture over grazing in ancient China, the vegetation destruction in the Yellow River Basin has become a long-term and large-scale phenomenon.

With the global climate turning cold in 1930s (65438-05), the ecological damage of the Yellow River basin began to decrease with the southward movement of the economic center of China, but the forest coverage rate has been difficult to recover to the status of the 3rd century BC. With the destruction of vegetation, the Loess Plateau began to be eroded by the Yellow River, and a large amount of soil was swept away, forming a surface morphology of thousands of valleys.

Fourth, cut off the flow.

Since the 1960s, due to the economic development and the substantial increase of industrial and agricultural water consumption, a large number of rivers have been pumped away, and the runoff of the Yellow River has dropped sharply from 57.5 billion cubic meters in the 1960s to 65.438+08.7 billion cubic meters in the mid-1990s, and the ecosystem of the Yellow River has been seriously degraded. In view of the serious cut-off of the Yellow River, the China municipal government began to restrict water use and repair the river course from 1998, so the Yellow River has not been cut off since 2000. However, the Yellow River will still dry up from time to time, and the threat of cutoff still exists.

Five, hanging river

Due to sediment deposition, in most sections of the Yellow River with a total length of 5,464 kilometers, the riverbed is higher than the cities and farmland in the basin, and it is constrained by dikes, so it is called "suspended river". In Dengkou County, southwest of Bayannaoer City, Inner Mongolia, the average height of the Yellow River is 4 to 6 meters higher than that of the county seat.