What happened to the Yin and Yang Family in China during the Spring and Autumn Period?

[Edit this paragraph] The historical origin of the Yin and Yang families

The concept of yin and yang was first seen in the Book of Changes, and the concept of five elements was first seen in Shangshu, but the appearance of these two concepts can be traced back to a longer time.

In the Warring States period, Yin and Yang gradually merged with the five elements, forming a new conceptual model, that is, a world view based on the theory of "Yin and Yang news, five elements spread and change". Yin-Yang School is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period, which was named after advocating the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements and explaining social personnel. This school originated from the ruling class in charge of astronomical calendars in ancient times, and is also called "Yin-Yang and Five Elements School" or "Yin-Yang and Five Elements School".

Sima Tan's The Essentials of Six Classics lists "Yin and Yang Family" as the first of the six classics.

One of the "Hundred Schools of Thought": Liu Xin recorded more than 100 famous works in Records of Hanshu, Yiwenzhi and Zhuzi, and was listed as one of the "nine schools of thought and ten schools of thought". Later, the Annals of Sui Shu Classics and the Complete Book of Four Kus increased hundred schools of thought's works to thousands. The most famous schools with wide spread and great influence are only Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Legalism, famous artists, Mohists, military strategists, farmers, miscellaneous writers and novelists.

[Edit this paragraph] Yin and Yang

Yin and Yang are the ancient people's abstractions of the two complementary opposites of the universe, and also the philosophical category of the unity of opposites and the law of thinking in the universe. China and Taisha created the word "Yin and Yang" to express the unity of opposites, that is, Laozi said that "everything is negative and holds Yang", and Yi Zhuan said that "one yin and one yang is the way". The Book of Changes is about the mathematics and philosophy of the changes of Yin and Yang.

Its basic idea is: Yin and Yang coexist, and everything in the universe is the unity of opposites of Yin and Yang. The theory of Yin and Yang is based on the theory of Qi. On the basis of Qi, it is further believed that heaven and earth, sun and moon, day and night, mystery, fire and water, and warmth and coolness are the result of two halves, thus abstracting two relative concepts of Yin and Yang. Yin and Yang are abstract concepts rather than concrete things, so "Yin and Yang are famous and invisible" (the soul pivot Yin and Yang is the sun and the moon).

Yin represents the characteristics of passivity, defense and weakness and the things and phenomena with these characteristics, while Yang represents the characteristics of positivity, enterprising and firmness and the things and phenomena with these characteristics. The basic content of yin-yang theory can be summarized as "opposition, mutual root, growth and decline, transformation"

Yin and Yang come from alchemists. According to Liu Xin's "Seven Techniques", The History of Art Teaching in Han Dynasty divides the alchemist's skills into six types.

The first is astronomy: "Astronomers, in the order of 28 nights, step five stars, the sun and the moon, and take good or ill luck."

The second is the calendar: "The calendar is at four o'clock, and the festival is just divided into five stars to test the reality of killing people in hot and cold weather." The suffering of fierce Eritrea is the joy of Jilang, and its skills are exhausted. "

The third is the five elements: "The law also begins at the end of the five virtues and can be pushed to the extreme."

The fourth kind is the tortoise. These are the two main methods of divination in ancient China. The latter method is to manage the history of divination, drill a circular gap in the polished tortoise shell or animal bone, and then burn it with fire. Around the borehole, cracks appeared. According to these cracks. It is said that you can know the quality of the problem. This method is called "complement". The former method is that the witch history uses the stem of yarrow to calculate according to a certain procedure, and obtains a certain number combination, and then looks up the Book of Changes to explain and judge good or bad luck. This method is called z. The hexagrams and words in the Book of Changes were originally used for divination.

Fifth, miscellaneous occupations.

The sixth is the form method. Including fortune telling and alchemy later called "Feng Shui". The basic idea of Feng Shui is that man is the product of the universe. Therefore. People's houses and burial places should be arranged with the help of natural forces, that is, geomantic omen.

[Edit this paragraph] Five elements

The five elements of Shang Shu Hong Fan: water, fire, wood, gold and earth. The ancients believed that everything in the universe was composed of these five basic substances. It is also a category system about the social attributes of the universe and its changing laws. The word "xing" in the five elements means "operation", so there is a very important concept in the five elements, that is, the concept of changing operation, that is, "mutual growth" and "mutual resistance"

The theory of five elements does not refer to five specific substances themselves, but refers to the abstract generalization of five different attributes. It takes the correspondence between man and nature as the guiding ideology, takes five behavioral centers, five aspects of spatial structure, five seasons of time structure and five internal organs of human body structure as the basic shelves, and summarizes all kinds of things in nature according to their attributes. Anyone who has the characteristics of hair growth and softness belongs to wood; Those with the characteristics of yang heat and inflammation belong to fire; Those with long-term cultivation and development characteristics belong to soil; Those who have the characteristics of quietness and killing belong to gold; Those with the characteristics of cold, moist, falling and hiding belong to water. A life activity of human body is connected with natural phenomena, forming a five-element structure system, connecting the internal and external environment of human body, which is used to explain the unity of human body, people and natural environment. Attached is a table, which can be seen at the end of the article.

China's great traditional Chinese medicine includes the theory of five elements, forming a Chinese medicine system.

Mutual meaning of five elements:

Wood makes a fire because it is warm, and the fire is hidden inside.

Fire can burn wood because heat produces soil. Wood turns to ash when burned, and ash is soil, so fire produces soil.

Gold comes from earth, because it needs to be hidden in stones and attached to mountains. It comes from Tianjin. When the earth gathers into a mountain, the stone will come from the mountain, so it comes from the soil.

Gold produces water because the temperature of the yin is moist, gold depends on water, and forged gold can also be turned into water, so gold produces water.

Aquatic wood, because the water is warm and humid and trees grow, aquatic wood.

The meaning of the five elements is due to the nature of heaven and earth.

Many people win less, so water wins fire. Fine wins strength, fire wins gold. Just wins softness, so Jin wins wood.

Specialization wins dispersion, so wood wins soil. Reality wins the air, and soil wins the water.

Five elements should be restrained and avoided:

Kim: First there is fire, then it becomes a container.

Gold can produce water, and water is heavy; Strong gold gets water, and it will defeat its front.

Jinneng Kemu, Mujin Duoque; When wood is weak and meets gold, it must be cut.

Gold is born in the soil, and more gold is buried in the soil; Soil can produce gold, and more gold changes with soil.

Fire: fire is flourishing, and water can help each other.

Fire can produce soil, and the soil is full of fire; A strong fire can only stop its flame if it gets soil.

Fire can kill gold, and gold can put out more fires; When gold is weak, it will melt when it meets fire.

Fire depends on wood, and wood is full of fire; Wood can make a fire, and fire burns more wood.

Water: A pond can only be formed when there is plenty of water and soil.

Water can produce wood, and wood shrinks when it meets water; Strong water gets wood, so you have to let it go.

Water can overcome fire, and fire is dry; A weak fire will never go out when it meets water.

Water is Lai Jinsheng, and gold is turbid water; Gold can produce water, and water contains gold.

Earth: Dredging can only be carried out when the soil is flourishing.

Soil can produce gold, and the change of gold is greater than that of soil; Only when you gain gold from strong soil can you restrain yourself.

Soil can replace water, and water has more soil flow; When the water is weak, it will clog.

Soil depends on fire, and fire is full of soil coke; Fire can produce soil, and the soil is full of fire.

Wood: it takes wood to become a pillar.

Wood can make a fire, and more wood burns; Strong wood can get fire and make it stubborn.

Wood can break the soil, and the soil is broken; When the soil becomes weak, it will sink.

Wood depends on water, and water floats more than wood; Water can make wood, and more wood shrinks.

[Edit this paragraph] The Thought of Yin and Yang Family

His thoughts mainly come from Confucianism founded by Confucius and the "Six Classics" advocated by Confucianism.

In the view of nature, the theory of cosmic evolution is put forward by using the concept of yin and yang in the classics of Zhouyi. The theory of "Great Kyushu" is put forward from the "Division of Kyushu" in Shangshu Gong Yu, and China is considered as Chixian Shenzhou, with a small Kyushu inside and one of the "Great Kyushu" outside (Hu Shi once praised the geographical view of Yin and Yang in the History of China Medieval Thought); In the view of history, the concept of five elements in Shang Shu Hong Fan has been transformed into the theory of "five virtues ending in the beginning" (to be discussed below), which holds that the rise and fall of dynasties are dominated by five elements; In political ethics, he also "stops at benevolence and thrift, and respects the monarch and the minister", and agrees with the Confucian theory of benevolence and righteousness. At the same time, it is emphasized that "harmony due to yin and yang" contains some knowledge of astronomy, calendar, meteorology and geography, which has certain scientific value.

[Edit this paragraph] The five virtues end.

Also known as "Five Virtues Transfer". Zou Yan, a representative of the Yin and Yang school, explained the evolution of the universe and the rise and fall of history with the theory of Yin and Yang and five elements, and founded the theory of "five virtues ending in the beginning", which had great influence. Later, Lu Chunqiu, Dong Zhongshu's Spring and Autumn Annals and Liu Xiang's Biography of Hong Fan's Five Elements (Liang Rengong mentioned in his Selected Works of Yin and Yang that three people were responsible for the harm of Yin and Yang theory ... Zou Yan, Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang. Visible Yin and Yang home, etc. , are based on yin and yang and five elements.

"Five virtues" refers to the attributes of the five elements, namely, earth virtue, wood virtue, benevolence virtue, water virtue and fire virtue. Yin-yang theory holds that everything in the universe corresponds to the five elements, and each has its own virtue, and the operation of heaven, the change of the world and the replacement of dynasties are all the results of the "five virtues transfer". Its purpose was to demonstrate the social changes at that time, but it fell into the theory of historical cycle.

[Edit this paragraph] The decline of Yin and Yang families

There were still some Yin and Yang families in the early Han Dynasty. After a hundred schools of thought contended in Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, some contents were integrated into the Confucian ideology, and some contents were absorbed by primitive Taoism. As an independent school, the family of Yin and Yang disappeared.

[Edit this paragraph] Representatives of Yin and Yang Family

During the Warring States Period, there were male, female and male officials, but Zou Yan was the most famous (Biography of Mencius and Xun Qing in Historical Records was accompanied by Biography of Zou Yan).

[Edit this paragraph] Yin Yang Jia's works

Han Art Literature and History contains 369 articles of 2 1 yin and yang writers. The beginning and end of public life, 14 articles, and Gongsun Law, 22 articles. Forty-nine articles by Zou Zi. Zou Zichu Chapter 56. Five articles on Riding on the Hill. Six countries time. Five articles by Du Wengong. 20 pieces of Yellow Emperor Tai Su, and so on, but all but a few pieces were lost.

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Sound and taste change color and gas, and the season, the behavior, the pollution, the fu, the official, the body, the heart, the sound, the movement.

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┃ Jiao ┃ Ping Dan ┃ Acid ┃ Green ┃ Health ┃ Wind ┃ East ┃ Spring ┃ Wood ┃ Liver ┃ Gallbladder ┃ Eyes ┃ Tendons ┃ Anger.

┃ Sign ┃ Japan and China ┃ Bitter ┃ Red ┃ Long ┃ Summer ┃ Fire ┃ Heart ┃ Small intestine ┃ Tongue ┃ Pulse ┃ Happiness ┃

It's sweet and yellow in the morning and evening, and it's wet in the bell ┃ in the summer ┃ in the slaughter ┃ in the spleen ┃ in the stomach ┃ in the meat ┃ in the thought ┃ in the song dynasty ┃ in the son.

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┃ Feather ┃ Midnight ┃ Salty ┃ Dark ┃ Hidden ┃ Cold ┃ North ┃ Winter ┃ Water ┃ Kidney ┃ Bladder ┃ Ear ┃ Fear.

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Twenty-one kinds of works of this school are recorded in Hanshu Yiwenzhi, all of which have been lost. The Book of Rites and the Moon Order, written at the end of the Warring States Period, is said to be a work of Yin and Yang. Some articles in Guanzi also belong to Yin and Yang works, while some Yin and Yang materials are also preserved in Lv Chunqiu Yingtong, Huainan Ziqi Su Xun and Historical Records of Qin Shihuang.

Now there is a book devoted to Yin and Yang Family called Quotations of Yin and Yang Family in Full Color.