Introduction and history of the Forbidden City in Beijing

The Forbidden City in Beijing is the imperial palace of China in Ming and Qing Dynasties, formerly known as the Forbidden City, located in the center of Beijing's central axis. The Forbidden City in Beijing is centered on three halls, covering an area of about 720,000 square meters, with a building area of about10.5 million square meters. There are more than 70 palaces and 9000 houses. The construction of the Forbidden City in Beijing began in the fourth year of Yongle (1406), based on the Forbidden City in Nanjing, and was completed in the eighteenth year of Yongle (1420), becoming the palace of twenty-four emperors in Ming and Qing dynasties. On the 14th National Day of the Republic of China (1925 10/0/010), the Palace Museum was formally established and opened.

The length of the Forbidden City in Beijing is 96 1 meter from north to south and 753 meters from east to west. It is surrounded by a wall 10 meters high and a moat 52 meters wide outside the city. There are four gates in the Forbidden City, the Wumen Gate in the south, the Shenwu Gate in the north, the Donghua Gate in the east and the Xihua Gate in the west. At the four corners of the city wall, there is an elegant turret. There is a folk saying that its complex structure is described by nine beams, eighteen columns and seventy-two ridges. The building of the Forbidden City in Beijing is divided into two parts: the outer court and the inner court. The center of the outer court is the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Zhonghe and the Hall of Baohe, which are collectively called the three halls, and are the places where the state holds ceremonies. The left and right wings of the three main halls are supplemented by two groups of buildings: Wenhua Hall and Wuying Hall. The center of the Forbidden City is Gan Qing Palace, Jiaotai Palace and Kunning Palace, collectively referred to as the last three palaces, which are the main palaces where emperors and empresses live. Followed by the imperial garden. On both sides of the last three palaces, there are six palaces of things, which are places where empresses live and rest. On the east side of the East Sixth Palace are Buddhist buildings such as the Heavenly Palace, and on the west side of the West Sixth Palace are Buddhist buildings such as the Zhongzheng Hall. In addition to the outer courtyard and the inner courtyard, there are two buildings, Waidong Road and Waixi Road. The Forbidden City in Beijing is one of the largest and best-preserved ancient wooden structures in the world. It is a national AAAAA-level tourist attraction and was listed as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units in 196 1. 1987 is listed as a world cultural heritage.

The history of the Forbidden City in Beijing;

1, construction principle:

The Forbidden City was built in strict accordance with the principle of "the former dynasty was in the city and the left ancestor was in the right society" in Zhou Li's Examination of Gong Ji. The whole Forbidden City, in terms of architectural layout, is combined into a whole through physical changes and ups and downs. Functionally, it conforms to the hierarchical system of feudal society. At the same time, it achieves the artistic effect of left-right balance and body change. The roof forms of buildings in China are rich and colorful. In the Forbidden City, there are 10 different kinds of roofs. Take the three halls as an example. The roof is different. The roofs of buildings in the Forbidden City are covered with glazed tiles of various colors. The main temples are mainly yellow. The buildings in the prince's residential area use green. Other colorful stained glass, such as blue, purple, black, emerald, malachite green and sapphire blue, are mostly used in gardens or glass walls. There are glazed kissing animals at both ends of the main ridge on the roof of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, which swallow the ridge steadily and forcefully. Kissing animals are beautiful in shape, which are both components and decorations. Some tiles create three-dimensional animal images such as dragons and phoenixes, lions and seahorses, which symbolize auspiciousness and majesty. These components play a decorative role in the building.

2, the construction process:

Beijing was originally the fief of Judy, the prince of Yan. After the Battle of Jing Nan, in the first year of Yongle (1403), Li Zhigang, an official of the Ministry of Rites, said that Yanjing Beiping was the emperor's "land of Longxing" and should follow the example of Fengyang in Ming Taizu as its capital. Therefore, Ming Yingzong, as the ancestor, greatly promoted the status of Beiping House in Yanjing, taking Beiping as Beijing and changing Beiping House into Shuntianfu, which was called "Walking in". At the same time, it began to resettle the population to enrich Beijing; The people who were forced to move to Beijing included refugees from all over the country, wealthy families in Jiangnan and businessmen in Shanxi. In the fourth year of Yongle (1406), Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty ordered the construction of the Forbidden City and the Beijing City Wall in Nanjing. Emperor Chu first sent people to all parts of the country to mine precious wood and stones, and then transported them to Beijing. Only the preparatory work lasted 1 1 year. Precious nanmu mostly grows in the mountains. People venture into the mountains to collect wood, and many people are killed. Later generations left "going into the mountains for 1000 and going out for 500" to describe the living cost of collecting wood. It is also very difficult to mine the stones for building the palace. At present, the largest single stone behind Baohe Hall is mined in Fangshan, southwest of Beijing. History records the scene of transporting it: tens of thousands of laborers dig a well every mile or so on both sides of the road. When the temperature is low enough in the cold winter, they pump water from the well and pour it into an icy road. It took 28 days to send it to the palace. In addition, we will also fire square bricks for royal buildings in Suzhou, and Linqing, Shandong Province will also deliver tribute bricks to Beijing. In the seventh year of Yongle (1409), Ming Chengzu took Beijing as the northern expedition base, and at the same time began to build Changling in Changping near Beijing. Ming Chengzu built his mausoleum in Beijing instead of Nanjing, which proves that he has made up his mind to move the capital. In the 14th year of Yongle (14 16), Ming Chengzu called ministers to formally discuss the move to Beijing. For the ministers who raised objections, Ming Chengzu dismissed or severely punished them one by one, and no one dared to oppose moving the capital again. The following year, the Forbidden City in Beijing, modeled after the Forbidden City in Nanjing, was officially started. In the 18th year of Yongle (1420), Beijing Palace and Beijing City were built. Beijing Palace, based on Nanjing Palace, is slightly larger. The newly-built Beijing City, with a circumference of 45 miles, is a regular square, which conforms to the ideal capital shape of Zhou Li and Gong Ji. Ming Chengzu officially moved the capital by imperial edict, changing Jinling Yingtianfu to Nanjing, and Beijing Shuntianfu to the capital. However, there are still six central institutions in Nanjing, which are called Nanjing Ministry and Nanjing is the capital.

3. During the Ming Dynasty:

After the completion of the Forbidden City, the history of the courts in Ming and Qing dynasties lasted for more than 500 years, including the activities of the queen, hierarchy, power struggle, religious sacrifices and so on. In the 18th year of Yongle (1420), Beijing Palace was completed. The following year, a fire broke out and the first three halls were burned down. In the fifth year of orthodoxy (1440), the first three halls and Gan Qing Palace were rebuilt. In the third year of Tianshun (1459), Xiyuan was built. It has been 20 years since Yongle, Hongxi, Xuande and Orthodox. In the thirty-sixth year of Jiajing (1557), a fire broke out in the Forbidden City, and the first three halls, Fengtianmen, Wuwenlou and Wumen were all burned down. It was not until the fortieth year of Jiajing (156 1) that all the reconstruction was completed. During Jiajing period, the names of the three halls in the Forbidden City were changed to the Forbidden City, the Relay Palace and the Jianji Palace. In the 25th year of Wanli (1597), a fire broke out in the Forbidden City, and the first three halls and the last three palaces were destroyed. The reconstruction project was not completed until the seventh year of the apocalypse (1627). In the Ming Dynasty, Gan Qing Palace was the master bedroom of the emperor and the main place for political activities. From Yongle Emperor Judy to Chongzhen Emperor Zhu Youjian, a total of 14 emperors once lived here. Because the palace was large and spacious, the emperor divided it into several rooms when he lived here. According to records, there were 9 NuanGe in Gan Qing Palace in Ming Dynasty, which were divided into upper and lower floors, with a total of 27 beds, so that empresses could enter the palace. Because there are many rooms and beds, few people know where the emperor sleeps every night, just in case. Although the emperor lived in a maze of palaces and was heavily guarded, he still could not sit back and relax. According to records, after the "Renyin Palace Change" occurred in Jiajing period, Sejong moved to Xiyuan and was afraid to return to Gan Qing Palace. The "Red Pill Case" created by Emperor Zheng Guifei of Wanli for the Empress Dowager and the "Palace Moving Case" caused by Princess Li Xuan of Taichang moving to Renshou Palace for the Empress both occurred in Gan Qing Palace. In the Ming Dynasty, Gan Qing Palace was also used as a place to mourn the emperor.

4. During the Qing Dynasty:

In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644, the first year of Qing Shunzhi and the year of Dashun Yongchang), Li Zicheng led the army to capture Beijing, and the Ming Dynasty perished, but Li Zicheng was quickly defeated by the Qing army in Shanhaiguan. Before Li Zicheng retreated to Shaanxi, he burned down the Forbidden City. Except for Wuying Hall, Jianji Hall, Huaying Hall, Nanxun Hall and its surrounding turrets and the Imperial Gate, all other buildings were destroyed. On the second day of May, the Qing army entered Beijing and the Forbidden City was taken over by the Qing army. In October of the same year, the emperor shunzhi moved to Beijing. On the first day of October, the emperor shunzhi issued an imperial edict to the whole country at Taihemen, and the Qing Dynasty officially made Beijing its capital. After 14 years, the buildings in Zhonglu Road were basically restored. In the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683), the reconstruction of the remaining destroyed buildings in the Forbidden City began, and it was basically completed in the 34th year of Kangxi. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, according to the practice of the Ming Dynasty, both the emperor shunzhi and Emperor Kangxi took Gan Qing Palace as the main place to live and handle state affairs. After Yong Zhengdi acceded to the throne, he began to transfer to Yangxin Hall. Hall of mental cultivation is located on the west side of the Forbidden City, the Forbidden City and Gan Qing Palace. It was built in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty. At first, it was not the emperor's bedroom. During the Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty, the Ministry of Internal Affairs set up many workshops for the royal family, which were called "hall of mental cultivation". In the sixty-first year of Kangxi (1722), after the death of Emperor Kangxi, yongzheng emperor, who ascended the throne, did not move to Gan Qing Palace, his father's bedroom, but moved hall of mental cultivation, who was temporarily used as his father's filial piety on the west side of Zunyi Gate, into the emperor's bedroom. Since then, hall of mental cultivation has become the main place where the Qing emperors lived and handled affairs. Since then, after the establishment of the Ministry of Military Affairs, its office is also near hall of mental cultivation. After Emperor Qianlong ascended the throne, hall of mental cultivation carried out large-scale expansion and reconstruction, and gradually formed certain rules and regulations. After Yong Zhengdi, eight emperors including Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu and Xuan Tong all lived here. Until Emperor Xuan Tong was driven out of the Forbidden City. During the Xianfeng period, Changchun Palace was also connected with the original Qixiang Palace (now Taiji Hall). After Xianfeng's death, Cixi lived here and enjoyed two palaces alone. When the West Sixth Palace arrived in the late Qing Dynasty, Cixi began to transform some palaces. Therefore, four of the six western palaces have left the footprints of Cixi [6]. After the death of Emperor Xianfeng, Ci 'an and Cixi both lived in Changchun Palace when they were listening to politics in the early days. After ten years of Tongzhi (187 1), Ci 'an moved back to Zhong Cui Palace from Changchun Palace, and Changchun Palace became the exclusive palace of Empress Dowager Cixi. At first, the Taiji Hall was just a courtyard with two entrances. When Xianfeng changed it into a slender erotic palace, the back hall of Taiji Hall was changed into a main hall, so that Taiji Hall and Changchun Palace were connected into a quadrangle.

5. During the Republic of China:

After the Revolution of 1911 in the third year of Xuantong (19 1 1), all the palaces in the Forbidden City should be nationalized. However, according to the preferential conditions for cleaning rooms drawn up at that time, Aisin Giorro Puyi, the grandson of the emperor, was allowed to "temporarily live in the palace", that is, the "back bedroom" part. Guards and other personnel shall be retained as usual; The prince and Spyker are still old "and other terms. Therefore, according to some provisions of the "preferential conditions for cleaning rooms" and Yuan Shikai's active support, after Puyi abdicated, although the imperial system was abolished, Emperor Puyi and former royal ministers still lived in the palace unharmed. During his life in the Forbidden City, Puyi still issued "imperial edicts", still used Xuantong's year number and year number, and the old and young people still bowed down as gifts. There are still offices in the palace, such as the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Zongren House and the Ministry of Punishment. Therefore, I will give you a gift, don't change my clothes. Those who violate the king's laws will be dealt with by the punishment department. Therefore, the Forbidden City at that time became a "country within a country". On July 6th, 2007, Xuzhou warlord Zhang Xun supported the restoration of Xun Qing Emperor Puyi. In order to get Zhang Xun to surrender, Duan Ruiqi launched all forces that could be mobilized, including ordering teachers and students of Beijing Nanyuan Aviation School to take part in the war and bombing the Forbidden City by plane. Three small bombs were thrown in the Forbidden City as a warning. The plane is only 300 meters away from the Forbidden City, flying at an ultra-low altitude. It was blown to Yan Xi Palace, which is one of the six palaces in the East of the Forbidden City, causing slight damage to the building. This is considered to be the first air strike bombing in East Asia. 1924, Feng Yuxiang launched the "Beijing coup", expelled Puyi from the Forbidden City, and established the "Cleanup Committee" to take over the Forbidden City. On June 1925, 10 and 10, the Palace Museum was formally established and opened to the public. The Forbidden City was called "Forbidden City" after 1925. With the decline of the Qing Dynasty, especially in the 38 years before 1949, the buildings in the Forbidden City became worse and worse, and many palaces collapsed, resulting in a mountain of garbage. On the eve of the full-scale outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, in 1933, in order to protect the safety of its cultural relics from being destroyed by war or plundered by Japanese imperialism, the Palace Museum decided to adopt the policy of moving cultural relics south to defend against the enemy, and set up a cultural relics warehouse in Nanjing and a Nanjing branch of the Palace Museum. From February to May, 1933, 13427 boxes and 64 packages of cultural relics, books and archives arrived in Shanghai in five batches, and then in Nanjing.

6, the modern situation:

1949 After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Palace Museum carried out a large-scale renovation and sorted out a large number of cultural relics. 196 1 year, the State Council promulgated the Forbidden City as a national key cultural relics protection unit. The Palace Museum has 6,543,800 pieces (sets) of cultural relics. 1987 The Forbidden City was listed as a "World Cultural Heritage" by UNESCO and turned into a "Palace Museum".

Since the 20th century, the Forbidden City has received an average of 6-8 million Chinese and foreign tourists every year. With the development of tourism, the number of tourists is increasing, which shows that people's interest in the Forbidden City is enduring.

On August 20 13 15, Shou Kang Palace was officially exhibited after the original exhibition. Cining Palace Sculpture Museum opened on May 3, 20 151day. According to the scale of 20 15, the open area of the Forbidden City will reach 76% in 2020. The Forbidden City is carrying out the renovation of cultural relics, environmental improvement and the expansion of the exhibition area.

1On October 23rd, the mascot of the Forbidden City in Beijing made its debut. The mascot originated from the traditional auspicious dragon and phoenix images in China, namely "strong dragon" and "beautiful phoenix". 2015101/The Palace Museum officially opened new areas such as Cining Palace, Wumen Yanchi Building and Donghuamen, which increased the opening area of the Palace Museum from the current 52% to 65%.

On the afternoon of February 25th, 20 16, the Palace Museum held the "Cui Ruzhuo Art Palace Exhibition" in the Great Hall of the People. 2065438+On April 12, 2006, Dan Jixiang, director of the Palace Museum, introduced that the open area of the Palace Museum increased by 1 1%, reaching 76%, and various new exhibitions were opened one after another. At the same time, the "Luoyang Peony and the Forbidden City Peony Theme Cultural Relics Joint Exhibition" opened in the Forbidden City. There are 654.38+200,000 pots of peony entering Beijing from Luoyang, which are distributed in Cining Palace Garden, Ganqingmen Square, Cining Palace, Shoukang Palace, Yongkang Zuomen-Youmen, Longzongmen and other areas. It reproduces the grand opening of peony in the Forbidden City in Qing Dynasty.

On May 24th, 20 18, the Palace Museum decided to close every Monday from June 20th18, except national holidays. In addition, from June 20 12 to June 20 18, the total number of people visiting the Forbidden City reached100000. Since 20 19, the Forbidden City has tried to sell tickets on time.

2018 On September 3rd, the hall of mental cultivation of the Forbidden City officially entered the implementation stage of research protection and renovation of ancient buildings.

On March 4th, 20 19, the Palace Museum announced the exhibition plan for the second half of 2019.

20 1 September 2 1 day to 10/October1day According to the news of the Palace Museum, according to the work needs and arrangements, the Palace Museum is temporarily closed to the public.

On 201910/0.2, the Forbidden City opened its doors after the "rest" 1 1 day, and all tickets were sold out from the 3rd to 5th.

Starting from 202 1, 1 1, the pre-sale period of tickets for the Palace Museum is adjusted from 10 to 7 days, and other ticket purchase rules remain unchanged. Visitors can use the second-generation ID card or passport to make an appointment to purchase tickets through the ticketing website of the Palace Museum and the official account of the "Palace Museum Visitor Service" WeChat.

202 1 and 65438+February, the Forbidden City and other places have implemented the regulations that minors under 18 can visit for free.

Introduction to Beijing:

Beijing, referred to as Beijing for short, is the capital, municipality directly under the Central Government, national central city, megacity, national political center, cultural center, international exchange center and scientific and technological innovation center of People's Republic of China (PRC). It is the office of the Central Committee of China, the Central People's Government of People's Republic of China (PRC) and the National People's Congress.

Beijing is located at east longitude115.7-17.4, north latitude 39.4-41.6, with its center at 39 54' 20 "north latitude and east longitude1/kloc-. Beijing is located in the northern part of North China Plain, backed by Yanshan Mountain, and adjacent to Tianjin and Hebei Province. The climate in Beijing is a typical semi-humid continental monsoon climate in the north temperate zone.

Beijing has a long history and splendid culture. It is one of the first national historical and cultural cities, one of the four ancient capitals in China and the city with the most cultural heritage in the world. The 3060-year history of building a city gave birth to many places of interest, such as the Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven, the Badaling Great Wall and the Summer Palace. As early as 700,000 years ago, the primitive tribe "Beijingers" appeared in Zhoukoudian, Beijing. BC 1045, Beijing became the capital of thistle, swallow and other vassal states. Since 938, Beijing has successively become the capital of Liao, Jin, Yuan and Ming and Qing Dynasties. 1 October1became the capital of People's Republic of China (PRC).

At the end of 20 15, the resident population in Beijing was 2170,500, an increase of189,000 over the end of last year. Among them, there are 8.226 million permanent migrants, accounting for 37.9% of the permanent population. In 20 15, Beijing achieved a regional GDP of 2,296.86 billion yuan, an increase of 6.9% over 20 14.

2065438+On July 3, 20051day, IOC President Bach announced that Beijing and Zhangjiakou won the right to host the 2022 Winter Olympics. Beijing has thus become the first city in the world to host both the Summer Olympics and the Winter Olympics.

Name source:

Beijing is an ancient capital with a history of more than 3000 years. It has different titles in different dynasties, and there are roughly more than 20 nicknames.

According to historical records, Yan Dou was sealed in the State of Yan in BC 1 122, after Zhou Wuwang destroyed its business. Yan Dou was named after being the capital of Yan State in ancient times. Among the Seven Heroes of the Warring States, there is a state of Yan, which is said to be named after its proximity to Yanshan Mountain, and its capital is called "Yan Dou".

Youzhou, one of the ancient Kyushu. The name of Youzhou was first seen in Shangshu Shundian: "Yan is called Youzhou." Youzhou was established in the Han, Wei, Jin and Tang Dynasties, and all of them ruled in today's Beijing area.

Beijing, the capital refers to the national capital. After Beijing became the national capital, it was also called the national capital.

In the first year of Emperor Taizong of Liao Dynasty (938), Nanjing (also known as Yanjing) upgraded the original Youzhou to Youdu House as the capital of Liao Dynasty. The capital of Liao was in Beijing at that time.

Most of them were built in the Yuan Dynasty. After Jin left the palace, they were rebuilt around Beihai Park. Yuan Shizu changed its name to Dadu in the 9th year of Yuan Dynasty (1272), commonly known as Dadu in Yuan Dynasty.

Beiping was the first year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1368). After Zhu Yuanzhang destroyed the Yuan Dynasty, in order to record the achievements of pacifying the North, most areas of the Yuan Dynasty were renamed Beiping.

Beijing, the first year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1403), after Judy Yongle, the founding emperor of Ming Dynasty, ascended the throne, he changed the fief of Beiping to Shuntianfu, built Beijing City, and prepared to move the capital here. This is the beginning of the official naming of Beijing with a history of more than 600 years.

Shi Jing, Ming Chengzu moved to Beijing in the 18th year of Yongle (1420), and it was not until the Qing Dynasty that he changed his name to Shi Jing.

Jingzhao was abandoned in Shuntianfu in the second year of the Republic of China (19 13), and it was placed in Jingzhao the following year. Jingzhao includes most of Beijing today. In the seventeenth year of the Republic of China, Jingzhao was abolished and Beijing was changed to Beiping.

Historical evolution:

As early as the early Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Wuwang sealed Zhao Gong to Beijing and its vicinity, calling it Yan. Its capital is Liu Lihe Town, Fangshan District, and the site still exists. After sealing Yao, people were sealed in thistle, in the southwest of Beijing today. After Yan was destroyed, it moved its capital to Hebei, which was collectively called Yan Dou or Yanjing.

During the Qin Dynasty, Jixian County was established in Beijing, which was under the jurisdiction of Yang Guangjun.

In the fifth year of Emperor Gaozu, it was placed under the jurisdiction of Yan State. In the first year of Yuanfeng, it was restored to Jixian County, Yangguangjun County, belonging to Youzhou. In the first year, it was the capital of Yang Guangguo, because the emperor personally enfeoffed it here.

When Guangwu was reformed in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the secretariat department of Youzhou was located in Jixian County. In eight years, Yongyuan reinstated Yangguangjun Institute.

In the Western Jin Dynasty, the court changed Yangguangjun to Yan State, and Youzhou moved to Fanyang. After the Sixteen Kingdoms, Zhao moved back to Jixian County, and Yan was changed to Yan County. After Yan Qian, Qian Qin, Hou Yan and the Northern Wei Dynasty, it remained unchanged.

Yan County was abolished in the third year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (583). In the third year of Daye (607), the Sui Dynasty changed Youzhou to Zhuo Jun. [4]

During the Wude period in the early Tang Dynasty, Zhuo Jun was also called Youzhou. In the first year of Zhenguan (627), Youzhou was placed under Hebei Road. Later, it became the residence of the special envoy of the john young era. During the Anshi Rebellion, An Lushan proclaimed himself emperor in Beijing, and the founding name was "Dayan". After the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, it was restored to a secluded state controlled by Lu Long.

At the beginning of the Five Dynasties, Liu Rengong, a warlord, established a local regime here, called the Prince of Yan, which was later destroyed by the later Tang Dynasty. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Taizong fought Liao in Gaolianghe (now Haidian District, Beijing) and was defeated in the Northern Song Dynasty. He longed to see sixteen states from now on. Liao made Beijing its capital in the first year of Huitong (938) and changed its name to the Western Jin Dynasty in the first year of Kaitai.

In the first year of Zhenyuan (1 153), Di Chin Wan Yanliang officially established its capital in Beijing, which was called Zhongdu in history and located in the southwest of Beijing today.

In the Yuan Dynasty, the Great Khan State of Mongolia was renamed the Yuan Dynasty. Since the Yuan Dynasty, it has become the capital of China. Beijing in the Yuan Dynasty was called the Capital of the Yuan Dynasty. During most of the Yuan Dynasty, it became the communication center of China, with the communication range reaching to Lingbei Province in the north, Nuerhagandusi (downstream of Heilongjiang Province) in the east, Tibet in the west and Hainan in the south. Muqali, a general under Genghis Khan, captured Beijing in the eighth year of Jiading (12 15), so he set up Daxing mansion on Yanjing Road. In the first year of Zhiyuan in Yuan Shizu (1264), it was renamed as Daxing House in Zhongdu Road. In the 9th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1272), Daxing House in Zhongdu was officially renamed as Dadu Road (Turkic: Khan Balick, meaning "Khan City", transliterated as Kan baruch and Gambali Ke).

In the early Ming Dynasty, Yingtianfu (now Nanjing) was the capital. In August of the first year of Hongwu (1368), Dadu Road was renamed Beiping House, and in October of the same year it was transferred to Shandong Province for military needs. In the ninth year of Hongwu (1376), it was changed to the headquarters of Beiping City Propaganda Bureau. Judy, the prince of Yan, ascended the throne after the Jing Nan Rebellion. In the first year of Yongle (1403), Beiping was changed to Beijing because of "walking in" (where the son of heaven walked, so it was called "walking in") and lived here. Today's Beijing was named the 19th year of Yongle (142 1), and the central government of the Ming Dynasty officially moved its capital.

After the Qing soldiers entered the customs, they were stationed in Beijing, also known as Shuntianfu, which is the capital of Beijing and belongs to Zhili Province.

In the tenth year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (1860), the British and French allied forces entered Beijing and signed the Beijing Treaty.

In the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), Eight-Nation Alliance went to Beijing again, and a large number of cultural relics were looted by invading troops and bad guys.

After the Revolution of 1911, in the first year of the Republic of China (19 12) 1, the capital of the Republic of China was Nanjing, and it moved to Beijing in March of the same year, until the Northern Expeditionary Army of the Kuomintang of China captured Beijing in the seventeenth year of the Republic of China (1928), when Zhang retreated to the northeast and the Beiyang government stepped down.

At the beginning of the Republic of China, Beijing's local system was still in accordance with the Qing system, which was called Shuntianfu. Until the third year of the Republic of China (19 14), Shuntianfu was changed to Jingzhao, which was directly under the jurisdiction of Beiyang government. During this period, Beijing has built a new tram system and a number of modern cultural and educational institutions, such as Peking University, Beijing Normal University, yenching university, Fu Jen Catholic University and Union Medical College.

After the Northern Expedition in the 17th year of the Republic of China (1928), because Chiang Kai-shek did not pay attention to the northern frontier defense, he moved the capital to Nanjing and abolished the former Jingzhao place, and Beijing was renamed as Beiping Special City.

In the 19th year of the Republic of China (1930), in June, Beiping was downgraded to a city under the jurisdiction of Hebei Province, and in February of the same year, it was re-promoted to a city under the jurisdiction of the hospital. After the July 7th Incident in the 26th year of the Republic of China (1937), Beiping was occupied by Japan. The provisional government of the puppet Republic of China was established here, and Beiping was renamed Beijing.

In the thirty-fourth year of the Republic of China (1945), on August 2 1 day, the Japanese army that invaded Beijing announced its surrender, and the Sun Lianzhong department of the 11th war zone took over Beijing and renamed it Beiping.

1949 65438+1October 3 1 day, Fu and China * * * reached a peace agreement, led 250,000 Kuomintang troops into justice, and the China People's Liberation Army entered Beiping to liberate Beijing.

1949 On September 27th, the first plenary session of China People's Political Consultative Conference adopted the Resolution on the Capital, Calendar, National Anthem and National Flag of People's Republic of China (PRC), and Beiping was renamed Beijing. 106, the Central People's Government of People's Republic of China (PRC) was announced in Beijing.

During the period of 1956-1958, Changping, Liangxiang, Fangshan, Daxing, Tongxian, Shunyi, Pinggu, Miyun, Huairou and Yanqing in Hebei Province were transferred to Beijing, forming the administrative regions of Beijing today.

Natural resources:

Natural rivers in Beijing run through five major water systems from west to east: Juma River, Yongding River, North Canal, Chaobai River and Jiyun Canal. Most of them originate in the mountainous areas in the northwest, meander southeast across the plain and finally merge into the Bohai Sea.

There are no natural lakes in Beijing. There are 85 reservoirs in Beijing, including Miyun Reservoir, Guanting Reservoir, Huairou Reservoir and Haizi Reservoir.

The annual recharge of groundwater in Beijing is about 2.9265438 billion cubic meters, and the annual exploitable amount is about 2.4 ~ 2.5 billion cubic meters. The annual average available total amount of natural water resources is 55.265438 billion cubic meters.

In 20 13, the total water consumption in Beijing was 3.53 billion cubic meters, an increase of 1.4% compared with 20 12. Among them, the domestic water consumption was 65.438+0.45 billion cubic meters, up 4.3% year-on-year; Industrial water consumption was 560 million cubic meters, down by 3.4%; Agricultural water consumption was 65.438+0.2 billion cubic meters, down by 3.2%. [6]

Mineral resources:

20 13 67 kinds of minerals have been discovered in Beijing, including 476 deposits and occurrences, and 44 kinds of minerals are listed in the national reserve list, including 2 kinds of energy minerals; 4 kinds of ferrous minerals, nonferrous metals, precious metals and dispersed elements 1 1 species; 7 kinds of nonmetallic minerals are used as metallurgical auxiliary raw materials; Five nonmetallic minerals are used as chemical raw materials; 15 building materials and other nonmetallic minerals. There are 300 producing areas, including 49 ferrous metal producing areas, 35 non-ferrous metal producing areas, 43 metallurgical auxiliary raw materials non-metallic producing areas, 68 chemical raw materials non-metallic producing areas, 75 building materials and other non-metallic producing areas and 30 coal producing areas.

Plant resources:

The zonal vegetation types in Beijing are warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest and temperate coniferous forest. Most plain areas have become farmland and towns, and only some depressions on both sides of the river bank have developed lowland vegetation, mainly reeds, cattails and arrowheads. However, most depressions have been opened as fish ponds, and there are many weeds in wasteland, ridges and roadsides; Submerged and floating aquatic vegetation grows in lakes and ponds. The surface vegetation types in the low mountain area below 800 meters above sea level are Quercus variabilis forest, Quercus acutissima forest, Pinus tabulaeformis forest and Platycladus orientalis. In Zhongshan, more than 800 meters above sea level, the forest coverage rate has increased, and the lower part is dominated by Quercus liaotungensis forest. There are many birch trees in the altitude range from 1000 m to 1800~2000 m, which is the dominant shrub of Lespedeza, Corylus heterophylla and Spiraea in the severely damaged forest communities. The mountain grass meadow grows on the top of the mountain at an altitude of 1800~ 1900 meters.

Animal resources:

Beijing fauna is composed of grassland in the east of Mengxin, Changbai Mountain and Songliao Plain, as well as the eastern monsoon region and the north and south of the Yangtze River. Therefore, the fauna in Beijing has the characteristics of the transition from Palaearctic to Oriental. By 2009, there were about 40 species of mammals, 220 species of birds, 16 species of reptiles, 7 species of amphibians and 60 species of fish.

Regional culture:

There are more than 500,000 religious believers in Beijing, accounting for about 4% of Beijing. The main religions are Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism and Christianity, among which Buddhism, Taoism and Islam have exerted great influence on Beijing's history, culture and art. There are more than 100 places for religious activities in Beijing.

Traditional architecture:

Beijing was once the capital of six dynasties in history. In the more than two thousand years since Yan State, many palace buildings have been built, making Beijing the city with the largest number of royal palaces, gardens, temples and tombs in China.

Royal architecture:

The Forbidden City in Beijing, known as Oi Miyagi in the Ming Dynasty and Forbidden City in the Qing Dynasty, was originally a palace in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, where 24 emperors lived. The building is magnificent, which perfectly embodies the traditional classical style and oriental style of China. It is the largest existing palace in China and even in the world, and it is a precious cultural heritage of the Chinese nation. The Temple of Heaven is famous at home and abroad for its reasonable layout and exquisite architecture. It was the place where emperors of Ming and Qing Dynasties "sacrificed to heaven".

Siheyuan and Hutong:

Siheyuan is the floorboard of traditional houses in the north, with the main house, inverted house and east-west wing surrounding the Intermediate People's Court to form a plane layout. The quadrangle in Beijing originated from the quadrangle in Yuan Dynasty and is the most important residential building in old Beijing.

Temple:

The existing famous Buddhist temples in Beijing include Fayuan Temple, Tanzhe Temple, Jietai Temple, Yunju Temple and Badachu. Taoist Baiyun temple, etc. Islam, worship of temples in Beijing and niujie, etc. The Lama Temple of Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism), the Catholic Church of Forty Banks, the Catholic Church of Wangfujing, etc. Christian Gangwa City Church, Chongwenmen Church, etc.

Beijing central axis:

Beijing's central axis refers to the central axis of Beijing in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and Beijing's urban planning has the characteristics of symmetry with Miyagi as the center. The central axis of Beijing starts from Yongdingmen in the south and ends at the Bell and Drum Tower in the north, with a total length of about 7.8 kilometers. From south to north are Yongdingmen, Qianmen Arrow Tower, Zhengyangmen, Zhonghua Gate, Tiananmen Gate, Duanmen, Wumen Gate, Forbidden City, Shenwumen, Jingshan, Di 'anmen, Houmenqiao, Drum Tower and Bell Tower. Starting from Yongdingmen, the southern end of this central axis is the Temple of Heaven and the Xiannongtan. Ancestral temples and social altars; Donghuamen and Xihuamen; Andingmen and Deshengmen are symmetrically distributed with the central axis. Mr. Liang Sicheng, a famous architect in China, once said: "The unique grand order of Beijing is produced by the establishment of this central axis." After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Yongdingmen Gate, Zhonghua Gate and Di 'anmen Gate were all demolished, and Yongdingmen Gate Tower was rebuilt.

Beijing:

Beijing City is the general name of the defense buildings in the capital cities of Ming and Qing Dynasties in the history of China. It consists of Miyagi, Imperial City, Inner City and Outer City, including many facilities such as city walls, city gates, urn, enemy platforms and moats. It was the most complete ancient city defense system in China. Beijing city gate is the general name of Beijing city gate in Ming and Qing Dynasties. According to the differences of grades and building specifications, it can be divided into four categories: Gongchengmen, Huangchengmen, Inner Chengmen and Outer Chengmen. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were four palaces in Beijing.

Peking Opera:

Peking Opera is the quintessence of China. The origin of Beijing Opera can be traced back to several ancient local operas. 1790, four major local operas in Anhui-Sanqing Class, Sixi Class, Chungong Class and Hechun Class-performed in Beijing. Huiban often cooperates with artists in Hubei, so a new kind of drama was born, which is based on the Hui tune "Huang Er" and the Han tune "Xipi" and combines the essence of local operas such as Kunqu Opera, Shaanxi Opera and Bangzi. This is Beijing Opera.