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654.38 million years ago, people mastered the technology of using fire.

Twenty thousand years ago, man invented the bow and arrow.

65,438+0,000 years ago, mankind entered a settled agricultural society.

7000 years ago, there were pottery kilns and molded pottery in Yangshao culture period in China.

42,465,438+0 years ago, ancient Egypt invented the earliest solar calendar in the world.

4,000 years ago, Egyptians had mastered pottery, metallurgy, brewing vinegar and pigment dyeing.

2500 years ago, Egyptians made glass with sand and soda.

Before 2 100, Mesopotamia invented hexadecimal system and multiplication table.

Before 2000, Egyptians invented decimal, integer and fraction calculation methods, triangle and circle area calculation methods, quadrangular pyramid and truncated cone volume calculation methods; Invent preservatives to preserve mummies.

Before 1950, Babylonians could solve binary linear and quadratic equations.

Before 1200, China used silk to weave silk.

Before 1200, the bronze (copper-tin alloy) smelting and casting technology of China Yinshang had reached a mature stage.

Before1066-before 22 1 year, Zhou Dynasty.

Before 770- before 476, the Spring and Autumn Period.

770 years ago, China knew how to cast iron.

In 722 BC, China began to record this day with dry branches.

700 years ago, Guan Zhong (725-645 BC) recorded magnets.

In the 7th century, Babylonians discovered the Sharo cycle of the solar eclipse cycle.

Before 6 1 1 year, China had the earliest comet record, which was later named Halley's comet.

In the 6th century AD, Thales (625-547 BC) discovered the triboelectricity of amber and found that magnets can absorb iron.

In the 6th century AD, Pythagoras of Greece proved the Pythagorean theorem, discovered irrational numbers, put forward the globe theory and studied temperament.

In the 6th century, Indians calculated the square root of 2 as 1.4 14 156.

Before 594, Solon reformed Greece, established democratic politics, formulated a constitution, and industry and commerce rose.

Confucius was born 55 1 year ago.

In the 5th century A.D., democritus, a Greek, completed the ancient atomism, believing that everything is made up of atoms with different sizes and masses and moving endlessly.

In the 5th century, China's "Zhou Li" recorded the method of taking fire from the sun with metal concave mirror.

Pre-475- pre-22 1, Warring States Period.

Before 462, the Greek Iliad School such as parmenides and Zhi Nuo pointed out various contradictions in movement and change, and put forward Zeno's paradox about time, space and quantity, such as an arrow that flies without moving.

400 years ago, pinhole imaging was discovered in Mo Zhai (468-376 BC).

In the 4th century A.D., Aristotle, a Greek, made a comprehensive study of mathematics and zoology, and put forward the geocentric theory in his book On Heaven. Recognize that sound is produced by air movement. Published books such as Natural History of Animals, recorded more than 500 kinds of animals, and put biology on the basis of extensive observation for the first time.

In the 4th century AD, Philolaus, a Greek, put forward the central fire theory, which was the bud of Heliocentrism.

In the 4th century AD, China's Zhuangzi (369-286 BC) recorded the method of drilling wood to make fire, and put forward the view that "a hammer of one foot can be half of it every day, and everything is inexhaustible".

350 years ago, Gander and Shi Shen of China compiled the world's earliest catalogue during the Warring States Period.

In the 3rd century AD, Euclid of Greece published the Elements of Geometry in volume 13.

In the 3rd century AD, Archimedes (287-2 BC12 BC) discovered the lever principle and the law of buoyancy, and invented the archimedean spiral. Han Fei recorded Sina.

In the first 285 years, King Ptolemy II of Egypt ascended the throne to reward and protect scholarship.

258 years ago, strato, a native of Elasi, was the first to study comparative anatomy and pathological anatomy.

250 years ago, in China's book Han Feizi at the end of the Warring States Period, there was a record of "Sina" distinguishing the north from the south.

In the first 245 years, Kaida Sibus of Greece invented the pressure pump and air gun in Alexandria, Egypt.

230 years ago, the Greek Eratosthenes measured the size of the earth in Alexandria.

Qian 22 1- Qian 206, Qin dynasty.

22 1 years ago, the first emperor of China unified surveying and continued to use his system until the 20th century.

206 BC-220 AD, Han Dynasty.

In the 2nd century, Liu An (179- 122) wrote Huai Nan Zi, which recorded that ice was used as a lens and a mirror was used as a periscope.

Before the 2nd century, China used silk and hemp fiber paper in the Western Han Dynasty.

In 1 century, Hiro (62- 150) invented the steam rotator and the hot air-driven rotator, which were the seeds of steam turbines and hot gas turbines. Invented the siphon.

In 1 century, the Roman Pliny encyclopedia "Natural History" came out.

In the 1 century, China's Hanshu recorded the tip discharge.

100, Nikol wrote "Introduction to Arithmetic". Since then, arithmetic has become an independent subject.

In 105, China made paper in Cai Lun during the Eastern Han Dynasty.

/kloc-in 0/32, during the Eastern Han Dynasty in China, Zhang Heng invented the world's first seismograph to measure earthquakes.

In the 2nd century A.D., Ptolemy of Greece drew the earth with cones and cylinders, and established a cosmic system centered on the earth. Found atmospheric refraction. China is well known.

220-58 1 year, Three Kingdoms, Northern and Southern Dynasties.

At the beginning of the 3rd century AD, Hua Tuo in China invented the anesthetic Mafeisan for surgery.

In the 3rd century A.D., Liu Hui of Wei and Jin Dynasties put forward the method of secant circle, and the pi was 3. 14 16.

In the 5th century A.D., Zu Chongzhi (429-500) in the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China calculated the value of pi to the seventh place after the decimal point, which was more than 1000 years earlier than westerners.

58 1-6 18, Sui Dynasty.

During the Northern Wei Dynasty in China in the 6th century, Jia Sixie wrote The Book of Qi Yao Min, which played an important role in the world agricultural history.

Emperor Taizong 6 18-907.

In the 7th century A.D., China adopted rigid printing in the Tang Dynasty.

In 725, China Nangong said that people measured the length of meridian.

In the 8th century, China papermaking was introduced to the west, and Arabic alchemy developed to produce sulfuric acid, nitric acid and aqua regia, which prepared the conditions for the transition to chemistry.

In the 9th century, an alchemist of the Tang Dynasty in China invented gunpowder.

In the 9th century AD, Arabian thorn submodule published India Counting Algorithm, which made western Europeans familiar with decimal system. He was also the founder of algebra, and the Arab Al Raz wrote Medical Integration, which was regarded as the pioneer of medical chemistry by later generations.

In the 9th century, an alchemist in China in the Tang Dynasty invented gunpowder, which was an important discovery that chemical energy was converted into heat energy.

In the 10 century, Ibn-Sīna, an Arab, wrote medical classics, which had a profound influence on the later 600 years.

In the 10 century, China invented the method of leaching copper with sulfuric acid solution to produce copper, which was the beginning of hydrometallurgy.

960- 1279, Song Dynasty.

In 65438 AD, Shen Kuo of the Song Dynasty in China wrote a book "Random Talk on Meng Xi".

In the 20th century, Elsa of Arabia (known as Avicenna in the west) compiled this medical code.

104 1 year, China and Bi Sheng invented movable type printing, which was 400 years earlier than the west, and laid the foundation of modern printing.

1054, China recorded a supernova explosion in the history of Song Dynasty, which is the earliest written record of supernova explosion in the world. The remnants of supernovae formed the crab nebula we see now.

1200, Europeans began to use glasses.

1202, Fibonacci, Italy, published the Book of Calculations, which introduced the Indo-Arabic counting method to the west.

123 1 year, people in the song dynasty in China invented "thunderbolt", which contains gunpowder and can be thrown with a thrower. It is the embryonic form of artillery.

1259, when China was fighting the nomads from the Southern Song Dynasty, he used a firearm that fired bullets from a bamboo tube, which was the prototype of musket.

/kloc-in the first half of the 3rd century, China gunpowder was introduced into Arabia.

1279- 1368, Yuan Dynasty.

1284, the Italians invented glasses.

/kloc-In the first half of the 4th century, China began to use abacus.

1368- 1644, Ming dynasty.

1385, China established an observatory in Nanjing, which is the earliest fully equipped observatory in the world.

From14th century to16th century, Dante of Italy, the pioneer of the Renaissance, published the Divine Comedy. The beginning of the Renaissance.

1487, Portuguese Diaz discovered the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa.

The Italian Columbus discovered America.

1498, Portuguese da Gama opened a flight from the Cape of Good Hope to India.

/kloc-in 0/500, Leonardo da Vinci designed sketches of anemometers, hygrometers, parachutes, spinning machines and bicycle beds.

Martin Luther Reformation in Germany.

15 19- 1522, Portuguese Magellan completed his first voyage around the world, which proved that the earth is spherical.

1539, Copernicus of Poland put forward the theory of the universe centered on the sun. 1543, Copernicus's theory of celestial bodies was published. Since then, natural science has been liberated from theology.

From 65438 to 0582, many countries in western Europe implemented the Gregorian calendar, which is the predecessor of the current Gregorian calendar.

1583, Galileo of Italy discovered the isochronous principle of the pendulum.

1589, Stephen of the Netherlands discovered the parallelogram force law.

1590, Galileo of Italy conducted a series of scientific experiments such as free fall.

1590, Zhan Sen of the Netherlands invented the compound microscope.

1593, Galileo of Italy invented the air thermometer.

1596, Li Shizhen of Ming Dynasty in China published Compendium of Materia Medica. There are 1892 kinds of drugs in the book, which is an important scientific classic.

1600, Bruno of Italy was burned to death by the Roman church because he supported Copernicus' theory and advocated the infinity of the universe.

1605, British bacon (156 1- 1626) wrote "academic progress" and advocated induction based on experiments.

1607, Galileo of Italy tried to measure the speed of light.

1609- 16 19, Kepler of Germany put forward the law of planetary motion.

1609, Galileo of Italy made the first astronomical telescope and used it to discover four moons of Jupiter.

1609, Galileo of Italy first measured the speed of light, but it didn't work.

1620, snell of the Netherlands discovered the law of refraction.

1620, Portuguese Drebbel invented the diving boat.

1628, Harvey of England discovered blood circulation.

1632, Galileo of Italy put forward the principle of relativity.

1637, Song Yingxing, China in Ming Dynasty completed "Heavenly Creations" and summarized the industrial and agricultural production technology in China.

1638, Descartes of France put forward "ether".

1644-1911,clear.

1648, Malsy, Czech Republic discovered the dispersion of light.

1654, Gehrig invented the vacuum pump, and carried out hemispheric experiments in Fort Madre.

1660, Hooke of England discovered the law of elasticity.

1666, Newton of England put forward the law of universal gravitation.

1666, Newton in England used a prism to split light.

1676, Romer of Denmark used Europa to measure the speed of light.

1677, Leibniz of Germany invented calculus.

1687, Newton of England put forward three laws of mechanics and the concepts of absolute time and absolute space.

1699, Amonton of France discovered the law of friction.

170 1 year, Bernoulli of England established the variational method.

1728, Brad, England used optical aberration to measure the speed of light.

1745, Kleist of Germany invented the Leyden bottle.

1750, Mitchell of England designed a torsion balance for measuring electrostatic force and put forward the magnetic inverse square law.

1750, Franklin of the United States invented the lightning rod.

1752, Franklin of the United States made an experiment of kite absorbing electricity.

1775, Volta of Italy invented the electric disk.

1776, the United States declared its independence.

1780, the contraction of frog leg muscles was found in galvani, Italy, which was thought to be caused by animal electricity.

Watt improved the steam engine in England.

1785, the Frenchman Coulomb proved the inverse square law of electrostatic force through experiments.

1789 French Revolution.

In 1792, Walter of Italy studied the additive phenomenon, which is thought to be caused by the contact between two metals.

1798, cavendish of England measured the gravitational constant with a torsion balance.

1800, Italian Volta invented Volta reactor. Herschel, England, discovered infrared rays from the radiation thermal effect of the solar spectrum.

In 180 1, Yang of Britain measured the wavelength of light wave by interferometry.

1802, a steam locomotive was built in Trevithick, England.

1808, Marius discovered the polarization of light.

1808, Dalton of England published the theory of chemical atomism.

1820, Oster of Denmark discovered the magnetic effect of current.

1820, Ampere of France discovered the interaction between currents.

182 1 year, thermoelectric effect was found in Seebeck, Estonia.

1826, ohm's law was established in Germany.

1827, Brown, England, discovered that particles in liquid move irregularly.

1830, Italy's Nobili invented the thermopile.

183 1 year, Faraday in Britain discovered electromagnetic induction.

In 1834, the Frenchman Peltier discovered the Peltier effect that current can cool.

1835, Henry of America discovered self-consciousness.

1840 opium war.

1845, Faraday, England discovered that the magnetic field makes the polarization plane of light rotate.

1848 * * * Declaration issued.

1849, Fizeau, France, measured the speed of light with the rotating gear method.

1849, Kelvin of England put forward the first law and the second law of thermodynamics.

1850, Helmholtz of Britain put forward the law of conservation of energy.

1850, Taiping Rebellion in China.

185 1 year, Foucault of France proved the rotation of the earth.

1852, Joule and Thomson in England discovered the refrigeration effect of gas expansion.

In 1858, Pluckel discovered the cathode ray in the discharge tube.

1859, Kirchhoff, Germany, pioneered spectral analysis.

1859, Darwin, England, published the Origin of Species, which initiated the evolution of biology.

186 1 American civil war.

1869, Mendeleev of Russia published the periodic table of elements.

1875, Kerr in England discovered the electro-optic effect.

1875, the metric convention was signed at the Paris conference.

Bell of America invented the telephone in 1876.

1879, Maxwell of England published the General Theory of Electromagnetism, which is a masterpiece of electromagnetic theory.

1879 hall in the United States discovered that current passes through metal and generates transverse electromotive force under the action of magnetic field.

1879, Edison in the United States invented the electric light.

1880, the French Curie brothers discovered the piezoelectric effect of crystals.

188 1 year, Michelson of America invented a high-sensitivity interferometer.

1883, Mach of Austria published Mechanics Science, which criticized the concepts of absolute space-time and force and mass in Newtonian mechanics.

1885, the German Ben Ci invented the gasoline internal combustion engine car.

1887, Hertz in Germany discovered electromagnetic waves and photoelectric effects.

In 1887, American Michelson and Morey tried to prove the existence of "ether drift" through the interference effect of light generated by the earth's movement in "ether", but they got a negative result.

From 65438 to 0889, Frenchman lavoisier published the Outline of Chemistry, which opened a new era of chemistry.

1889, Fitzgerald of Britain put forward the contraction hypothesis to explain the "zero result" of Michelson-Morey experiment. Because the British journal Science, which published his paper, stopped publishing soon, it was not known to the world until Lorenz of the Netherlands independently put forward the contraction hypothesis in 1892.

1890, Hungarian Efou did experiments to prove that inertial mass and gravitational mass are equal.

1892, Lorenz of the Netherlands independently put forward the contraction hypothesis.

1894, Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1894.

1895, roentgen in Germany discovered X-rays.

1896, radioactivity was discovered in becquerel.

1896, Zeeman in the Netherlands discovered that magnetic fields split spectral lines.

1897, Thomson of Britain confirmed the existence of electrons from cathode rays.

1899, Lebedev of Russia confirmed the existence of light pressure through experiments.

1899, Lummel and Rubens in Germany conducted cavity radiation experiments and accurately measured the radiation energy distribution curve, which provided an important experimental basis for Planck's quantum hypothesis in 1900.

1900, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China.

190 1 year, Kaufman, Germany, measured the deflection of β -rays produced by radium radiation in electric and magnetic fields, and found that the electron mass changed with the speed.

The Wright brothers in America invented the airplane.

1903, Russian tsiolkovsky put forward the theory of space flight with multistage rockets.

1904, the Russo-Japanese War broke out.

1904, Lorenz of the Netherlands put forward the equation of space-time coordinate transformation. Poincare of France put forward the relativity principle of electrodynamics, which holds that light is the limit speed of all objects.

1905, Einstein of Switzerland founded the special theory of relativity.

1905, the Russian warship potemkin revolted.

From 1905 to 1906, poincare of France expounded the invariance of electromagnetic field equation to Lorentz transformation and put forward four-dimensional space-time theory.

1907, Minkowski of Germany put forward the four-dimensional space-time representation of special relativity.

1908, Planck of Germany put forward a unified definition of momentum, which affirmed the universal establishment of mass-energy relationship.

1908, J.B.Perrin of France confirmed Brownian motion equation through experiments and obtained Avogadro constant.

19 1 1 year, Xinhai revolution.

19 1 1 year, Onnas in the Netherlands discovered the superconductivity of metals at low temperatures. Liquefied helium for the first time

19 1 1 year, Wilson of England invented the cloud room.

19 1 1 year, Hayes of Austria discovered cosmic rays.

In 19 13, Bohr of Denmark put forward the steady-state transition atomic model.

19 13 years, stark of Germany discovered the splitting phenomenon of atomic spectrum under the action of electric field.

19 13 years, Bragg and his son in England measured the lattice constant d by X-ray diffraction of crystals.

19 14, World War I broke out.

19 15 years, Einstein completed the general theory of relativity.

In 19 17, Einstein proposed a finite unbounded universe model.

19 17, Russian October Revolution.

19 19, Eddington and others in Britain observed a total solar eclipse in Brazil and the Gulf of Guinea, which confirmed the prediction that gravity would bend the light.

19 19 China may 4th movement.

192 1 year, China was founded.

1922, Friedman of the Soviet Union obtained the unsteady solution of the gravitational field equation and put forward the hypothesis of cosmic expansion.

1925, Adams of the United States discovered the gravitational red shift of Sirius' spectral line, which once again verified the general theory of relativity.

1929, E. Hubble (1889- 1953) of the United States found that the redshift of galaxies is proportional to the distance from the earth-the expansion of the universe.

193 1 year, Lawrence of the United States built the first cyclotron.

1932, Englishman cockcroft and Irishman Walton invented the high-voltage multiplier to accelerate protons.

1932, Anderson of the United States discovered positrons in cosmic rays.

Neutron was discovered in chadwick, England in 1932.

1933, Hitler came to power in Germany.

1934, Cherenkov of Russia discovered that liquid would glow under the irradiation of β rays.

1937, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, China outbreak.

1938, Germans Hahn and Strassman bombarded uranium with neutrons and discovered uranium fission.

1939, Austrian Maitenaz and Friedrich put forward the explanation of uranium fission, and predicted that every nuclear fission would release a lot of energy.

In 1939, Oppenheimer and Snyder in the United States predicted black holes.

1939, World War II broke out.

1939, live TV broadcast for the first time.

1940 Dunkirk retreat.

194 1 year, Italian-American Rossi and American Hall confirmed the relativistic effect of time through meson transformation experiments.

194 1 year, Germany attacked the Soviet union.

1942, Allen of the United States indirectly proved the existence of neutrinos.

1942, under the leadership of Fermi and others, the United States built the first thermal neutron chain reactor at the University of Chicago according to the nature of neutrons and energy released by uranium nuclear fission.

1942, the naval battle of midway between the United States and Japan.

1945, the United States made an atomic bomb under the leadership of Oppenheimer.

1945, the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan.

1945, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression won.

1946, the first computer ENIAC came out in America.

1946, G. Gamov of the United States proposed the big bang universe model.

1948, shockley, Badin and bratton in the United States invented the transistor.

1949 People's Republic of China (PRC) was established.

1952, Grasett of the United States invented bubble chamber.

1957, the Soviet union launched the first artificial earth satellite.

1958, the recoil-free resonance absorption of γ -rays was realized in Mossbauer, Germany.

1960 ruby laser made in Mayman, USA.

196 1 year, glashow, Weinberg and Salam put forward the theory of electric weak unity in Pakistan.

1963 quasars were discovered, which are small in size, large in energy, and have drastic brightness changes. There are about 106 in the universe.

In 1964, penzias and Wilson of the United States found that there was a cosmic microwave background radiation of 3.5K at the wavelength of 7.35 cm.

1964, China made the first atomic bomb.

1967, China exploded the first hydrogen bomb.

1968, pulsars were discovered in Hervis, England.

1969, American Apollo spacecraft 1 1 landed on the moon successfully.

1970, China launched the "Dongfanghong 1" artificial earth satellite.

197 1 year, Intel corporation of the United States made a microprocessor and started the second computer revolution.

197 1 year, katyn and Harvard in the United States flew around the earth with atomic clocks for 80 hours, which proved the relativity of time.

1973, Hawking in Britain discovered that quantum effect can make black holes radiate particles and make them evaporate.

1978, National Science Conference.

1978, Taylor observed short-period binary stars in the United States to confirm gravitational waves, which is the verification of general relativity.

198 1 year, the American space shuttle took off for the first time.

1982, China submarine successfully launched a rocket underwater.

1990, the American Hubble telescope (2.4m in diameter and weighing12.5t) was sent into space.

1990, a large electron-positron collider was built in China.

The Soviet Union disintegrated in 65438.

1992 the formation of the north American free trade area.

1993 the European union was established.