The Basic Meaning of Military Morality, Benevolence, Etiquette and Punishment and Their Relationship

Recently, I read Li Zongwu's sequel to Laura, a thin book with less than 250 pages. I know most of the words in it, but the reading speed is not fast enough, and I even feel that I don't understand it very well. But when I settled down to read it carefully, I found it very rich and enlightening. When I read the contents of China Academic Dynamics, I focused on the relationship between Laozi and other religions, and clearly pointed out the influence of Laozi on China culture, which greatly increased my interest in Laozi, and then actively studied the contents of Laozi's Tao Te Ching. What is Tao? What is virtue? What is benevolence? What is righteousness? What is a gift? What is punishment? What is a soldier? What is the relationship between them?

Tao is a term for the Chinese nation to know nature by itself, which means the trajectory or trajectory of all things, and it can also be said that it is the law of things' change and movement. It is the root of change, immortal, intangible, without image, without beginning or end, and all-encompassing. Nothing more than big, nothing more than small, changing with time and never changing. "Tao" is the most fundamental law to promote the operation of the universe and the consciousness of "heaven", which is not limited by time and space. Consciousness is divided into meaning and knowledge, meaning is thinking, and it is a process of realizing goals based on concepts, while knowledge is a process of feeling and explaining concepts. Tao is the beginning of heaven and earth and the mother of all things. Is the beginning of everything in the universe. It is an eternal and absolute metaphysical existence. You can't say or scream.

Morality: People share the rules and norms of life and behavior. The ancients believed that everything had special laws or attributes because of Tao. The latter refers to the attribute of things. "Guan Shu Shang": "Where a sage gives up the Tao, things can live." Laozi: "The Tao gives birth, the beast is virtuous, the thing is shaped, and the potential is successful. It is because everything respects Tao and is virtuous. " In ancient times, it refers to the function of heaven and earth to educate all things. The Book of Changes: "The husband is the sum of heaven and earth, and the sum of the sun and the moon." "Huainanzi Astronomical Training": "On the winter solstice, the Beidou cable and cathode are sunny, so the winter solstice is virtuous."

Benevolence: benevolence; Blind date is an ancient moral concept with a wide meaning. Its core meaning is that people should love each other. The Book of Rites The Doctrine of the Mean: "People are also benevolent." "The Analects of Confucius Yan Yuan": "Fan Chi asks benevolence. Confucius said,' Love.' "Mozi Jing Shuo Xia": "Benevolence, benevolence also." "Zhuangzi Heaven and Earth": "To love people is to be kind."

Righteousness: refers to the requirements of justice or moral norms. Biography of Yu Qian in Ming Dynasty: "There are many things in the country, and courtiers can't care about their private interests." Friendship, a moral interpersonal relationship or emotional connection. Yuan Zhen's Biography of Yingying: "It is very kind to recommend sleeping on the mat."

Rite: The original meaning is to hold a ceremony to sacrifice to God for happiness. In ancient society, human beings always fell at the feet of God to show their respect for the God of heaven and earth. Ban Gu's Du Dong Fu recommended three sacrifices and offered five sacrifices to pay homage to the gods. The original meaning of "reason" is used. In ancient China society, etiquette, as the general name of behavior rules, moral norms and all kinds of etiquette, played an important role in politics, culture and social life. In modern society, it mainly refers to the code of conduct, moral norms and corresponding ceremonies formed by customs and habits.

Punishment: refers to punishment and punishment, that is, the state imposes sanctions on criminals according to law. In ancient times, most of the punishments were corporal punishment and death penalty, with the body and life of disabled criminals as the main content. Later, it was further extended to the punishment of criminals.

Soldier: The original meaning is weapon. For example, "Xun Zi Yi Bing": "Soldiers are not blood blades, but far from offering them." It means that if there is no blood on the weapon, the war will be won and the distance will surrender to them. Further extended to the army, services and arms, such as: all is fair in war, war and chaos, Enemy at the Gates. The above seven items are logically related. Lao Tzu said, "No faith before virtue, no virtue before benevolence, no benevolence before righteousness, no righteousness before courtesy", and Li Zongwu added "rudeness before punishment, loss of punishment before soldiers". When Huang Lao talks about governing by doing nothing, he thinks that doing nothing is the Tao, and doing nothing before doing something. Despite this, Huang Lao is not opposed to promising, but takes different priorities and priorities according to the actual situation.

These are today's reading notes, special records.