The Linguistic Relations of Gan Dialect

Due to historical origin, human geography and other factors, Hakka dialect is similar to Gan dialect in all Chinese languages, and the areas it passes through are connected with each other and inextricably linked in social history. Gan dialect and Hakka dialect have coexisted for a period of time in history, which leads to different views on whether Hakka dialect and Gan dialect should be merged into one region or divided into two regions in China. Until 1948, the Institute of History of Academia Sinica divided Chinese into 1 1 units in the Map of New China Province (5th Edition), and separated "Gan dialect" from "Hakka dialect" for the first time.

The same or similar historical levels and evolution rules of Gan dialect and Hakka dialect are as follows: (1) The voiced stop consonant and the initial consonant of stop consonant merge with the initial consonant of sub-Qing dynasty; Knowledge and chapter groups are divided equally; Gan dialect and Hakka dialect in southern Jiangxi and western Fujian coexist in the vowel voiced layer; Japan and its mother coexisted in the Middle Ages; Look at the level of I key, such as the opening; See the second kind without [I] middle tone; Fish rhyme widely existed in the Middle Ages, which was different from fish rhyme. The word "half-track", which combines yang rhyme with mouth shape, widely exists in the opening level of reading; There are primary and secondary dishes, and there are other medieval layers; Have the level of reading the word "cat" in a large area; Thai rhyme and Thai rhyme have two different levels; Grey rhyme widely existed in the late Middle Ages; Total voiced sound has two different tones.

Gan dialect and Hakka dialect have infiltrated and influenced each other for a long time, and it is difficult to distinguish the boundaries between them from the pronunciation. The classification of Hakka dialects and Gan dialects in Atlas of Chinese Language is mainly based on the characteristics of tones-ancient voiced tones, sub-voiced tones and some sub-voiced tones, and some differences in daily words. By comparing 3,000 words, scholars such as Luo Peichang found that there are only 543 words in Hakka dialect that have at least three points in common with Gan dialect, accounting for less than 20% of the total, which is also lower than the 733 words in Hakka dialect that are the same as Cantonese. For example, in Gankeyue, the cultivated field is "planting rice-planting rice" and the communication is "planting rice". In 1992, Li Rulong and Zhang Shuangqing compared the commonly used words in Jiangxi and Hakka dialects, and came to the conclusion: "Among the more than 1000 words, there are 478 words with obvious differences between Jiangxi and Hakka dialects, accounting for about 40% of the total. Thus, although Jiangxi and Hakka have a close sister relationship, it is more appropriate to divide them into two regions in the Chinese family. In the history of Jiangxi, there was a title of "Wu Tou Chu Wei", but Yuan Jiahua and other scholars thought that "according to reasonable speculation, the language of residents in this ancient land may be included in or at least closely related to Wu Yu and Chu Yu", which indicated that the passage direction of ancient Jiangxi and Hunan should be very close to that of ancient Chu Yu. Ancient Chu dialect is one of the sources of Xiang dialect today, so Gan dialect and Xiang dialect in the whole Chinese have great commonalities. Basic words such as "Xiyazi", "Tang Wu" and "Zai" have the same pronunciation and meaning in both languages. Another example is the quantifier "zhi", which is widely used in both Gan dialect and Xiang dialect, but it is rare in other Chinese. For female animals, both add "po" after nouns, such as "bite" and "dog bitch". Some studies have pointed out that the elegant sounds of the Central Plains were brought to Jiangxi from Hunan in history, and there are naturally many similarities between Gan dialect and Xiang dialect.

Although they are closely related in history, they have taken different paths in their later development, and the differences are gradually obvious. Later, Xiang dialect was mainly influenced by Southwest Mandarin, and even the northwest of Hunan became the Southwest Mandarin area. However, since the Tang Dynasty, Hunan has been accepting a large number of immigrants from Jiangxi since the Tang and Song Dynasties. Tan Qixiang once said: Hunan people come from all corners of the country, and the people living in the east of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Anhui, Fujian and Jiangxi rank 19th. Jiangxi province ranks 19 in the east; Together with Luling and Nanchang, it was ranked 19 in Jiangxi. According to the statistical data of a study on the origin of Hunan people, Jiangxi is the largest immigrant in Hunan, accounting for 63. 1%, followed by Hunan province, accounting for 10.7%, and most of them are from Jiangxi. With the influx of immigrants from Jiangxi, Gan dialect has had a great influence in Hunan. From north to south, eastern Hunan, even central Hunan and western Hunan have all become Gan dialect areas, and the Xiang dialects in Xinhua, Hengshan and Mayang also show different degrees of Gan dialect color. At the same time, Gan dialect has played a considerable role in the formation of the new and old branches of Xiang dialect.

Since the Song Dynasty, Jiangxi people have migrated to the south of China. For example, in the early Ming Dynasty, a large-scale "Jiangxi lake filling" was carried out to fill the population vacancy left by the wars in Anhui and Hubei. Therefore, almost any southern Chinese can be associated with Gan dialect, including some relatively small Chinese languages, such as Hui dialect and Pinghua dialect. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Wu vigorously expanded its territory. In 504 BC, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, "conquered the State of Chu, and took control of it (Poyang County)", and then occupied the land of Chu in Poyang Lake. Today, the territory of Jiangxi belongs to Wu. In 473 BC, the more Wu was destroyed, the more land was occupied, and now the territory of Jiangxi has been returned to Vietnam. After that, the State of Chu revived, and the State of Yue retreated to the east of Han. By about 306 BC, the State of Chu was destroyed, and today's Jiangxi territory finally belonged to the State of Chu. It can be seen that during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Wu, Yue and Chu entered Jiangxi alternately. It can be inferred that wuyue dialect and Chu dialect were probably popular in Jiangxi at that time.

Jiangxi once belonged to the State of Wu, and the northern immigrants who moved south to Jiangxi after the Jin Dynasty brought the Central Plains Mandarin to Jiangxi, absorbing some language elements of the ancient Wu dialect. The most obvious example is that there are many nouns ending in "zi" in the ancient Wu language. This trace is preserved in Gan dialect. For example, in Nanchang dialect, this phenomenon is very common, such as "raping sparrows", "twisting bazi" and "catching snakes", which is not common in other Chinese. In addition, words ending in "Tou", such as "Tiaotou", "Tiaotou" and "Tiaotou" also came from the ancient Wu dialect, and these words are still preserved in today's Wu dialect. When it comes to the influence of Gan dialect on Wu dialect, Xuanzhou film is the deepest. For example, the first letters of Xuanzhou films are all read [-]; Mud, came to the mother Yin Hong regardless; [g-] Vowels become unvoiced and aspirated; There are also rich suffixes, which are not found in Wu dialect, but are the same as those in Gan dialect.

As far as the distribution of reality is concerned, Gan dialect and Wu dialect meet in northeast Jiangxi. The main dialects in northeast Jiangxi are Gan dialect, Wu dialect and Hui dialect, and there are also many dialect islands scattered. Wu dialect is mainly distributed in Xinzhou District, Shangrao County, Guangfeng County and Yushan County of Shangrao City. If other Gan islands in Wuyu area are excluded, Yanshan County is the easternmost part of Jiangxi Gan dialect distribution. The local Chinese dialect is mainly Gan dialect, accounting for 87.4% of the county's population. Wu dialect is mainly distributed in Bangluo, Qingxi and Goose Lake in the northeast of the county (Bangluo and Qingxi have merged into Goose Lake), accounting for about 9.7% of the population. There are Minnan dialect and She dialect in Yanshan, both of which were moved from other places in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

The coexistence of Gan dialect and Wu dialect in Qianshan may have existed earlier. In Song Dynasty, Zhu's "One of the beginning of spring of Lead Mountain" said: "Snow embraces the mountainside, and spring returns to the end of Wutou Chu. To ask where the sky is, the mountains and rivers of the Ming Dynasty flow south. " In the poem, Lead Mountain is called the head of the State of Wu at the end of Chu. In Qing Dynasty, Cheng Kui's "Hekou Zhi Zhu Ci" said: "Ming Lang got up late to sing on a fishing boat, half Wu Ge and half Chu Song." Xinjiang enters Lead Mountain from Qingxi, flows through Jiangcun, where the government of Ehu Town is located, and then passes through the mouth of the new county of Lead Mountain. The so-called "half-Wu Ge and half-Chu songs" may mean that the fishermen on the Xinjiang River near the estuary mixed with Wu Chuyin, and their voices were composed of Wu dialect and Chu dialect (Gan dialect). It may also mean that some fishermen speak Wu while others speak Chu, which seems to be the latter. As far as the dialect points that lead mountain belongs to Wu dialect, such as Jiangcun dialect, it is also influenced by many local Gan dialects. However, the sharing rate of core words between Shangrao Dialect and the nearby Qianshan Dialect is higher than that between Shangrao Dialect and Guangfeng and Wu Yushan Dialect, which shows that Shangrao Dialect has a deep connection with Qianshan Dialect, but Shangrao Dialect still retains the pattern of full-voiced (old school) and four-tone and eight-tone Wu dialect in phonology. In the history of China, the Han people in the Central Plains moved southward continuously, which made most Gan dialects directly inherit the language system of ancient Chinese. In phonology, Gan dialect has not been influenced by the phonetic evolution of modern Chinese. For example, it is generally believed that there are 19 consonants in ancient Chinese and 19 consonants in Gan dialect, which means that all the 19 consonants in ancient Chinese have been preserved. Grammatically, the structure of attributive and adverbial postposition in ancient Chinese still exists. As far as vocabulary is concerned, there are many words in ancient Chinese.

Gan dialect has many characteristics similar to northern Mandarin, but it is different from Wu dialect and Xiang dialect, especially in grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary. Even by the river in Jiangxi, there is still a voiced corridor, from Hukou, Xing Zi, Duchang, Yongxiu, De 'an, Wuning and Xiushui in Hubei to Tongcheng, Chongyang and Chibi, and then to Linxiang, Yueyang and Pingjiang in Hunan, all voiced initials are still voiced. Gan dialect has a relatively complete rhyme, except that it is completely voiced and mixed with initials. Some points in the second category have [I] intermediate sounds, and the third category has more [I] intermediate sounds than other southern Chinese. The initial is pronounced [zhong zhong], which shows the phonological characteristics of the ancient Central Plains, which may be the product of the combination of Chinese pronunciation in the Central Plains and southern dialects.

In terms of vocabulary, there are some ancient Chinese words in Gan dialect that are different from other Chinese dialects. Such as: the sun (sun), moonlight (moon), lightning (lightning), morning (day), night (night), day (noon), the first day (second day) of the Ming Dynasty, house (home), grey noodles (flour), clear soup (wonton), sleeping dreams (dreaming) and so on. In addition, there are a large number of words that retain ancient sounds and meanings for daily use. The crossing of vocabulary between Gan dialect and southern dialect is closely related to its language environment. Gan dialect has a wide geographical range, bordering on Hunan, Wu dialect, Hakka dialect and Min dialect. There is no barrier between Ganjiang River basin and Poyang Lake, and there are many contacts with neighboring areas in history, so vocabulary permeates all dialects.

In Gan dialect outside Jiangxi province, it is more influenced by local dialect vocabulary. Gan dialect and Xiang dialect in Hunan province have much in common. For example, the cover (fog), material (coffin), pat (fullness) and fishy smell (heavy taste) of Pingjiang dialect in northeast Hunan are the same as those of Changsha dialect.

The Gan dialect area in Fujian used to be a popular area of Min dialect in history, and there are also many elements of Min dialect in the vocabulary, such as seal (foot), cuo (house), firewood (wood), ancestor (old), cuo (clothes drying bamboo pole), ding (iron pot), cuo and so on.