Old calendar 1996.5. 16

You see, for me, a woman ... dashes emphasize that you are a specific or special woman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The meaning of dash is a widely used label. Its main uses can be summarized as follows.

1. is used to explain or supplement the above contents. For example, "the Asian continent has the highest mountain system in the world-the Himalayas, and the highest mountain on earth-Mount Everest."

Parentheses also indicate explanations, but the explanations guided by dashes are part of the text and important information to read. The explanation in brackets is not the text, but a note. Without it, the integrity of the sentence will not be affected, and it is not necessary to read it in combination with the text.

If an explanation or supplementary sentence is inserted in the middle of a sentence, you can use dashes before and after it. For example, "In addition to the nine planets-Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto-there are 40 satellites and countless asteroids, comets and meteoroids in the solar system." "Intuition-although it is not always reliable-tells me that there may be a problem. “

2. Indicates the change of topic. For example, "My company in Zhuhai is doing quite well. The boss is good to me, and the salary is quite high, more than 3 thousand a month! -Can I have a cigarette? " Before the dash, I told you about myself, and then I suddenly turned around and asked the other person something else.

3. It means that words are interrupted. For example, "'monitor, he died-'Pony burst into tears before he finished." "He is very old. (Dunn) He thought his mother had died. "The dash in the above example indicates that the following words are not spoken. In the latter case, it means that the sentence is temporarily interrupted, paused and then continued.

4. Indicates the prolongation of sound. For example, "Down the hill-the boy's cry from our logging company came from the Woods."

5. It means to introduce the following contents. For example, in an article entitled "On Integrity", he summed up the historical path and realistic situation of China intellectuals since the May 4th Movement-"The little girl looks like her mother, and my heart is shaking. In front of my eyes, I saw the scene of living in Hu Aishu Village ten years ago-"The following paragraph led by a dash is often another paragraph.

6. Summarize the above. For example, "in fact, this reviewer not only lacks common sense of ancient literature and art, but also doesn't understand the meaning of ordinary ancient Chinese vocabulary." He called "attention" (pay attention to this, the loss is enough to make up for the deficiency) as "don't care, don't pay attention"; Xiangbu' (another name for Shangshu Province) is called' Xiangfu'; It is totally groundless to say "holding a thorn" (holding a famous movie in your arms, and "thorn" is today's business card) as "holding something with a thorn". "

7. In the branch list, each item is preceded by a dash. For example, the relationship between the central and local governments is one of the core issues of the national political and economic system. The main principles that need to be established urgently at present are:

-the principle of legalization of democratic centralism;

-The principle of ruling the party by law;

-the principle of giving full play to the enthusiasm of the central and local governments;

-the principle of separating government from enterprise.

8. Used in front of subtitles. For example:

Language and philosophy

-A comparative study of contemporary British, American and German philosophical traditions.

9. Used to indicate the author after the quotation. For example:

When spring comes, the sun rises from the river, the flowers on the river are brighter than red, and the green river is greener than the blue grass.

-Bai Juyi

(Excerpted from the Dictionary of Practical Chinese Norms, Chinese Publishing House, 1999, 1)

The meaning of ellipsis The meaning of dashes The ellipsis in the first paragraph indicates the ellipsis used for reference.

The ellipsis in the second paragraph indicates the ellipsis used for enumeration.

The dash in the second paragraph indicates the part of the text that is used for explanation.

Consciousness of dashes 1. Point out the statements explained in the article.

There are several explanations for writing with dashes.

(A) leads to the specific explanation of the concept connotation

Words after dashes are concrete explanations of the conceptual connotation of words before dashes, and they refer to the same scope. For example:

(1) A stocky Japanese middle-aged man, Neishan boss, came along. (A Lei's One Side)

(2) "Lei Feng Spirit" will never leave his hometown-China. (Zhou Kuohai's speech at Lei Feng Speech Contest)

(3) It points out the political preparation before the war-winning the people's trust, describing the position that is conducive to turning to the counter-offensive, describing the opportunity that is conducive to starting the counter-offensive, and describing the time to start the pursuit when I am exhausted and profitable. (* * * "Strategic Issues in China's Revolutionary War")

(4) Enthusiastic reading has rewarded me-since I started to learn writing in the third grade of primary school, I have often been among the best in my class, and reading has greatly expanded my imagination. (Ye Wenling's "My longevity fruit")

If the explanation printed with dashes in the text is unclear or cannot be directly related to the following grammatically, another dash is needed. For example:

Your birthday-April 18-I remember it every year. (Thunderstorm by Cao Yu)

(B) leads to a general description

(1) Her strength, purity of will, self-discipline, strict, objective and fair judgment-all these are rarely concentrated on one person. (Einstein mourns Marie Curie)

(2)-All these can be said that some operas lack the concrete expression of revolutionary romanticism. (He Jingzhi's "On Revolutionary Romanticism of Opera")

After the dash, the example (1) summarizes the previous words with "all these", and the example (2) summarizes the above natural paragraph with "all these", and then explains.

(c) lead to an explanation of the cause of the matter

(1) "Buy this-this is better than that." (A Lei's One Side)

Lu Dahai, you are not qualified to talk to me now-you have been fired from the mine. (Thunderstorm by Cao Yu)

In the above two cases, there is a causal relationship between the two parts before and after the dash, and the latter part is to explain the reason.

(4) Supplementary explanations.

(1) Lighting, no matter whose house it is, can guide pedestrians, even strangers like me. (Ba Jin's Light)

(2) In the cold timing sound of the clock-listen carefully-there is a feeling of knowing everything and being tired of what you know. (Gorky's clock)

He doesn't care about his army. He doesn't like going to the theater, and he doesn't like going to the amusement park by carriage-unless it's to show off his new clothes. (The Emperor's New Clothes by Andersen)

I have studied hard for so long, and I also want to arouse my brothers and sisters' hope of loving life-no matter how difficult the environment is. (Zhang Haidi, "My Reading Life")

Interpolation is often used to represent supplementary content. When the semantics are inconsistent, the inserted elements are preceded and followed by dashes, as shown in example (1)(2). If the supplementary explanation part is at the end of the sentence, just add a dash in front, as shown in examples (3) and (4).

Sometimes we repeat the previous words, add modifiers, and supplement what we say with extension toolkits. For example:

All these seem to remind the singer that he can't treat a person in any simple way-an energetic, thoughtful and emotional person. What was the second exam? )

(6) Three Bai Ou, a total of five, gently skimmed the waves and flapped their wings, which made them angry gradually. (Mao Dun's twilight)

Secondly, it means a sudden change of topic or a significant semantic turn.

(1) "This painting is good. -Why are you so brave and not afraid of him? "

"I am a good man!" (Lotus in Han Qi)

(2) I secretly opened my eyes and looked at the female doctor. I saw her frowning and her face was very nervous. She said: "I can't judge yet. Tell her to calm down for a while. Everyone goes to study-bring a pot of boiling water. " (Serina Liu's secret of walnuts)

(3) Leave him alone in the room for no more than two minutes. When we went in again, we found him sleeping quietly in the easy chair-but he had fallen asleep forever. (Engels' speech at Marx's tomb)

Example (1) The topic suddenly changed from praising the lotus painting on the fan to asking the lotus girl why she dared to expose the thief to her face. Without dashes, readers will find it difficult to understand because of incoherence. Example (2) The topic changed from study to other irrelevant things. Example (3) The word "Dan" itself has a turning point, and the language with a dash in front is stronger.

Third, emphasize the following points.

The following is mainly the colon function, which is replaced by dashes to make the tone stronger or more eye-catching to read.

(1) At this moment, everyone in the room has the same heart. They all have one thing, and that is the memory of the dead. (Ba Jin's "Things Never Forget")

(2) On thousands of kilometers of railways and hundreds of kilometers of highways, I looked out of the window and my eyes looked around-

Forest! (Thais like "young forests")

He wants to know-

What calculation method is wrong, or not used at home? (Su's Biography of Deng Jiaxian and Two Bombs)

Nowadays, newspaper headlines often use dashes after the introduction or topic to get to the point. For example:

(4) Since last June 165438+ 10, China's foreign trade imports have exceeded its exports. All parties are discussing the trend of RMB exchange rate, and put forward-

Will the RMB depreciate?

(People's Daily 1996.5. 16)

(5) The seminar on "International Economic Development and Financial Risk Prevention Facing the 2 1 Century" held that-

China has the ability to keep financial risks out of the country.

(Guangming Daily 1988 438+00.4)

(6) In recent years, the rapid expansion of expressways and civil aviation routes has eroded the traditional "site" of railway freight transportation. Facing the increasingly severe market competition-

How will the train leave next year?

(People's Daily1996.6438+01.2438+0)

Fourth, it is used as a two-part allegorical saying, which leads to the bottom of the language.

(1) Although they make such noise, they are the tails of rabbits-they can't grow. ("Looking Far" by Hu Denver)

(2) At this time, all the people in Zhaozhuang came out to talk, and some said, "We didn't take advantage of offending the Tamura family. Castrated pigs cut their ears-both of them are in pain. " (Ma Feng, "My First Superior")

Five, said the speech was interrupted or interrupted.

(1) "What a panic! I am more afraid than anything, more afraid than celebrating the New Year and marrying a new girl-I have never seen him so afraid! " (Lotus Lake by Sun Li)

"Poor mother," Cooper said, "you have no idea how much I love you. -and you, my son! " (Balzac's miser)

(3) At this moment, I suddenly remembered the interview in which magazine-

"oh! You, you are-"(a ray)

(4) Knowing that the greatest filial piety is to realize the expectations of predecessors, he went climbing again-(Su's Brief Introduction to Deng Jiaxian's Two Bombs)

Example (1) talks about "marrying a new woman" but omits "daughter-in-law". Let's stop and talk about it. The dash in example (2) indicates that the following words are not spoken continuously after the previous words, but added after a pause. Example (3) The first dash indicates that the author remembered Lu Xun, interrupted the memory of the interview with reporters and began to speak; The second dash indicates that the author hesitates, stutters and stops talking without telling the other person who it is. The meaning of example (4) does not end with a dash, which means that it is meaningful and can be thought deeply by readers. The usage here is similar to ellipsis.

Six, the voice extended and said.

(1) "sell-fans!" (Lotus in Han Qi)

(2) But there was a knock at the door at this moment, but there was no loud and long voice as usual: "New-"(Cao Jinghua's "Looking at the South Wild Goose")

(3) "Shooting-"(Zhou's "The Right Way on Earth")

(4) "Mi -e-e-e-e-e-e, you-ah-ah-ah-ah-ah-"seems that the singer is practicing her voice. What was the second exam? )

(5) "Ga-"came the sound of a water bird being disturbed. (Xu Guangxing's "The Gun")

Example (1) "sell-"is the cry of street vendors, (2) "letter-"is the cry of the postman when delivering letters to the door, (3) "shooting-"is the cry that attracts people's attention before blasting, (4) it is the continuous singing practice in quotation marks, and (5) "ga-"belongs to waterfowl.

A dash appears at the end of a sentence without a period, but sometimes a question mark or exclamation point can be added to indicate the mood. For example:

[6] Uh-? I thought you heard the wind. (Zeng Xinyi/kloc-the story of a 0/9-year-old girl)

(7) "Really? Hahaha ... I finally got into college! I finally got in-!" Jin Shikai almost fainted with excitement. (He Jianming's Tears are Gold)

Example (6) Put a question mark after the dash to indicate the interrogative tone. Example (7) Add an exclamation mark after the dash to express the happy tone.

Seven, for listing and sharing.

(1) According to different research objects, environmental physics is divided into the following five branches:

Environmental acoustics;

Environmental optics;

-Ambient heat;

Environmental electromagnetism;

Environmental aerodynamics. (1995 punctuation usage)

(2) China follows the following basic policies and principles in developing marine undertakings:

-safeguarding the new international maritime order and national maritime rights and interests. ……

-Overall planning for the development and management of the oceans. ……

-Make rational use of marine resources and promote the coordinated development of marine industry. ……

-Simultaneous planning and implementation of marine resources development and marine environmental protection. ……

-Strengthening research and development of marine science and technology. ……

-Establishing an integrated marine management system. ……

-Actively participate in international cooperation in the marine field. Earnestly fulfill the obligations stipulated in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, actively participate in international ocean affairs, promote international and regional cooperation and exchanges in ocean affairs, and promote the prosperity and development of the global marine cause. (the State Council Press Office's White Paper on the Development of Marine Industry in China, June 1998, Guangming Daily 65438+May 29, 0998)

Dashes are used to list the top of each item. The example (1) lists a branch of environmental physics, with a total of five. The items listed in example (2) are large segments. The document does not specify how many "basic policies and principles" there are, but according to the dash, the leading paragraphs all fall within the scope of "basic policies and principles", totaling seven.

Eight, used at the beginning of the dialogue

In the dialogue written in sections, dashes are used to replace the quotation marks at the beginning of each turn. This is the customary usage of punctuation in French, Russian and other western languages, and China writers also use dashes. For example:

This guy is strong and far-sighted. He really sees the world from a shrimp pond. He set up an information department to collect information from villages, counties, cities, provinces, the whole country and the whole world.

So you won?

No, the foreign trade price is uncertain!

-When will it be clear?

-It's too late to know!

What's the price of shrimp?

-this is called adventure! He smiled cunningly, but there was no danger on his face. (Deng Gang's "Shrimp Culture in Mixed War Ports")

Nine, separate the subject and predicate, strengthen the tone.

Use a separator to separate the subject from the predicate, so that the boundary between them is clear, the tone is stronger, and there is a pause in reading. For example:

(1) Road-urban artery; Transarterial embolization. (Liu's "Beijing Tianqiao")

(2) Everyone thinks that this year's party, songs-nice, dances-beautiful, essays-thought-provoking. (China TV News 1998.2.29)

X. for comparison.

(1) Examples of common antonyms

Patriotism-treason

Hobby-aversion

Stability-turbulence

Quiet-Noisy (Modern Chinese, edited by Zhang Zhigong)

(2) Four-syllable words are usually abbreviated to two-syllable forms, such as:

Culture Education-Culture Education Peking University-Peking University

Infrastructure-Infrastructure Foreign Minister-Foreign Minister (ditto)

Example (1) Synonyms are separated by spaces, and antonyms are separated by dashes for comparison. Example (2) The full names and abbreviations of words are separated by dashes for comparison.

Eleven, indicate the subtitle

Fly to the Pacific Ocean

-Witness of China's launch vehicle (People's Daily 1980.5.23)

② Mourn for death.

-Juansheng Notes

-(Complete Works of Lu Xun)

Dashes are often used to separate the title of a work from the title of the book, and dash before the subtitle, for example (1). Sometimes, dashes are added before and after the subtitles, as in Example (2). Some books don't need a dash before the subtitle, but the font size is smaller than the title. For example, the works of British writer Hector Joe Wells published by People's Publishing House:

③ Outline of World History

A brief history of biology and mankind

Twelve, after the quotation, note, indicating the author, source or comments.

(1) Worry about the world first, and enjoy it later.

-Fan Zhongyan (junior high school textbook "History of China")

(2) There are Japanese in the Sea of Le Lang, which is divided into 100 countries.

-"Hanshu" (ditto)

Finally, by the way, I don't think many people need to fold the letter into a square after writing it. Fang Sheng refers to the square jewelry made of colored silk worn by ancient women. Formed by overlapping two inclined parts. This refers to something of this shape. -Editor's Note) This is the custom of feudal society, which was originally to express love. (Wang Li, "Talking and Writing Letters to Young Comrades")

④ ② See pages 252-253 of this volume. -Editor's Note (Complete Works of Lenin, 2nd Edition, Volume 34, Page 282)

* (5) Here, comrades fully agree with Zhou's opinion. He said:

Under normal circumstances, it seems that it only infects the translator invisibly, and the translator infects the reader invisibly through his translation in this style, so in this case, I think that the translator need not worry about letting the style take care of itself.

*(6) The funding of the Korean Press Institute is almost based on the participation and special sponsorship of its members.

Example (1) shows the author of the famous saying after the dash, and example (2) shows the source of the quotation after the dash. In order to be more eye-catching, the quoted text is lined up with the author and source. The notes in case (3) and the footnotes in case (4) are related to the annotator. Please note that no matter how long the comment is, you should add a period at the end to indicate that the comment is over, and then add a dash to guide the annotator. Example (5)(6) There is a period at the end of the note, and a period should be added before "-author" and "-translator's note", otherwise the two parts before and after the dash are regarded as a sentence, in fact, these two parts are syntactically independent. In another example (6), the brackets should be moved to the object "ten spoonfuls of rice" immediately before the comment.

The position of the serial number at the end of a book in the text is usually indicated by the page number beginning with a dash. For example:

(7) 130 "The Trapped" is the nickname of Belikov, the hero of the novel of the same name by Russian writer Ann Ba Chekhov, and is a typical representative of conformism and fear of change. ——285。 (The Complete Works of Lenin, 2nd Edition, Volume 34, Page 565)

(8) Some figures represented by Hu Shi, one of the European and American intellectuals. Page 395. (Selected Works of Mao Zedong, Volume I, page 463)

"130" and "258" at the beginning of sentences (7) and (8) are the serial numbers of the notes at the end of the book, and "285" and "395 pages" after dashes are the page numbers of the notes at the end of the book in the text.

Thirteen, used for indexing to separate keywords and modifiers.

In order to facilitate retrieval, an indexing method is to put keywords in front, modifiers in the back and separate them with dashes. For example:

(1) Roman Civil War

American Civil War (186 1- 1865)

Soviet Civil War (Index of Complete Works of Lenin)

(2) Dutch Social Democratic Party

sweden social democratic party

Swiss Social Democratic Party (ditto)

What does the dash mean? Generally, it means explanation and turning, and sometimes it means irony!

If you are satisfied with the answer, please adopt and encourage enthusiastic people. It is not easy to help others these days ~ ~ ~

explain

The first function of the dash is to explain the above. This usage is similar to brackets. The difference between them is that the sentences marked in brackets only explain the above content, not the text, so you don't need to read them when reading; The sentence marked with dashes is not only the explanation in the previous paragraph, but also a part of the text, which must be read in context. Therefore, we should pay attention to the differences between the two when commenting on the above contents. If the comment part is text, a dash will be used; If it is not text, please use parentheses. A written explanation of a form is usually quoted by a dash. If such a sentence is inserted in a long sentence, you can use double dashes, that is, one before the comment and one after the comment. The second function of dashes is to express progressive meaning. In this case, we can usually see the passage of time, the advancement of meaning, the transfer of space and the change of plot before and after the dash. The third function of dashes is semantic transformation. In batch language expression, one meaning suddenly turns to another meaning, and dashes are not the same content. The fourth function is to express the pause, pause and extension of sound. In addition, dashes are also used to connect two-part allegorical sayings, indicating the relationship between the subtitle of the article and the authors of words, poems and articles and the listed items.

Function: ① Explain; (2) topic change; ③ Semantic leap; (4) The continuation of time or sound dominates the following contents.

Dash (-), a symbol indicating the change of topic or tone, the continuation of sound, etc. "The statements explained in this article are marked with dashes. The topic suddenly changed, marked by dashes. ""The sound is prolonged, and onomatopoeia is followed by a dash. Items are listed and shared, with a dash in front of each item. ""It represents the change of tone, the continuation of sound, the beginning and end of time and space, or it is used as a double note. " The Chinese dash is derived from the English word emdash, but it is easily confused with two characters when it is arranged in a straight line, so it takes up two characters instead.

The role of dashes

1. means explanation 2. Indicates that the voice is extended by 3. Indicates a change of meaning, a jump or a turn. Expressing exclamation 5. Computer application. Strengthen the focus 7. Branch example 8. Used before subhead 9. Indicate the author 10. Supplementary explanation 1 1. Indicates the above summary 12.

The dash means (topic change)

transit