Huang Liming Huitong lawyer office

Editing history books and genealogy is an act of respecting the day and the fruit of enriching the country and strengthening the country. They are the pillars of the historic building in China, among which genealogy is the basis of historical records. Zhong Jianqun holds that genealogy, famous genealogy in Tang Dynasty, famous genealogy in Song Dynasty and family travel are later called genealogy, genealogy and genealogy. The definition of genealogy in Ci Hai is: "A list compiled according to the category or system of things is compiled into a spectrum." Genealogy was widely circulated in China during the Western Zhou Dynasty. The historical masterpiece Historical Records, which is known as "the historian's swan song, Li Sao has no rhyme", is written by absorbing excellent cultural heritage including genealogy. The History of the Three Kingdoms says, "I read genealogy. It has been several years since the Yellow Emperor ... since Yin, princes have no genealogy." "preface to historical records" says: "the three dynasties of Wei (Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties) are still (long) years old, and their years cannot be tested. The old genealogy covered was originally from this, so it was slightly pushed and made one of the three generations. "

Historians believe that genealogy, local chronicles and official history can make up for the lack of historical records, but often the historical records are not detailed or recorded incorrectly, just because they are prepared in genealogy. Zhang Xuecheng, a historian of the Qing Dynasty who was praised by Liang Qichao as "the Sect of Local Records", said: "Those who have genealogy, the county records take it; If there is a sign in the county annals, the national history must be taken "; Mr. Lu Xun called national history "genealogy". The value of genealogy is not only recognized by scholars, but also valued by politicians. 1957 said at the Chengdu conference: "If we study genealogy and genealogy, we can know the law of species development and provide valuable information for human geography and settlement geography." The author also learned from the records of the consultants in Hutang Town that the historical facts of industrial development in Hutang Old Street since the early Qing Dynasty are not just Xiao Heyang's Piling Genealogy; Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Shangdian ancient town has worshipped and respected the sun far more than Yun's family car and Zhang's genealogy. In the process of consulting and using genealogy, the author has many doubts about the expression of chronology and the conversion between lunar calendar and Gregorian calendar. I checked the relevant information, studied and combed it, and got a little understanding. If it's a hole in my eye, I have the right to throw bricks.

First, the origin of the calendar year.

Ji, in Shuowen, said, "Ji, don't be a silk." Duan Yucai (Gong Zizhen's grandfather, an exegetist in the Qing Dynasty) notes: "Without silk, there must be a beginning. Don't be a subject. " In "Mandarin Zhou Yu Shang", he wrote: "Ji Nong thanked him for his work." Zhao Wei (historian of the History of the Three Kingdoms) Note: "Discipline means comprehensive management." In China, it is pointed out that the objective forms of material existence are space and time, in which time describes the persistence of object motion and the sequence of occurrence, and time is also often called time. Therefore, the almanac is a measure of the length and order of the historical process, a link between history and a key to space. Historical space can be clearly outlined by calendar years. On the other hand, if there is no chronicle, or the chronicle is wrong, then the historical space and the national history, local chronicles and genealogy as its carrier will be in a mess.

The origin of chronological style is the original "knotting notes", and the earliest characters come from bamboo slips, which is a general history of chronological style compiled by historians of Jin State in the Spring and Autumn Period and Wei State in the Warring States Period. It is also called Jizhong Zhi, which was discovered by grave robbers in Xianning, Western Jin Dynasty (AD 279). Because it is a historical book written on bamboo slips, it was named "Bamboo Chronicle". At present, China's earliest chronological work is Historical Records, which records the history of more than 3,000 years from the era of the Yellow Emperor in ancient China (about 3000 BC) to the fourth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (before 10 1 year). The earliest chronology in the history of China is the first year of the Western Zhou Dynasty (84 1 year). The "Chronology of Twelve Governors" recorded in historical books began in this year. Sima Qian consulted a large number of documents and books about chronology when compiling history books, and found that "five essays are different, and Wei Taichu's Yuan theory", that is, since the Yellow Emperor, many kinds of chronology materials have different opinions, and it is impossible to determine the real historical chronology. Only the records after the first year are consistent, and according to the principle of seeking truth from facts, they are not included. These precious historical materials gradually disappeared with the evolution of history, so according to the chronology of twelve princes in the earliest historical records, 84 BC1was determined as the beginning of China's history, and an exact chronology was obtained.

Second, the types and origins of chronology

Starting from the exact chronology, there are many chronologies in China, mainly including the reign of the emperor, the year of the dynasty, heavenly stems and earthly branches, the Gregorian calendar and the year of the title.

The reign of the emperor (also known as the year when the prince ascended the throne) began in 84 BC1year. This year, due to the cruelty of the West, the people of China were aroused and fled to Bi (now central Shaanxi). Duke Zhou and Zhao Gong ruled together (it is said that ministers shared power), so it was called "the first year". At that time, the other vassal States were "fifteen years of Lu Gongzhen" and "ten years of Qi Wugong". For example, Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru: "In the sixteenth year of Huiwen in Zhao Haoqi, Lian Po was the general." This narrative method continued until the eighth year of Lv Zhi's reign in the Western Han Dynasty (before 180). After Liu Heng succeeded to the throne, due to some unresolved issues, the first year (not the year number) was recalculated. For the convenience of narration, historians refer to the former yuan and the latter yuan respectively. Later, during the reign of Emperor Jing (Liu Qi), yuan qian, Zhong Yuan and Hou Yuan appeared. The imperial calendar was implemented until three years after Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty (before 14 1 year).

It began in the second year of Liu Che's accession to the throne (BC 140), and this year was named "the first year of construction". In the first year of Tai Chu (BC 104), the "taichu calendar" was formulated, and successive dynasties were established. The account is as follows: Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty built Yuan for three years, Zhenguan for five years in the Tang Dynasty, Xianchun for five years in the Song Dynasty, and Kanggan flourished. The titles used by emperors ranged from one to a dozen. For example, there are 65,438+04 books in Tang Gaozong. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, except for Ming Yingzong's two titles, all the others were No.1 emperors, so later generations called them by titles, such as Emperor and Emperor Qianlong. In addition, the year number is also marked with the main branch.

Heavenly stems and earthly branches (hereinafter referred to as the dry branch) is the twelve earthly branches of Nail, B, C, D, E, Ji, G, Xin, Ren and Gui, namely Zi, Ugly, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu and Hai (each corresponding to a zodiac sign). The chronology of the dry branch comes from the era of the Yellow Emperor. In the Tang Dynasty, Liu Shu quoted an ancient book in Zi Zhi Tong Jian, saying, "(Huangdi) made great efforts to govern ..." In fact, it sprouted at the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty and began at the end of the Han Dynasty. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, the "Tai Sui Ji Nian" in the popular taichu calendar law gradually changed from astronomical phenomena. According to Zi Tongzhi Bamboo Slips, in the second year (85 years) of Emperor Hanyuan, the "taichu calendar" was implemented for more than a hundred years, and then a calendar was established. He was ordered to edit the calendar, and Li Fan and others completely corrected its appearance and made a "quarter calendar"; In February, Jiayin, it will be implemented. "The imperial court ordered the chronology of the official branch to be supplemented by the chronology, as a concrete manifestation of the Li Xia school, such as The Nuclear Ship, The Apocalypse and Autumn Don't Forget, the Jade Mountain Uncle Carved, such as the ancient bridge stone carving in Shangdian, the hometown of Yunnan Province, which was improved day by day after the national implementation." The year of the dry branch, the zodiac and the twenty-four solar terms have become the traditional characteristics of the lunar calendar and the important auxiliary of the Gregorian calendar. There is a simple conversion between the solar calendar and the trunk calendar: the number of years in the solar calendar, for example, minus 3 in 2022 divided by 10 is 2, and 2 corresponds to the second place in the trunk order mentioned above, that is, B (divisible by the last place), and then minus 3 in 2022 divided by 12 is 8, and 8 corresponds to the eight-branch order.

Gregorian calendar, referred to as "Gregorian calendar", is a common chronology. Zhong's birth year is the first year of the Gregorian calendar, referred to as "AD" for short, which is equivalent to the first year of the reign of Emperor Ping of the Western Han Dynasty in China. The starting point of Gregorian calendar is 1, and there is no "0". The history of China before A.D. is calculated backwards. China actually uses the Gregorian calendar. After the Revolution of 1911, it began to be officially called "Western Calendar". For example, the annual comparison between China and foreign countries in "24 China Diplomatic Yearbook" is called "Western Calendar"; The literary world is also known as the "Western Yuan Dynasty", such as "Selected Works of Northern New Goods Colonization": "In the sixteenth year of Guangxu, Geng Yin was the year of the Western Yuan Dynasty"; It is usually called "solar calendar". Established and announced the use of the Gregorian calendar, which was first published in the date column of "1September 30, 949".

The calendar year (also known as the calendar year of the title) is the calendar year after the title was established. 19 1 1 aug/9 (19110/oct/kloc-0. 19 1 1 year 1 month 13 days (1912 65438+10 month/. The next day, it was announced that the calendar was changed to Yuan and electrified ("City Records"): "It was changed to Yang (public) calendar, and Huangdi 4609 1 1 month 13 (Xinhai) was the first year's New Year's Day." The year of the emperor was replaced by the year of the country (the specific rules are the same as the Gregorian calendar). The year of the country is also called the "national calendar" or the "new calendar", and the summer calendar is still in use. In July of the first year of Dayuan (19 13), Dayuan Shikai approved the report of Zhong, the head of the interior office, on "suggesting that the first day of the first lunar month should be designated as the Spring Festival" (the first day of the first lunar month in the summer calendar was called "New Year's Day" in ancient times, and the record of dreams in the Song Dynasty: "The first day of the first lunar month is called New Year's Day, commonly known as New Year's Day." ), the beginning of the summer calendar (the first day of the first month) is called "Spring Festival" from the following year. From September 30th, 1949,/kloc-0, with the expansion of the region, China gradually abolished the calendar year and changed to Gregorian calendar.

Third, the current calendar situation in China.

As can be seen from the above, China uses the AD calendar, supplemented by the traditional summer calendar. On AD1September 2, 949 1949, China and representatives of various parties and personages held a plenary meeting in China, and in his opening speech, he proposed that "the year number should be the same as that of most countries in the world." On the afternoon of 27th, Ma Xulun, the representative of the "Planning Committee" and the head of the promotion association, reported to the conference: "In the calendar years, most delegates agreed to adopt the Gregorian calendar, which is the most used calendar year in the world." Therefore, the second item adopted by the resolution is "the year of the AD". After the resolution was passed, it was announced: "From now on, this year is 1949 according to the Gregorian calendar." Considering the calendar tradition in China, it has been supplemented by the summer calendar for a long time, which has cultural customs, agricultural guidance and acceptance process, so the "summer calendar and branches" are adopted to assist the administrative calendar. 1949 10 1 The calendar date column also shows the words "10th day of August in the ugly year of the summer calendar". In order to distinguish the two New Years, the first day of the first month in the summer calendar is called "Spring Festival" and the first day of the first month in the summer calendar is designated as "New Year's Day".

Later, "Li Xia" was renamed as "Lunar Calendar", which was the first time that it was renamed on New Year's Day in 1968, and has continued to this day (the name is very long, I have seen the Lunar Yearbook in 1963). In the past hundred years, there have been many names of the lunar calendar: for example, Hankou Daily and Northeast Daily called it "Lunar Calendar"; Daily and People's Daily (northern Shaanxi) are called "old calendars"; Song Jiao Ren advocated that Huangdi ascended the throne as the first year and 1904 as the first year of Huangdi (4602). People's Daily, the organ newspaper of the League, adopted this period, so it is called "Yellow Calendar". According to this calculation, 2022 is 47 1 1 Gregorian calendar year of the Yellow Emperor.

Gregorian calendar takes the period of the earth's revolution around the sun as the year (its scientific understanding should be after Heliocentrism, which is about equal to the Tropic of Cancer), so it is also called "solar calendar" and "solar calendar". Since the anniversary is 365 days, 48 minutes and 46 seconds, February in a normal year is 28 days (365 days in this year), and the rest is put into one day in the fourth year (an extra leap once in a hundred years), so February in a leap year is 29 days (366 days in this year). Therefore, the years divisible by 4 in the Gregorian calendar are called "Gregorian leap years", such as 20 12 and 2022.

Since ancient times, the Chinese lunar calendar has taken the full moon of the moon as the month and the rotation of the earth as the day. In ancient times, the moon was called the lunar calendar, so it was called the "lunar calendar", and the movement cycle of the earth around the sun was regarded as one year. In essence, it should be called calendar (earthly branches and solar terms are part of its solar calendar). The moon revolves around the earth for 29.53 days. In order to coordinate the difference in the number of days between the tropic year and the homecoming year, the ancients adopted "19 7 leap", that is, in the 19 lunar year, a leap month is added in seven years, and the years with leap months are also called leap years, and the rest are called flat years. So there are 383 ~ 385 days in leap year and only 353 ~ 355 days in normal year. For example, the Chinese and Japanese Lunar Year of the Horse (leap in September) starts at 65438+3 1 in Gregorian calendar in 2022 and ends at 18 in February 2022, with a total of 384 days; Lunar Year of the Sheep (Ping) begins on February 9, 2022 and ends on February 7, 2022, with a total of 354 days.

Because China uses both the solar calendar and the lunar calendar, the 365 and 366 days of the solar calendar intersect with the 353, 354, 355, 383, 384 and 385 days of the lunar calendar (this is also an accidental relationship). Logically, it is called "the extension of the two concepts is only partially the same", so it is very important to clarify the logical relationship between them in order to ensure the accuracy of comparison and transformation between the two calendar years.

Fourth, the annual relationship between the Gregorian calendar and the lunar calendar.

Before its establishment (19 12), the calendar of the emperor's reign and dynasty was used, supplemented by the lunar calendar method of cadres and cadres' years. After the introduction of Gregorian calendar, especially the chronology of birth and death of important or historical celebrities, there are problems in the calculation of ancient and modern comparison and the expression of modern chronology, especially the months and days before and after the end of a year. At present, both the annual calendar and the monthly calendar are marked with dry years, such as the year of Wu Jianian in 2022 and the year of B in 2022. Reference books such as Xinhua Dictionary and Modern Chinese Dictionary, as well as some recent genealogies, are accompanied by similar chronological comparison tables (for example, more than 20 of the nearly 300 newly compiled genealogies in Wujin Library have set up comparison tables). However, the above comparison table can only reflect the overlap between the government and agriculture for two years, and it will be "misreported" in 1 month, which is confusing. Specifically, there are the following situations.

Usually the Gregorian calendar year marks more than one month after the end of the previous lunar calendar and more than ten months after the end of the previous lunar calendar. For example, in 2022 AD, the lunar calendar is the last year of B. In fact, from New Year's Day to February (18), from 1 1 month1day to1the end of February is the 49-day Wu Jianian. February 19 is the first day of the first month of the second year, and February 12 is the first day of the second year12/month1day, and the next 38 days will be the year of Bingshen in 2022. For example, Yue Fei was killed in the 11th year of Shaoxing, Song Gaozong. According to the representative of the year, the year of Xin You in Shaoxing was 1 14 1, so some data mistakenly recorded the year of Yue Fei's birth and death as1103-1465438+. Some of them are written as "29th of the twelfth lunar month in the eleventh year of Shaoxing (1 14 1)" and so on. In fact, "Shaoxing has a heart on December 29th" spans 1 14 1 year and lasts until the beginning of the Gregorian calendar, so the date of Yue Fei's murder corresponds to "65438 AD".

Sometimes the Gregorian calendar spans three lunar years. For example, AD 18, 65438+ 10/year, is December 25th of Tianfeng four years, and the five days from 65438+1 0/5 are Ding Chou years. 65438+10.6 is the first day of the first month of Wuyi in the fifth year of Tianfeng; From February 27, 65438, it was another windy day for six years. The first year was from February 27, 65438 to February 30, 365438. That is to say, in 18, Ding Chou and Ji Mao were given five days before and after Wuyin in the lunar calendar.

There is also the first day of the Gregorian calendar and the lunar calendar, such as 13 1, which is the first day of the first month in the fifth year of Wang Mang's founding. If the lunar calendar is in a normal year, the beginning of the next year will appear at the end of the Gregorian calendar; In case of leap year, the end of the lunar calendar will be postponed to the beginning of the Gregorian calendar.

In the above three cases, in the lunar leap year, there are two identical lunar months in a calendar year; If there is a Gregorian calendar in a normal year, there will be 9- 12 lunar calendar days. For example, 1 89365438+1 October 1 1 month/April/4th of Guangxu, and1in February of the same year was the 19th year of Guangxu/kloc-0. The cycle is 1 1 month 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20. Compared with the Gregorian calendar, this year is 1 1 month 19 at the end of the year, so it is confirmed that Mao's birthday is Gregorian calendar1893 65438+February 26th, so he said humorously, "Oh, my bowl of noodles is not in the lunar calendar1/. Later, the public knew the exact birthday.

The complex cross relationship between the above two calendars determines the inevitable requirement of compiling official history, local chronicles and genealogy in modern times. If the chronology is not rigorous, the calendar conversion will be inaccurate and the historical materials will lose their meaning.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) the expression of related contents of calendar year

The expression of chronology is mainly time, and time is reflected in numbers. Since the Gregorian calendar was introduced into China, there have been many expressions, such as "Gregorian calendar 1924" (China Diplomatic Yearbook). In order to unify the use of numbers, seven units, including the Language and Literature Work Association, issued the Regulations on the Use of Numbers in Publications 1995 12 13. According to its requirements: use the numbers of the century, year, month and day in the Gregorian calendar, such as: 84 BC1,1980s, April 2022 AD 12, etc. Non-Gregorian years are numbered in Chinese characters, such as 1 1 month 26th in the 26th year of Qing Qianlong and1October 6th in the 3rd year. In a vertical arrangement (such as genealogy, etc.) ), the Gregorian calendar can be expressed in Chinese characters, but it should be clearly defined.

At present, the larger unit of calendar year is century. The calendar year 100 is called a century. Because there is no 0 year, it is usually called a century from 1 year to the end of 100, and the next century begins with the year that can be divisible by 100. For example, 200 1 year is century 2 1 (or 1 year). Next to the century, 10 is counted as "year", 200 1-2022 is called the beginning of 2 1 century, and 2022 is called the 1920s, and so on. Next to age is year, month, day and hour, commonly known as year, month and day. Historically, it was called "ancient" before the 1840 war, then "modern" until 19 19, then "modern" after the establishment of 1949, and then "contemporary".

Gregorian calendar is simple and clear with numbers, such as April 12, 2022 ("day" is commonly called "number"). The lunar calendar is usually represented by Chinese characters (and branches). Every year, twelve months (the extra month in leap year and the previous month) are divided into four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. Each quarter is divided into three points: Meng, Zhong and Ji; Every month, the upper, middle and lower parts are divided into three days; From the first day to the tenth day, from eleven to twenty in the middle (or twenty or thirty, Lu Xun's poem: "Living in Shanghai for thirty years"); In the later period, from the 2nd1a (20 capitals are all "years", such as "four days in a year" in People's Daily) to the 30th (or 30th, such as "36 years" in People's Daily); Twelve hours a day in the name of earthly branches. After the mid-Ming Dynasty, western clocks and watches began to enter China as gifts and commodities. The world calls clocks and watches hours and hours, but today's names of hours and hours have faded. The first hour of an hour day is equivalent to 1 from 23: 00 today to the next day, 1 to 3: 00 in clown days, and so on. The time is later than Earth Time 1 hour, and the month and year at the end of the month are different from those at the end of the year.

The lunar year lasts for about half a month and is divided into 24 solar terms: beginning of spring, Rain, Sting, Spring Equinox, Qingming, Grain Rain, Long Summer, Xiaoman, Mangzhong, Summer Solstice, Xiaoshu, Dashu, beginning of autumn, Chushu, Bailu, Autumnal Equinox, Cold Dew, Early Frost, beginning of winter, Light Snow, Heavy Snow, Winter Solstice, Slight Cold and Sun. The Linde Calendar compiled by Li Zaishi stipulates that the leap month of last month should be a neutral month. It lasts until today, for example, in September of the lunar calendar in 2022, and the next month is only beginning of winter solar terms, without light snow, so it is designated as leap September. Solar terms basically correspond to a certain date in the Gregorian calendar, and astronomical phenomena guide farming. This is the reason why the lunar calendar has been inherited and flourished in the past dynasties, and it is also the name of the lunar calendar. Among them, according to legend, the solar term in beginning of spring was originally the beginning of a year.

Determine the beginning of the year. At the beginning of Ganzhi Year, beginning of spring is the first year, and beginning of spring is the beginning of spring in history, so it is also called Spring Festival. However, in the leap year of the summer calendar, the beginning and end of the year coincide with the solar terms in beginning of spring, which is the "double-headed spring" chaos mentioned above. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set things right. In the first year of Tai Chu (104), taichu calendar was designated as "Xia Zheng" and the first month of the summer calendar was determined. For more than 2,000 years, the administrative department and customs have always believed that the first day of the first lunar month is the beginning of the New Year (New Year's Day), and the year of the main branch is in a subordinate and auxiliary position, and the zodiac corresponding to the animals of the twelve earthly branches also changes with Xia Zheng, which is recorded in Yuan Shi, Shi Ming Lu and Qing Shi Lu. Since then, information has become more abundant, with history, ambition, spectrum and dominance. However, fortune tellers who used to predict good or bad luck, predict bad luck and avoid bad luck, and eight-character fortune tellers regarded by Sima Qian as "intimidating people" still take beginning of spring as their first year. Qin, a research expert of Shuyang nationality, insisted in Yi Wan Li, which was compiled in 20 13: "The lunar calendar can't be regarded as the beginning of the second year until the Spring Festival. For example, in 2004 ... beginning of spring will be regarded as Shen Jianian. " I think Mr. Qin's view is acceptable as one of the historical and traditional cultures, but it seems quite absurd to make the world "must" change the established secular world that has been in line with development for more than two thousand years.

Abbreviations and ellipsis. The Gregorian calendar has a unique feature, so except for strict public documents, the word "AD" is mostly omitted. When necessary, "year, month and day" can also be omitted, and numbers are separated by a pause, such as "1946, 5, 23" in World Knowledge; BC can mean "the year before". When the Gregorian calendar is used in conjunction with the lunar calendar, such as April 24th 12 of the lunar calendar in 2022, it can be simplified as April 12 of the lunar calendar and February 24th. It can be called "X years, people X years, people time". Establishment is a milestone in history, and it is used very frequently. When deciding the name of the country at a meeting, Huang Yanpei, the representative of the National Construction Industry Association, proposed to use ""as the abbreviation, while Li Da (the representative) proposed to use "China" as the abbreviation, but it was rejected by most representatives. As a geographical concept, China is currently used as a abbreviation at home and abroad. Others suggested using "before" or "after" instead of "before and after" or "before and after the founding of New China". I think every example should be noted. You can also use the neutral word "Ding Ge" to express the meaning of regime change. For example, "Epitaph of Yuan Gong, Henan's Political Participation in the Ming Dynasty" says: "When Zeng Da's father was buried, Ding Ge was in the middle and the chaos on all sides was not broken." Development and lag on the eve of modern times: "The bourgeoisie began in England in 1640, which coincided with the battle of Dingge in Ming and Qing Dynasties."

Sixth, the scientific expression of the combination of numbers and calendars

Historically, there have been many changes in the Yi calendar, such as the summer calendar with Meng Xiyue (1 month) as positive, the business calendar with twelfth month (1February) as positive, the weekly calendar with winter month (1 1 month) as positive, and the simplified calendar after China was unified by the Qin Dynasty. The outdated year number is changed to the national year number, and the order of month and day is the same as that of the western calendar (in fact, it is a different name for the same calendar). Although the new calendar expresses management, the old customs are hard to change for a while. At the same time, the summer calendar is still used to record the month and date, such as "1February 25th". Since then, there have been many forms of expressing dates. Due to the above three overlapping situations of solar calendar and lunar calendar, contemporary genealogy, especially continuation genealogy, often leads to ambiguity.

In my opinion, there are mainly the following situations worth discussing.

The first is the annual comparison conversion. The calendar year has the same name as the Gregorian calendar year, and 19 1 1 is the exact Gregorian calendar date. At present, the date comparison of the Gregorian calendar only indicates the year. For example, 2022 usually corresponds to the second year of the lunar calendar. In fact, the exact date of 2022 is "from 1 1 month1day in Wu Jianian of the lunar calendar to 1 1 day in the second year of the lunar calendar", and the second year corresponds to Therefore, the author believes that the current version of the comparison table can only be used as a reference.

The second is orderly expression. Usually it is a number that describes the same period, or the Gregorian calendar is added before the Gregorian calendar and the previous Gregorian calendar is added after it. For example, the Lu family tree of Zhang Cun, Jinling records "the fourth day of May (1952) and the 25th day of June", and the 12th day of the first year (1909 65438+).

The third is unified expression. For example, common words or names such as "20, 20, 30, and 2008" should be used in the same language, such as "Daoguang on November 29th, 2008" recorded in the Genealogy of Dang Zhang in Qianfen, Piling and "Rain or shine" recorded in the Genealogy of Xie's in Piling, such as "…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

The fourth is accurate expression. The purpose is to avoid ambiguity and mislead future generations. For example, as recorded in the Genealogy of Zhang's Family by Shientang, the birthday of (the founder of Changzhou Ci School) was originally twenty-six years after Qianlong, but it was mistakenly changed to sixteen years because of unclear woodcut, and it was changed to sixteen years because of the renovation in Dinghai. The author has experienced many twists and turns when he examines his lineage. Contemporary new genealogy (including some) is usually the calendar year of Gregorian calendar, such as the Han genealogy in Provincial Village: Fu Jian was born on1August 9571day; The other is to add branches between years of the Gregorian calendar, such as Yun Yiqun (an outstanding soldier in China's cultural and press circles) who died of illness in Ning on 19781Feb/0. If there is no word "you" in the precedent, it will be mistaken for August 1 1 day of the Gregorian calendar; The latter situation is usually regarded as the tenth day of the twelfth lunar month. In addition, there are many other expressions that are easy to cause ambiguity.

The author believes that there are several ways to avoid ambiguity or mistakes: First, unified expression and interpretation under ordinary circumstances, such as numbers used in the Gregorian calendar, numbers used in the Lunar calendar and other abbreviations and ellipsis. Secondly, like the above-mentioned genealogy of Lu family in Zhang Cun, Jinling, it is expressed in Gregorian calendar and lunar calendar respectively. Similarly, it is the number of the previous year plus the year of the branch, so there is no need to add the snake to the conversion to include the Gregorian calendar year; Note that dates after the first day of the lunar calendar 1 1 month should be enclosed in calendar years. For example, the latter example can be changed to "Yun Yiqun on 19781February 10 (19781month1/kloc). Another example is Zhuang Letian (the biological mother of Xu Boxin, the executive vice chairman of the Central Committee of the Democratic Progressive Party) in Liu Xu's genealogy, "November was the summer calendar when he died on December 27, 31", and the word "Renwu" should be after the summer calendar; Another example is "1December 19, 904". After comparison, it was changed to "190565438+1October 24th (Chen Jia's twelfth lunar month)".

Seven. Selection and compilation of reference materials.

The choice of consulting materials is also exquisite, and high-tech tools can get twice the result with half the effort. At present, there are many kinds of almanac in bookstores or libraries. Apart from Qin's above works, there are New Practical Calendar published by Shanghai Science and Technology Publishing House in August 2007, New China Folk Calendar edited by Wang Pinghui in August 2009, and New Practical Calendar and China Traditional Calendar edited by Fan in 2022. The 2002 edition of "Perpetual Calendar" edited by Guo Shibei and Zhang Zhengxiang is recommended. It is characterized in that when the Gregorian calendar compares the dates of ancient calendars, the month and date of the Lunar Year corresponding to Gregorian calendar 65438+ February 3 1 are attached to the trunk and branch table, so that the date when the Lunar Year extends to the next year can be calculated, for example, 122.

In addition, there are many kinds of electronic calendars on the Internet. The "Han Dian perpetual calendar (choose auspicious old yellow calendar)" often used by the author has the following characteristics: first, it is simple to operate, as long as it is counted in the year and month box to be checked; The second is information tolerance, which can reach any year, month and day in the vertical direction and basically cover relevant content in the horizontal direction; Third, the reality is objective, and its self-evident statements: good luck, bad luck, taboos, etc. "have no scientific basis."

Official history, local chronicles and genealogy are accompanied by chronological comparison tables, which are convenient for readers to consult and compare and worth popularizing. It is suggested to add a column after the Gregorian calendar year, such as the Perpetual Calendar edited by Guo and Zhang, that is, Gregorian calendar 65438+February 3 1 corresponds to the lunar calendar (in each case, it should be explained), so as to avoid misunderstanding caused by the intersection of the two calendars.

He is currently the vice president of Changzhou genealogy and ancestral temple culture research society and the vice president of Changzhou Wujin genealogy culture research society.

The above is related to 1963 lunar calendar, and it is about the sharing of calendar days. After reading the 1963 calendar, I hope this can help everyone!