China's 5,000-year history of civilization

1. China Huaxia 5,000-year history and culture {stories} There are too many origins of Chinese civilization. In ancient times, Pangu opened heaven and earth, the Yellow Emperor fought against Chiyou, Yao and Shun let Dayu rule slaves, and the three generations became Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, crusade against Shang and Zhou, Duke Zhou and Fuzheng. The China Uprising collapsed in the laughter of her daughter. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, wars were frequent, and I made friends with Bao for advice. Jin Wengong Qin Mugong, the overlord of the Central Plains, is a wise man. Yan Ying's eloquence defeated Chu Zhuangwang played by Chu Xiwen. Wu Zixu, the king of Yue, was smarter than Zhao Guan, and Zou Ji bluntly advised Qu Yuan, the great poet of Jun, to devote himself to tears, Lohan and Zhao. Wei carved up the state of Jin, Shang Yang reformed, Su Qin joined the alliance, Zhang Yi dismantled the alliance, King Wuling of Zhao rode to shoot, beheaded Qi Tiandan, put on an array of fire bulls, Lin Xiangru returned to Pu, offered a humble apology to Xin Lingjun, the prime minister of Qin, and saved Qin Shihuang's life. Jing Ke stabbed and Zheng, which was extremely unfavorable to the effect of destroying the six countries. The first emperor of China, Qin Shihuang's slender urban construction, Qin Shihuang's parade in Epang Palace died in the sand dune Chen Sheng, and Liu Bang's uprising in Daze Township of Guangwu and the battle of Julu in Xiang Yu entered the battle of Chu and Han at the Hongmen Banquet in Xianyang. At last, Wang Ba, who was standing in Chu State, killed his horse in Wujiang River, vowing that Lv Hou would take power in the near future, and followed the advice of Emperor China to cut down the chaos of the Seven Kingdoms in Chao Cuo. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "deposed a hundred schools of Confucianism" and Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions.

Wei Qing's general, Huo Huo Qubing Guang, was good at fighting and was responsible for Sima Qian's assistant government. Sima Qian and Historical Records' Green Forest Red Eyebrow Uprising' are the three pillars. Yuan Shao, a hero in the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, supported his troops and stood on his own feet. Cao Cao held the prince hostage, and Liu Lianhe fought against Lu Xun in Chibi and set fire to the camp. Zhuge Liang captured Meng and Zhuge Liang died. Former Sima Yi pretended to be ill and seized power. Zu Ti smelled the chicken and danced with extreme opposition. Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty was founded in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and Emperor Yang Di of the Sui Dynasty was extravagant and fought in the south and the north. The winners are Li Yuan, the change of Xuanwumen, the holy monk, Xuanzang and the Western Heaven. Empress Wu Zetian and Emperor Huang Ming made every effort to control the rebellion, prosperity and Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty. What is the "Five Dynasties and Ten Countries" border war? Kyushu unified the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Zhao Kuangyin and Chen Qiao mutinied, and Song Taizu drowned his sorrows by drinking. Li Yu, Queen of the Southern Tang Dynasty, Wang Anshi's Reform and Anti-gold Hero Yue Fei, a generation of Tianjiao Genghis Khan Kublai Khan, put down the rebellion in Dali in the late Ming Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty was replaced by the Ming Dynasty, and Zhu Yuanzhang established Zheng He's voyage to the Western Seas in the Ming Dynasty, and Ming Yingzong was restored as Qi Jiguang, struggling to drive out the enemy. After the establishment of Nurhachi, Zhang was loyal to Fuzheng, and the battle of Jin Salhu started in Ningyuan. Yuan Chonghuan and Huang Taiji cleverly set up a double agent. Li Zicheng fought against Wu Sangui and colluded with the Qing soldiers. Kangxi put down the San Francisco rebellion, and the great thinkers Gu, Cao Xueqin and the Dynasty of A Dream of Red Mansions were corrupt and incompetent. Lin Zexu, a national hero in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, launched the Opium War, and celebrities rose up to resist. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in jintian uprising led by Hong Xiuquan and the death of Zeng Guofan after the reign of Emperor Tongzhi. The Reform Movement of 1898 in the Summer Palace, the Boxer Movement in Guangxu and the death of Cixi, the pioneer of the democratic revolution, the succession of the last emperor of Sun Yat-sen, the Huang Uprising and the abdication of the last emperor. Sun Yat-sen became the interim president. May 4th patriotic movement.

Second, China's 5,000-year history and culture. China has a long history. It has a history of more than 5000 years since the period of the Yellow Emperor Ji Xuanyuan.

It is generally believed that Chinese civilization has two direct sources, namely, the Yellow River civilization and the Yangtze River civilization, and Chinese civilization is mainly the fruit of the exchange, integration and sublimation of these two regional civilizations. Some historians believe that in the history of human civilization, the definition of "historical era" is calculated from the time when characters were produced, and the previous period is called "prehistoric era".

There are many legends in the history of China, such as "Fuxi created gossip" and "Cang Xie invented writing" in the period of the Yellow Emperor, but they are not documented. Modern archaeology discovered the carved symbols of Oracle Bone Inscriptions characters more than 3,350 years ago (1.350 years ago) in Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Shang Dynasty, the symbols of Oracle Bone Inscriptions about 4,000 to 5,000 years ago and the symbols of Oracle Bone Inscriptions about 5,000 to 7,000 years ago in Wen Tao.

China is one of the earliest developed countries in the world with a written history of nearly 4,000 years. The ape-man fossils discovered in Yuanmou, Yunnan Province show that Yuanmou man, who lived 6.5438+0.7 million years ago, is the earliest known ancient human in China.

Beijingers who lived in Zhoukoudian, Beijing nearly 600,000 years ago can walk upright, make and use simple tools, and know how to use fire. Neolithic sites around 10,000 years ago are all over China.

In Hemudu and Xi 'an Banpo, Yuyao, Zhejiang, 67,000 years ago, people discovered artificially planted rice, millet and farm tools. The oldest dynasty, the Xia Dynasty, began in 2070 BC.

The central area of Xia Dynasty, the western part of Henan Province and the southern part of Shanxi Province have reached the northern and southern parts of the Yellow River and started to enter the slave society. Xia Hou's Shang Dynasty and Western Zhou Dynasty further developed slavery.

Then, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the royal family declined and the princes competed for hegemony. This period is considered as a transitional stage from slave society to feudal society. About 5000 years ago, people in China knew about copper smelting technology.

More than 3000 years ago, the Shang dynasty began to use iron. In pottery making, there are white pottery and painted pottery; Silk weaving production is also quite developed, resulting in the world's earliest jacquard silk weaving technology. By the spring and autumn period, steelmaking technology had appeared.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, ideological and academic activities were unprecedentedly active, and famous philosophers such as Laozi, Confucius, Mencius and strategist Sun Wu emerged, which had a far-reaching impact on later generations. In 22 1 BC, Ying Zheng, the first Qin Emperor, ended the Warring States period of more than 250 years and established the first unified centralized multi-ethnic feudal country in China history-Qin State.

Qin Shihuang unified writing, unified measurement and currency, and established a county system. The framework of feudal state he laid has been continued by people for more than two thousand years.

In more than ten years, he organized more than 300,000 people to build the 5,000-kilometer Great Wall in the north of China, and began to build a huge mausoleum before his death. 1974 The discovery of the Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses and the Terracotta Warriors and Horses guarding the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor shocked the world.

8,000 life-size terracotta warriors and horses, terracotta warriors and chariots are lifelike and are known as the "eighth wonder of the world". During the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) and the Silk Road in 206 BC, Liu Bang established a powerful Han Dynasty.

Agriculture, handicrafts and commerce in the Han Dynasty developed greatly, with a population of 50 million. The reign of Liu Che (BC 140-87) was the most prosperous period of the Han Dynasty. He expanded the actual control scope of the central government from the Central Plains to the western regions (now Xinjiang and Central Asia).

He sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions twice, and opened up a road from Chang 'an (now Xi, Shaanxi) to the eastern coast of the Mediterranean via Xinjiang and Central Asia, which was called the "Silk Road", and China's gorgeous silk products flowed westward through this road. With the close communication between the East and the West, Buddhism was introduced to China in 1 century.

105, Cai Lun, an official, summed up the experience of folk papermaking and invented papermaking, which fundamentally changed human writing materials. After the Han Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty was founded by Li Yuan in 6 18 A.D., and went through the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty, the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Sui Dynasty.

Li Shimin, the son of Li Yuan (reigned from 626 to 649), carried out a series of enlightened policies, which pushed the prosperity of China during the feudal period to the peak: developed agriculture, handicrafts and commerce, further development of textile, printing and dyeing, ceramics, smelting and shipbuilding, and criss-crossing land and water transportation all over the country. In 1960s, China's power was not only firmly rooted in Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin and Ili River Basin, but also extended to many city-states in Central Asia.

China has established extensive economic and cultural ties with Japan, Korea, India, Persia, * * and many other countries. After the downfall of the Tang Dynasty (960- 19 1 1), there were frequent wars between the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms.

In 960 AD, Zhao Kuangyin, a general of the later Zhou Dynasty, established the Song Dynasty (960- 1279). There were the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty in the Song Dynasty. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the political power moved southward, which promoted the advanced economy and culture in the north to move southward and promoted the economic development of the region.

Astronomy, science and technology and printing in Song Dynasty were among the best in the world. Movable type printing invented by Bi Sheng is a great revolution in the history of human printing. 1206, Genghis Khan established the Mongolian khanate.

His grandson Kublai Khan entered the Central Plains in 127 1 and established the Yuan Dynasty (127 1- 1368) with its capital (now Beijing). Kublai Khan ended the coexistence of several regimes for hundreds of years and achieved national reunification including Xinjiang, * * * and Yunnan.

Papermaking, printing, compass and gunpowder are the "four great inventions" of ancient science and technology in China, which were introduced to all parts of the world during the Song and Yuan Dynasties and made great contributions to world civilization. 1368, the Ming dynasty was founded in Nanjing by Zhu Yuanzhang (1368— 1644).

After his son Judy (1360 ——1424) succeeded to the throne, he began to build large-scale buildings in Beijing and officially moved to Beijing in 142 1. From 1405 to 1433, he sent Zheng He, the eunuch, to lead a huge fleet on seven huge sea voyages, passing through Southeast Asian countries, the Indian Ocean, the Persian Gulf and the Maldives Islands, and reaching Somalia and Kenya on the east coast of Africa as far as possible. This is the largest and longest sea adventure in the world before Columbus.

In the late Ming Dynasty, Manchus in Northeast China rose rapidly. In 1644 (1644-1911), the Qing Dynasty was established and Beijing was its capital. Kangxi, the most famous emperor in Qing Dynasty (reigned1661-1722), was unified.

3. The 5,000-year history and civilization of the Chinese nation The 5,000-year civilization of the Chinese nation is a general statement, not an actual figure.

At present, there is a consistent view that since the first year of the Western Zhou Dynasty, we have had an exact historical calendar, which has been almost three thousand years so far. However, the history of Chinese civilization is definitely more than 3,000 years, and the history in history books is much longer.

Because there is no direct historical data and other evidence, the history before the Western Zhou Dynasty has been questioned. Until Oracle Bone Inscriptions was discovered, the history of Shang Dynasty had to be recognized, but many people still held a stubborn attitude of not recognizing the history before Shang Dynasty. This unhealthy trend was rampant in the 1980s, and some even suggested that Historical Records was not a history book, but a pure literary work, because many of its contents were fictitious.

In fact, these views are just indifference and distortion of history. First of all, from Oracle Bone Inscriptions's point of view, Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a very mature writing, and its birth to maturity cannot be achieved overnight, which requires a long historical process. It can be concluded that we must have a long history of civilization before Shang Dynasty. Although this history has not been discovered, we can't deny its existence.

Second, many ancient records in Historical Records are really unreliable from today's scientific point of view, but ancient science has not developed to this extent, and the cognitive level of ancient people is different from ours. For example, many contents in Records of the Five Emperors should be myths and legends today, but people at that time believed that they were true, so we can't deny the position of Historical Records as a historical book just because it is recorded in historical books. On the contrary, we should seriously study and discover these historical legends, clear the fog and find out the historical truth from them.

This is an objective and fair historical attitude. It is wrong and harmful to deny the history of our civilization and distort our history at will.

Fourth, why do you say that China has a 5,000-year civilization and a 5,000-year history? In fact, it also refers to a historical period from the Yellow Emperor to the present. This period of history is also a history in which Duan Long is regarded as a totem culture, and then the dragon is regarded as the national spirit, the supreme virtue, and even the national spirit can be condensed. This history of civilization was formed in the Yao Dynasty, so it can be inferred that the dragon culture began in Shanxi, which can be said to be the development history of the Chinese nation.

In recent decades, a large number of new archaeological discoveries show that China is north-south.

Some civilizations in various places have a history of more than 5,000 years, such as Hemudu in Zhejiang and Hunan.

Chengtoushan site has a history of 6000 to 89000 years. Anthropology and folklore

Scientific research results also make us believe that Baiyue people in the southeast coast.

After passing through Taiwan Province Province, they emigrated overseas and spread to Southeast Asia and Pacific islands.

5. Why didn't Chinese civilization last for five thousand years? Speaking of the ancient history of China, we often say that the 5,000-year-old Chinese civilization has a long history of 5,000 years, which makes China people feel proud. But what needs to be corrected is Chinese civilization, which has no history of 5000 years, and it has not reached 5000 years in actual calculation. Why? Although China's literature has a history of 7000 years, writing is a kind of culture and cannot be regarded as civilization.

There are three recognized standards of civilization:

First, there is a mature and developed writing system. In the middle of Shang Dynasty, we had a mature writing system-Oracle Bone Inscriptions;

Second, there are settled living conditions, buildings of a certain scale or large villages. Erlitou site in Xia Dynasty is the naming place of Erlitou culture, which was initially confirmed as the capital site in the middle and late Xia Dynasty. Its palaces are out of proportion. At present, what we confirm is that part of it is Shang Dynasty, which has a capital city and a large-scale palace group;

Third, the use of metal tools and utensils became a common practice, and a large number of bronzes were used in the middle of Shang Dynasty.

As I said, the history of Chinese civilization began in the middle of the Shang Dynasty (BC16th century-BC 1046), that is, from the 3rd century BC14-13rd century to the present, which is about 3,500 years.

Five civilized regions: ancient Nile civilization, ancient two rivers civilization, ancient Indian Ganges civilization, Yellow River Yangtze civilization and Aegean civilization. Our Chinese civilization is the youngest civilization.

Everyone may be depressed, but what we need to know is that in 3500 years, we are still one of the oldest civilizations in the world, and the Chinese nation is one of the cradles of world civilization, which has never stopped.

6. Why did Chinese civilization last for five thousand years? According to legend, the Yellow Emperor was the leader of the primitive tribal alliance that lived in the Yellow River valley about 4,500 years ago. Chinese civilization is certainly more than 4500 years, so it is roughly 5000 years.

China has a long history, about 5,000 years since Ji Xuanyuan (also known as Gongsun Xuanyuan) of the Yellow Emperor tribe. It has been about 4600 years since the Three Emperors and Five Emperors. About 4 100 years since Xia dynasty; It has been about 2240 years since the first unified and centralized Qin Dynasty in China.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions is not the symbol of the beginning of Chinese civilization. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the cultural product of Shang Dynasty (about17th century BC-1century BC), with a history of more than 3,600 years.

Extended data

The first civilized society in China;

After the Yellow Emperor, the outstanding leaders of tribal alliances in the Yellow River valley included Yao, Shun and Yu in turn. At that time, the leader of the tribal alliance had been elected. When Yao was old, a tribal alliance meeting was held, and everyone recommended the talented Shun as his successor.

After Yao's death, Shun inherited Yao's position. When Shun was old, he also gave way to Yu, who had made contributions to water control. This method of replacing the position of leader is called "abdication" in history.