Brief introduction of Wuhan history

I. Pre-Qin to Southern and Northern Dynasties

Wuhan was called Xia Ling and Ezhou in ancient times. The history of archaeological discoveries in Wuhan can be traced back to the Neolithic Age 6000 years ago. 1956, Hubei Provincial Museum conducted an archaeological excavation of Yingtai near East Lake, and found Neolithic remains such as stone axes, spears and harpoons, which were identified as belonging to Qujialing culture. The earliest legend in Wuhan is the story of Dayu's successful water control here. Up to now, Wang Yu Temple is still built on Yugong Rock on the Hanyang River in Wuhan. The site of Panlongcheng discovered in huangpi district is about 3500 years ago, and it is one of the few ancient cities of Shang Dynasty that have been discovered and preserved so far in China. It is considered as the "root of Wuhan City" and is the archaeological basis for Wuhan's longer history than Beijing and Xi 'an Anjian City.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Wuhan belonged to the Chu State, leaving behind some relics and legends. It is here that the allusion of Yu Boya and Zhong You's "Mountain Rivers Meet bosom friends" recorded in Liezi Tang Wen happened. Nakako was born in Hanyang, Chu (now Caidian, Wuhan). Hanyang still has the remains of ancient buildings such as Guqintai and Zhong Ziqi's Tomb, and historical place names such as "Qinduan", so Wuhan is also known as the "hometown of bosom friends".

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Western Han Dynasty, the culture of Xinzhou in Wuhan flourished and became one of the important birthplaces of Confucianism. The Analects of Confucius said: "When Confucius traveled around the world to Chu, Luz was intentionally drowned in seclusion". During the Western Han Dynasty, some people dug up a stone tablet on Confucius Mountain in yi county (Xinzhou District), engraved with the eight characters "Confucius asked his son for advice". Liu An, the king of Huainan, built a temple on the spot and invited a bachelor to give lectures. He is known as "the oldest surviving university in China" and was once as famous as Yuelu Academy and Donglin Academy in history.

The origin of modern Wuhan is the Queyue City built by Liu Biao, a warlord at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the Xiakou City built by Sun Quan of Soochow in 223. Queyue City is the earliest known city site in Wuhan. When Sun Quan built Xiakou City, he built a watchtower on the wall near Snake Mountain, which became the world-famous Yellow Crane Tower.

In 208 AD, the famous Battle of Red Cliffs broke out in Chibi near Wuchang (now Chibi in Xianning, Chibi Mountain in Jiangxia), which was the first large-scale river battle in the Yangtze River basin in China history, and also the first event that changed the political structure of China in Wuhan and its surrounding areas. During the Three Kingdoms period, Wuchang (now Ezhou) became the capital of Wu Dong regime, where Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor, and Wuchang and its surrounding areas became the political center of China separatist regime for the first time. During the Southern Dynasties, Xiakou City was expanded into Yunzhou City and became the seat of Yunzhou.

Second, from the Sui Dynasty to the middle of Qing Dynasty.

Jiangxia County and Hanyang County were established in Sui Dynasty, with Wuchang and Hanyang as their governing places respectively. In the Tang Dynasty, Jiangxia and Hanyang were promoted to the state capitals of Ezhou and Mianzhou respectively, and became commercial centers along the Yangtze River. During this period, Wuhan's economy and culture gradually prospered and became a gathering place for literati and scholars. Among them, the Yellow Crane Tower, located at the top of Huanggu Mountain in Wuchang Yangtze River, was praised by countless famous poets in Tang Dynasty and later generations such as Cui Hao, Li Bai, Bai Juyi, Wang Wei, Liu Yuxi, Su Shi, Lu You and Huang Tingjian. For a time, Wuchang became one of the cultural centers in southern China, including Cui Hao.

The yellow crane never revisited earth, there have been no long white clouds for thousands of years. Every tree in Hanyang has become clear due to sunlight, and Nautilus Island is covered with sweet grass. "And Li Bai's" Old friends say West Yellow Crane Tower, fireworks in Yangzhou in March. "Make the Yellow Crane Tower famous in the world, another song of Li Bai". The Jade Emperor blew the Yellow Crane Tower, and plum blossoms fell into Jiangcheng in May. This is also the nickname of "Jiangcheng" in Wuhan.

Wuchang belonged to Ezhou in Song Dynasty, and Hanyang Hankou belonged to Hanyang County. During the Southern Song Dynasty, Wuchang once again became the second largest political and military stronghold in China after the capital region. Yue Fei, an anti-gold hero, was stationed in Ezhou (now Wuchang) for eight years and began to cut gold from there. Therefore, Yue Fei was also named "King of Hubei" by the imperial court, and Wuhan was once covered by the ruins of "Wang Yue Temple". Lu You, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, once wrote when he passed Wuchang, "There are many rich people in the city, and there are miles outside the city. Although Qiantang and Jiankang can't pass, they are big cities to describe the prosperity of Wuchang. During the Song Dynasty, the porcelain industry in Wuhan was extremely developed. After excavation, four-deity bricks and twelve zodiac pictures of gray pottery were unearthed in Mafangshan and Yuejiazui, wuchang city, and more than 100 large porcelain kilns of Song Dynasty were found in Hu Si and Liangzihu in Jiangxia District, a suburb.

In the 18th year of Yuan Shizu Zhiyuan (128 1), Wuchang became the provincial capital of Huguangxing. Huguangxing Province is one of China 10 provinces, covering the south of the Yangtze River, most of Hunan, part of Hubei, most of Guangxi, Hainan and Guizhou, Leizhou Peninsula in Guangdong and southeastern Chongqing. This is the first time that Wuhan has become the seat of the first-class administrative unit, and it is also the beginning that Wuhan has officially become the political, military and economic center of central and southern China.

When Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, set out to conquer Wuchang, his sixth son, Zhu Zhen, was born, so he grew up in Zhu Zhen and was enfeoffed as the Chu King of Wuchang by Ming Taizu. Wuchang expanded and became one of the largest cities in the south. Wuchang continues to be the political center of Hubei and even the central region, and the envoy yamen of the King of Chu in the Ming Dynasty is located in Wuchang House. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, Hankou in Wuhan rose.

Due to the diversion of Hanshui River from the north of Guishan to the Yangtze River in Chenghua period of Ming Dynasty, a new Hankou town was formed on the north bank of Hanshui River in Jiajing period. Merchants from Huizhou, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Jiangxi came to operate in succession, with salt, pawn, rice, wood, cotton cloth and medicinal materials as the six major industries, which developed to the scale of 20 miles up and down. The main street starts from Hanzheng Street Bridge and goes down to Dikou (4. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Hankou, together with Zhuxian Town, Jingdezhen Town and Foshan Town, was called the "Four Famous Towns" in the world, and became the land and water transportation hub of China, enjoying the reputation of "thoroughfare of nine provinces". Because Hankou is bordered by the Yangtze River and Hanshui River, it has become a place where merchants gather all over the world. It is also known as one of the three major tea markets and one of the four famous places in the world in history.

Third, the late Qing Dynasty.

Old Hankou, known as "Oriental Chicago"

From the late Qing Dynasty to the early 20th century, Wuhan enjoyed the reputation of "Oriental Chicago", which was the second largest city in China and one of the major economic, financial, industrial, transportation and cultural centers in China.

/kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, the Sino-Russian Wanli Tea Ceremony originated in Hankou. From18th century to the beginning of 20th century, Hankou has been one of the three major tea markets in China. 1900, Hankou alone exported 390,000 tons of tea to Russia, accounting for 80.9% of China's tea exports to Russia. Driven by the tea trade, Hankou also became the largest processing and export center of agricultural light industrial products in modern China, and was called "Oriental Tea Port" by Chinese and foreign tea merchants.

1862 the Jianghan customs building built by the British has been converted into Jianghan customs museum.

1 1 In 1858, the unequal treaty "Tianjin Treaty" signed by the Qing Dynasty and the great powers added treaty ports including Hankou. 186 1 Hankou officially opened in March. As a result, Hankou began to transform from a traditional commercial center to a modern international metropolis. Since then, Hankou has opened five concessions in Britain, Russia, France, Germany and Japan, and more than 40 European and American countries have set up consulates in Han.

Foreign businessmen from all walks of life have come to China to do business. Since then, Wuhan's foreign trade has grown substantially, ranking among the top four in China and becoming one of the four major ports in China. The total foreign trade in the past 40 years accounts for about 10% of the total foreign trade in China, ranking second in the country, showing the trend of "catching up with Tianjin and approaching Shanghai below". With the internationalization of Hankou's commerce, a large number of foreign businessmen have built docks, banks and companies here, which greatly enhanced Hankou's international radiation ability. By the end of Qing Dynasty, the number of foreign companies engaged in foreign commodity sales, finance, shipping and real estate in China increased sharply. By 19 1 1, the number of foreign enterprises in Hankou had increased to 125. As far as the specific industrial economy is concerned, tea making was the largest industry in Hankou at that time, accounting for 60% of the country's exports.

From 65438 to 0889, Zhang Zhidong was the governor of Huguang. During his administration, he vigorously promoted the Westernization Movement, especially the construction of Hanyang Iron Works and Hubei Gun Works, which made Hanyang a famous brand in East Asia, further stimulated the rise of modern industry in Wuhan and the development of urban commodity economy, and expanded Wuhan into the industrial birthplace of modern China on the basis of commercial finance. He presided over the construction of the Jing-Han Railway, making Wuhan a transportation hub between north and south of China and a veritable thoroughfare of nine provinces. He also established modern western-style education, such as "Two Lakes Academy" and "Self-improvement School", which further promoted Wuhan to become an important educational and cultural center in China.

1905, Zhang Zhidong built the Houhu Long Dike, and the dry land in the Dike was 65.438+10,000 mu, which basically laid the urban outline of Hankou as an international metropolis in modern times. 1907, Zhang Zhidong demolished the back wall and built the back city road from Qiaokou to Jianghan Road, which became the first modern road in Hankou. This road was also the main stage for China's political forces to compete in Wuhan during the Republic of China.

After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, China launched the movement of "saving the country through industry". The forces of national capitalism moved into Hankou, one of China's largest economic and transportation centers, vigorously developed the national economy, and further promoted the transformation of Hankou and other big cities in China into modern cities. 1906, Song and others founded Jiji Hydropower Co., Ltd. in Hankou, which was the largest private public hydropower enterprise in China at that time. 1909, in order to regulate water supply, the company built Hankou water tower at the intersection of Zhongshan Avenue and Jianghan Road, which became the tallest building in Wuhan at that time.

Four. Republic of China (1912-1949)

19110 June10, the Revolution of 1911 broke out in Wuchang. After the success of the revolution, the rebels announced that they would leave the Qing Dynasty, establish a military government and establish the Republic of China. Subsequently, China provinces responded in succession, the Qing Dynasty was overthrown, and the feudal era of more than 2,000 years in China came to an end, and Wuhan became a place that changed the fate of China. 19 12 1 Li became the interim president and governor of Hubei province.

During the rule of Beiyang warlords, Wuhan's economy developed continuously and rapidly, especially the rapid rise of national capitalism. National capital forces have built and expanded about 600 industrial enterprises in Wuhan. As one of the major industrial centers in China, Wuhan continues to exist, but the rapid rise of industry has also brought about the rapid growth of the working class and the continuous expansion of class contradictions. 1923 In February, the workers' strike of Jinghan Railway broke out, which was the most influential event in the first climax of the workers' movement in China.

With the advance of China's Northern Expedition War,1September, 926, the Northern Expeditionary Army captured Hankou. The National Government of the Republic of China established the Hankou Municipal Government on June 7th 1926, and became the first mayor of Hankou, Wei Liu. 1926 1 1 year1October 2 1 day, the national government moved its capital to Wuhan and decided to merge Hankou, Hanyang and Wuchang into one city, named Jingzhao District (capital) and Wuhan. This is the first time that the three towns in Wuhan are administratively unified in one city. On March 24th of the following year, the Wuhan National Government of the Republic of China was formally established.

In the same year, the CPC Central Committee of China moved to Wuhan together, and Wuhan immediately became the focus of the first cooperation between the two countries and the political and military center of China. However,1July 5, 927, Wang Jingwei, the leader of Wuhan National Government, acquiesced in the confluence of Han Ning, launched the July 15th Incident, and announced sanctions against China's * * * production party. After that, the Fifth National Congress of the China * * * Producer Party was held in Wuhan, and on August 7, the * * * Producer Party held a meeting in Hankou, proposing that political power comes from inside the barrel of a gun and establishing the policy of armed riots against Kuomintang rule. From June 1 1, Guangxi warlords established their rule in Wuhan until June 1929, when Wuhan was conquered by Chiang Kai-shek's army.

From the 1920s to the eve of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the scale of Wuhan city expanded rapidly. By the end of 1936, there were 5 16 private modern factories with a population of over1200,000.

1930 map of Japan in Wuhan.

In the early days of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Nanjing National Government took Wuhan as its wartime capital to resist Japanese invasion and gain time for the National Government to move inward. 1937165438+10, the Military Commission of the Executive Yuan of the National Government and other departments moved to Wuhan one after another, Chiang Kai-shek came to Wuhan to direct the national anti-Japanese war, and the relevant forces of China's * * * production party also came to Wuhan one after another, and the two sides launched the second national * * * cooperation in Wuhan. As the temporary office of the important organs of the National Government and the Kuomintang Central Committee, Wuhan has become the political, military and cultural center of China. 1in June, 938, the battle of Wuhan started, and the National Revolutionary Army experienced hundreds of battles, which greatly consumed the effective strength of the Japanese army and shattered Japan's three-month attempt to subjugate the country. This battle was also the largest, longest and most enemy-wiped battle in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's strategic defense stage, and Wuhan became the focus city of the world anti-fascist war.

1June, 938, the national government decided to relocate or destroy various industrial and military facilities in Wuhan, and the industrial losses in Wuhan reached 70%. 10 year 10 On October 27th, Wuhan was occupied by the Japanese army, and China and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression entered a strategic stalemate in an all-round way. 1940 In September, the Japanese-supported Wang Jingwei government changed Wuhan Special City into Hankou Special City. During this period, the population of Wuhan dropped sharply and riots often occurred. 1944165438+1October, in retaliation for the Japanese army, the US military bombed Wuhan in turn, and the urban area of Wuhan was seriously damaged.

On May 1949 and 16, China People's Liberation Army troops entered Zhongshan Avenue in Hankou.

1In September, 945, after the National Government recovered Wuhan, Wuchang and Hanyang formed Wuchang City, and Hankou remained a municipality directly under the Central Government. The Military Commission of the National Government set up a camp in Wuhan, with Bai Chongxi in the seat. 1June, 946, 65438+1October, the wuchang city government was established, and Hanyang City was designated as Hanyang County. 1In August, 947, Hankou became a city under the jurisdiction of the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China. 1in the autumn of 948, Bai Chongxi sought to harness the river in Wuhan, and at the same time raised money from Wuhan industry and commerce to prepare for the war. 1949 May 16 to 17, China People's Liberation Army entered Hankou City, Wuchang City and Hanyang County and took over the three towns in Wuhan.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) People's Republic of China (PRC)

On May 24th, 1949, Wuhan Municipal People's Government was established. Until June 1954, Wuhan was a municipality directly under the central government of China and the seat of the party, government and military organs in central and southern China. 1June, 954, Wuhan was merged into Hubei Province and changed to the capital of Hubei Province. During the first five-year plan period, Wuhan was identified as a "key city" for construction. According to the central government's guiding ideology of "giving priority to the development of heavy industry", the state has invested and built 32 large state-owned enterprises in Wuhan, laying a proud industrial foundation for Wuhan.

Since then, Wuhan has rapidly transformed from a "industrial, commercial, financial and modern industrial center" to an industrial base for China people, becoming one of the "firstborn sons" of the Republic. By 1956, the public sector of the economy has achieved a dominant position in Wuhan. 1957, Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge was completed and opened to traffic. Beijing-Guangzhou Railway, the most important north-south railway trunk line in China, is connected by Jinghan Railway and Yuehan Railway, which greatly promotes the north-south communication in China, connects the three towns of Wuhan by land, and becomes a complete and unified Wuhan urban area.

1965, Wuhan has harvested a number of national-level large projects, which has made Wuhan's economic position more stable. From the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China to the early days of reform and opening up, Wuhan's economic scale ranked fourth in the country for a long time, second only to Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin. Before Guangzhou and other cities ranked, Wuhan also became one of the three major industrial centers, three major transportation and commercial centers and three major education centers in the planned economy era. From the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) to 1974, Mao Zedong stayed at Donghu Hotel in Wuhan for 48 times, presiding over state affairs, making Wuhan the longest overseas place except China and South Africa since 1949, and making Wuhan another national political center besides Beijing. During this period, many central meetings were held in Wuhan, including the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eighth China Producers' Party.

1975, Wuchang County and Hanyang County were placed under Wuhan City. From 65438 to 0983, Xinzhou County and Huangpi County were placed under Wuhan City. 1984 On May 2 1 day, the Central Committee and the State Council officially approved Wuhan as a pilot city for comprehensive reform of the economic system, with separate plans.

1992, the first stop of Comrade Deng Xiaoping's "southern tour talk" came to Wuchang, instructing Wuhan to build three new national manufacturing centers, three scientific and technological development centers and three financial and trade centers on the original basis, and play a leading role in the national economy. In the following years, the development speed of Wuhan exceeded 16% year after year, the total economic output remained in the top three in China, and the city size always ranked.

However, in the 20 years from the end of 1980s, due to the country's "unbalanced development strategy", Central China, Hubei and Wuhan became "policy depressions" and were constantly marginalized. At the same time, Wuhan is still a "heavy tax area", and its own balance is extremely limited, which has seriously affected the urban construction of Wuhan. At this point, Wuhan has gradually been left behind by Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and other regions. In addition, at that time, the Hubei Provincial Party Committee and the provincial government put forward the policy of "cutting peaks and filling valleys" in view of the current situation of "one city dominating the whole city" in Wuhan, that is, stabilizing the development of Wuhan and using all administrative resources to develop other cities in Hubei, which led to a further decline in Wuhan's economy. This situation was not changed until 200 1 Hubei Provincial Party Committee leadership adjustment.

With the transformation of China's economy from export-driven to domestic demand-driven, Wuhan's location and scientific and educational advantages have been re-identified. On June 7th, 2007, 65438+February 7th, 2007, the State Council officially approved Wuhan Metropolitan Area as the national comprehensive reform pilot area for building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society. On March 2010/2, the State Council officially approved the overall urban planning of Wuhan and re-established Wuhan as the central city in the central region.

Since around 2008, the governments of Hubei Province and Wuhan City have grasped the general trend of changes in the national economic environment, and the city's economy has grown substantially. It is considered as "the only city in China that can upgrade its manufacturing industry" and one of the few cities with the fastest development speed in China. At present, the high-tech manufacturing industry accounts for the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size in the city, second only to a few cities such as Shenzhen, and its urban innovation capacity ranks second in China, and its entrepreneurial environment ranks among the top ten in Chinese mainland.

Wuhan has initially changed the traditional image of "heavy industry base" and become a new economic city. Wuhan's urban functions are becoming more and more perfect, its hardware construction is advancing by leaps and bounds, and its urban appearance is significantly improved, making it increasingly attractive to migrants, especially young people. The net increase rate of young people is now ranked second in the country after Shenzhen. It is one of the cities that attract the largest foreign population in recent years, and it is also one of the main job-seeking destinations for senior professional and technical personnel and overseas students except Beishangguang, and its urban vitality ranks seventh in the world [26].

2065438+In August 2006, the central government officially approved the establishment of a "free trade pilot zone" in Wuhan. Wuhan Free Trade Zone is mainly to implement the central government's requirements for orderly undertaking industrial transfer and building a number of strategic emerging industries and high-tech industrial bases in the central region, and to play its exemplary role in implementing the strategy of the rise of central China and promoting the construction of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. From September 2065438 to September 2006, the Central Government officially issued the Outline of the Development Plan of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and Wuhan was listed as a megacity, proposing to play a central role in building an inland river economic belt with global influence. On October 25th, 2065438+200765438+/KLOC-0, the National Development and Reform Commission issued the "Reply on Supporting Wuhan to Build a National Central City", which pointed out that Wuhan should accelerate the construction of a national central city supported by four functions: a national economic center, a high-level scientific and technological innovation center, a trade logistics center and an international exchange center.

Extended data:

Wuhan, referred to as "Han" or "Jiangcheng" for short, is the capital of Hubei Province, the only sub-provincial city and mega-city in six central provinces, the central city of Central China, the core city of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, an important industrial base, science and education base and comprehensive transportation hub in China, and also the resident of Wuhan Joint Logistics Support Base of the Central Military Commission. The whole city has jurisdiction over 13 municipal districts, with a total area of 8494.45438+0 square kilometers and a permanent population of1095438+04000 2017.

Wuhan is located in the east of Jianghan Plain and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. The Yangtze River, the third largest river in the world, and its largest tributary, the Hanjiang River, pass through the city center, dividing the central city of Wuhan into three parts, forming a pattern of three towns in Wuhan (Wuchang, Hankou and Hanyang) separated by a river. Rivers crisscross the city, lakes and ports are intertwined, and the water area accounts for a quarter of the city's total area, which constitutes the water ecological environment of Wuhan Riverside and Lakeside. Wu Hanyou, known as the thoroughfare of nine provinces, is the largest land, sea and air transportation hub in China and the shipping center in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Its high-speed rail network radiates more than half of China, making it the only city in Central China that can fly directly to five continents. ?

Wuhan is a national historical and cultural city and an important birthplace of Chu culture. The site of Panlongcheng in China has a history of 3,500 years. Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Wuhan has been the military and commercial center of southern China. The Westernization Movement in the late Qing Dynasty promoted the rise of Wuhan's industry and economic development, making it an important economic center in modern China and known as "Chicago of the East". Wuhan is the birthplace of China's democratic revolution, and Wuchang Uprising, as the beginning of the Revolution of 1911, is of great historical significance. ?

20 16,10 in June, Wuhan was listed as a megacity in the Outline of the Development Plan of the Yangtze River Economic Belt issued by the Central Committee. June 5438+February of the same year, the National Development and Reform Commission explicitly requested Wuhan to speed up the construction of a national central city supported by four functions: national economic center, high-level scientific and technological innovation center, trade logistics center and international exchange center.

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia: Wuhan