Historical evolution of Huaihe River

Huaishui in history was a river that went into the sea alone.

The word "Huai" appeared in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty and Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Zhong Dingwen in Western Zhou Dynasty. Historically, the Huaihe River, the Yangtze River, the Yellow River and Jishui River were called Sidu, and they were one of the four rivers that flowed into the sea alone.

Yu Gong, a geographical work in the Spring and Autumn Period, records: "The Huaihe River leads from Tongbai, bordering Si and Yi in the east and entering the sea in the east".

The ancient Huaihe River is roughly similar to the Huaihe River in the west of Xuyi today. After leaving Xuyi, it turned to the northeast, passed through Huaiyin to the east, and entered the sea at the ladder in Lianshui County today.

At that time, there was no Hongze Lake in the Huaihe River, the main river was wide and deep, and there were no dikes along the Huaihe River.

In the second year of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 128), Du Chong, the commander of the garrison in Tokyo (now Kaifeng), broke the dike artificially between Jixian County and Slippery County, Henan Province, which led to the diversion of the Yellow River, and most of the Yellow River water flowed into the Huaihe River from Surabaya. In the fifth year of Shaoxi in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 194), the Yellow River burst its banks. Since then, the Huaihe River has been seized from the sea for a long time, and a large amount of sediment and silt have blocked the estuary. The depression between Xuyi and Huai 'an gradually formed this Hongze Lake, which rushed to the overflow dam of Huainan Dike, entered baoying lake and gaoyou lake along Sanjiang, and entered the Yangtze River from Sanjiang Jiajiang via Shaobo Lake.

Before the 1990s, the main stream to the west of Hongze Lake in Huaishui was similar to today's Huaihe River, and its downstream flowed through Xuyi County, Jiangsu Province, then turned to the northeast, passing the steps in the south of Xiangshui County in Huai 'an City.

At that time, yi river, Shuhe and Sihe were all downstream tributaries of Huaihe River.

Because the Yellow River is "good at siltation, breach and migration", it not only breaches from the north shore for many times, silts the Haihe Plain, and the channel moves northeast, but also breaches from the south bank for many times, silts the Huaihe Plain, and the channel moves southeast, taking the Huaihe River into the Yellow Sea.

After the Yellow River captured the Huaihe River, the downstream delta extended eastward for about 50 kilometers. . After the old course of the Huaihe River was silted up, the Huaihe River entered the Yangtze River from the estuary, and a part of the Yangtze River basin became the area of the Huaihe River basin.

In the fifth year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (1855), the Yellow River moved northward again and diverted from Daqing River in Shandong Province into Bohai Sea. However, the old course of the Huaihe River into the sea has been deposited into an abandoned Yellow River above the ground, which divides the Huaihe River basin into Huaihe River system and Yishu Sihe River system.

1855, the Yellow River burst northward in lankao county, Henan Province, and entered the Bohai Sea via Lijin, Shandong Province.

During the period when the Yellow River seized the Huaihe River 1 194 ~ 1855, the Yellow River burst from the south bank many times, and the Yellow River entered the main stream of the Huaihe River from the tributaries on the north bank of the Huaihe River until the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, in order to prevent the Japanese army from advancing westward, the authorities blasted the south embankment of the Yellow River at Huayuankou near Zhengzhou, and the main stream of the Yellow River entered the Huaihe River from Heying River. Until 1947, the Huayuankou was blocked, the Yellow River flooded for nine years, and the tributaries on the north bank of Huaihe River were once again generally destroyed.

Affected by the Yellow River's long-term invasion and occupation of the Huaihe River, the topography and water system have undergone tremendous changes, and Jigu River, Juye River and Liangshan Lake have disappeared. The riverbed is generally silted, leaving behind the abandoned riverbed of the Yellow River. Form new lakes such as Hongze Lake, Nansi Lake and Roman Lake.

Therefore, before the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Huaihe River system was chaotic, and the drainage was not smooth or there was no way out, which led to the situation of "light rain in minor disasters, heavy rain in major disasters and drought without rain".

The water in the middle reaches does not come, and the water in the lower reaches does not flow out. This is an uncontrollable river.

Huaihe River Basin is located in the east of China, between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, with east longitude1155' ~125' and north latitude of 30 55' ~ 36 36'. The basin starts from Tongbai Mountain and Funiu Mountain in the west.

The basin covers an area of 274,657 square kilometers.

The main stream of Huaihe River originates from Laoyacha, Tongbai Mountain, Tongbai County, Henan Province, flows eastward through four provinces of Henan, Hubei, Anhui and Jiangsu, and downstream is Shuisan Road.

The mainstream flows out of the Sanjiangyuan through the Sanjiangyuan Gate, and flows into the Yangtze River at the Sanjiangyuan through baoying lake and gaoyou lake, thus entering the river-crossing channel, with a total length of about 1 000 km. The other road goes out of Gaoliangjianmen on the east bank of Hongze Lake, and enters the Yellow Sea at Biandan Port through the irrigation main canal in northern Jiangsu, with a total length of168km. The third road goes out of Helmn on the northeast bank of Hongze Lake, to Lianyungang on the north bank of Hu Aishu River, and flows into Haizhou Bay via Linkou.

In 2003, Huaihe waterway entered the sea from the lower reaches of Hull Gate, near the north bank of the main irrigation canal in northern Jiangsu.

The Huaihe River generally flows from west to east, flowing through southern Henan Province, northern Hubei Province, northern Anhui Province and northern Jiangsu Province, and finally joins the Yangtze River in Sanjiangying, Jiangdu District, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, with a total length of about 1 10,000 km.

In the western part of the basin, the Funiu Mountain Range in western Henan is separated from the Luo Yi River Basin, a tributary of the Yellow River, and the Hanshui River Basin, a tributary of the Yangtze River. In the north, it is bounded by the South Yellow River embankment from Zhengzhou to Lankao, Henan Province, and the South Yellow River embankment from Lankao to the mouth of the abandoned Yellow River and the Yishu Sihe River Basin. South to Tongbai Mountain, Dabie Mountain and Toarey Yang Canal, Dongchuan Changhe River and Hanshui River, Wanhe River, Chaohu Lake and Chuhe River are on the north bank of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River; East of the Yellow Sea.

Because the Subei Plain is located in the east of the Li Canal, south of the abandoned Yellow River and north of the Canal and Dongchuanchang River, with a total area of 22,440 square kilometers, water directly flows eastward into the sea, and the actual catchment area of the Huaihe River is 65,438+064,560 square kilometers.

Anhui section of Huaihe River, located in the middle reaches of Huaihe River, starts at the mouth of Red River at the junction of Henan and Anhui, and ends at Hongshantou at the junction of Anhui and Jiangsu, with a total length of 430 kilometers.

To the north of Huaihe River is the Huang-Huai alluvial plain, with a flat and vast terrain and deep soil layers. The ground elevation is 45m to13.5m, and it is inclined from northwest to southeast, with a slope of1/5000 ~11000.

There are low hills and residual hills in the north of Xiaoxian, Shuxian, Suxian, Lingxian and Sixian, and the elevation is generally between 50 ~ 100 meters. The highest peak of Guanshan in Xiaoxian is 408 meters, that of Xiangshan in Huaibei is 342 meters, that of Ganshan in Suxian is 3 12 meters, and that of Pingshan in Sixian is16544.

There are bays, depressions and lakes along the Huaihe River, which is the flood detention area and drainage area of the Huaihe River.

The flow rate of main channel: from Honghekou to Zhengyangguan is less than 1000 cubic meters per second, from Zhengyangguan to Wohekou is less than 2,500 cubic meters per second, and from below Wohekou to Hongshantou is less than 3,000 cubic meters per second.

There are many tributaries on both sides of the Taiwan Strait.

On the left bank are Red River, Ancient River, He Run, He Ying, Xifei, He Juan, Guohe, Hutong and He Sui. , as well as large artificial rivers, the new Bianhe River and the new Huaihe River, all of which have a long history and are characterized by plain rivers. On the right bank, there are Shiguan River, Fenghe River, Jihe River, Pi River, Donghe River, Heyao River, Xiaoxi River, Chihe River and Baita River, all of which originate from the north side of the Jianghuai watershed and have the characteristics of mountainous rivers.

There are many lakes along the Huaihe River, which are distributed near the confluence of tributaries. The lake is big, but the water is not deep. There are Bali Lake, Jiaogang Lake, Sifang Lake, Xiangjian Lake, Tuo Lake and Days Mirror Lake on the left bank. On the right bank are Chengxi Lake, Chengdong Lake, Wabu Lake, Gaotang Lake, Huayuan Lake, Nvshan Lake, Qili Lake, gaoyou lake, Huyi Lake and Yanghu Lake.

In the Huaihe River area of Anhui Province, water conservancy developed earlier in history, such as Shaopi (now Anfengtang) in Shouxian County, which was built more than 2,500 years ago in the Spring and Autumn Period and irrigated thousands of acres of fields. Tongji Canal, which runs through Suzhou, Lingsi and Suzhou counties, was built in the Sui Dynasty more than 300 years ago. It traces back to the Bianliang River and is connected with the Canal to communicate the rivers between the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River. It was a waterway at that time. Starting from the 65,438+02 century, it experienced more than 600 years of the Yellow River seizing the Huaihe River and was finally abandoned.

Before 1949, the water system in Huaibei area was disordered, the rivers and ditches were silted up, and most of the ponds and ditches were flat; The main stream of Huaihe River has shallow siltation and is supported by Hongze Lake. The bottom of the river below Fushan Mountain is in an inverted gradient, which makes ventilation difficult.

Floods and even droughts and locust plagues often occur in this area, and the exposed land is thousands of miles away. "Heavy rain is a big disaster, light rain is a small disaster, and there is no rain in a big drought" is its true portrayal.

1949, the main and tributary rivers of Huaihe River were regulated, drainage ditches were excavated, and a drainage system was initially established.

The Huaihe River basin is adjacent to the Yellow Sea in the east, surrounded by Funiu Mountain, Tongbai Mountain, Dabie Mountain and Yimeng Mountain in the west, south and northeast respectively, and there is a vast plain between mountains and seas.

The hilly area accounts for about 1/3 of the basin area, and the plain area accounts for about 2/3.

The Huaihe River Basin is about 700 kilometers long from east to west and 400 kilometers wide from north to south on average. The northwest is high and the southeast is low. The altitude is between 600 ~ 1000 meters, and the highest stone entering the mountain in western Henan is 2 153 meters.

The hills on both sides of the upper reaches of Huaihe River Basin are undulating, the water system is developed and there are many tributaries. The middle reaches are gentle, with many lakes and depressions; The lower reaches are low-lying, dotted with lakes, water networks and rivers.

Huainan is mainly a hilly area. Baimajian and Tiantangzhai are the highest in the Dabie Mountains in the west, with elevations of1.774m and1.729m respectively. The terrain to the east of Dabie Mountain is obviously reduced, and the hills are continuous, extending northeast to the south of Hongze Lake, becoming the watershed between the Yangtze River and Huaihe River. The altitude is generally about 50 ~ 100 meters, and there are hills over 300 meters. For example, the North General Mountain in Zhangbaling is 399 meters, and there are shallow mountains below Huaishou County.

The slope of the Huaihe River is gentle, with an average of 0.02 ‰, and it flows through Xiashan, Jingshan and Fushan Three Gorges along the way. The situation is very dangerous.

Zhengyangguan takes water from all mountainous areas in the upper reaches of Ganzi River, with a total control area of 965,438+0.62 square kilometers. Known as "Seventy-two roads return to Zhengyang", Dabie Mountain, Tongbai Mountain, Funiu Mountain and Songshan Mountain are the main flood sources of Huaihe River.

Huaihe River is the natural dividing line between north and south of China. China 1℃ isotherm and 800 mm annual average precipitation line are distributed along the Huaihe River and Qinling Mountains.

Huaihe River Basin is located in the transitional zone between north and south of China, with a warm temperate semi-humid zone in the north and a subtropical humid zone in the south, with a mild climate and an annual average temperature of1-16℃.

The temperature varies greatly from north to south and from coastal to inland.

The extreme maximum temperature is 44.5℃ and the extreme minimum temperature is -24. 1℃.

Evaporation is just less than that of Peking University, with an average annual water surface evaporation of 900- 1500mm and a frost-free period of 200-240 days.

Huaihe river basin is located in the transition zone from north subtropical zone to warm temperate zone and belongs to continental monsoon climate. The atmospheric system is complex and changeable, and the rainfall is unevenly distributed in time and space, which is prone to floods and droughts.

The average annual precipitation in Huaihe River Basin is about 920 mm, and its distribution decreases from south to north, with mountains more than plains and coastal more than inland.

There are three high precipitation areas in the basin: one is Funiu Mountain area, with an average annual precipitation exceeding 1000 mm; The second is Dabie Mountain area, which exceeds 1400 mm; ; The third is the downstream offshore area, which exceeds 1000 mm.

The precipitation in the north of the basin is the least, below 700 mm.

Precipitation changes greatly during the year, and the maximum annual rainfall is 3-4 times of the minimum annual rainfall.

The annual distribution of precipitation is also extremely uneven, and the precipitation in flood season (June-September) accounts for 50%-80% of the annual precipitation.

During the flood season from May to August in Huaihe River Basin, the rainfall in three months is usually 500-600 mm, especially in June and July, which is a unique rainy season in Jianghuai area, and the rainfall can last for one to two months.

Wide range, covering the whole basin; The wet year and the poor year appear alternately, and the average difference of precipitation is four or five times.

Studying the history of disasters in Huaihe River, it is found that there have been basin floods 13 1 times in recent 530 years.

Among them, floods occur more than once every three years on average.

Historically, the Yellow River "seized the Huaihe River and entered the sea", and the sediment in the lower reaches of the Yellow River aggravated the geographical characteristics of poor drainage of the Huaihe River, making waterlogging an important form of flood in the Huaihe River.

Typhoon (including typhoon inverted trough), vortex shear, north-south shear and cold shear line are the weather systems that produce heavy rain in Huaihe River basin, and the first two are mostly.

Vortex shear type is the main type in the early rainy season, and typhoon is involved in the later rainy season.

The typhoon track covered the whole basin.

The trend of rainstorm is generally consistent with the movement of weather system, and the center movement of typhoon rainstorm is related to the typhoon path.

Cold peak rainstorm usually moves from northwest to southeast, and vortex rainstorm usually moves from southwest to northeast. With the intersection of north and south airflow, the shear line or front swings north and south, southeast and northwest, and the rainstorm center moves with it.

For example, in July 1954, several heavy rains were caused by the vortex shear line. The rainstorm first appeared in the mountainous area of Huainan, then advanced to the basins of Hongru River and Sha Ying River in the northwest, then moved eastward to Huaibei area, and finally disappeared in northern Jiangsu.

A precipitation process spread all over the Huaihe River Basin.

Because the moving direction of the rainstorm is close to the direction of the river, the Huaihe River Basin is prone to floods.

Huaihe river basin is located in the transitional zone between north and south of China, belonging to the warm temperate semi-humid monsoon climate zone, which is characterized by drought in winter and spring, muggy and rainy in summer and autumn, drastic changes in temperature and early waterlogging.

The annual average temperature is 1 1 ~ 16℃, increasing from north to south and from coastal to inland. The highest monthly average temperature is about 25℃, which appears in July. The monthly average minimum temperature is 0℃, which appears in 65438+ 10 month. The extreme maximum temperature can reach above 40℃, and the extreme minimum temperature can reach -20℃.

The average annual precipitation in Huaihe River Basin is 965,438+065,438+0mm, and the general trend is large in the south, small in the north, large in mountainous areas, small in plains, large in coastal areas and small in inland areas.

The annual rainfall in the upper reaches of Pi River in Dabie Mountain area of Huainan is the largest, which can reach more than1500mm, while the annual rainfall in the northwest area adjacent to the Yellow River is less than 680mm.

Although the Yimeng mountain area in the northeast is located in the northernmost part of the basin, the annual rainfall can reach 850 ~ 900 mm due to the topography and adjacent sea areas.

The flood season is from May 15 to September 30, with an average rainfall of 578 mm, accounting for 63% of the annual rainfall.

The rainfall varies greatly every year. The rainfall of 1966 and 1978 are 1954, 1 1 85mm and1mm, 65438 and/kloc respectively.

water resource

The average annual surface water resources in Huaihe River Basin are 62 1 100 million cubic meters, and the shallow groundwater resources are 37.4 billion cubic meters. After deducting their complementary overlapping parts, the total water resources is 85.4 billion cubic meters, with an average occupation of 450 cubic meters.

The annual water supply capacity of various water source projects in the Huaihe River Basin is about 45 billion cubic meters, the water shortage in normal years is 1 1000 billion cubic meters, with a guarantee rate of 50%, the water shortage in middle drought years is 4 1000 billion cubic meters, with a guarantee rate of 75%, and the water shortage in special drought years is1000. It is predicted that the year 2000 will be very short.

The general distribution trend of surface water in Huaihe River basin is that the south is bigger than the north, the mountain plain is smaller at the same latitude, and the coastal plain is larger than the inland.

The whole Huaihe River Basin has water energy reserves of 1, 5 1, 000 kilowatts, and the exploitable installed capacity is about 900,000 kilowatts, and nearly 300,000 kilowatts have been developed.

Mainly distributed in the upstream tributaries, due to the limited catchment area and small runoff, the installed capacity of power stations is mostly below 6,543,800 kW.

mineral resources

Coal resources are the most abundant in the Huaihe River Basin, and the preliminarily proved coal reserves exceed 70 billion tons, mainly concentrated in Huainan, Huaibei, western Henan, southwestern Shandong, northwestern Jiangsu and other mining areas in Anhui Province, with complete coal types, excellent coal quality, shallow burial and concentrated distribution, which is convenient for large-scale mining.

The coal output accounts for about 1/8 of the whole country, and a number of new large-scale mines are under construction.

Thermal power generation in the basin is relatively developed, and large-scale pithead power station is under construction.

These coal-fired power production areas not only provide a lot of energy for industrial and agricultural production and urban and rural people's lives in the basin, but also are important energy bases in the Yangtze River Delta and Central China.

The coastal area of northern Jiangsu is an important salt-producing area in China. Many large-scale salt mines have been found in northern Jiangsu, Huainan and western Henan in the basin, which can be exploited in large quantities.

Huaihe River Basin includes 35 prefectures (cities) and 189 counties (cities) in Hubei, Henan, Anhui, Shandong and Jiangsu provinces. Cities along the Huaihe River mainly include eastern Nanyang, Xinyang, Fuyang, Lu 'an, Huainan, Bengbu, Huai 'an and Yangzhou.

Except for Jianghuai Mandarin, which is popular in Lu 'an, Chuzhou, Huai 'an and Yancheng, the rest are Central Plains Mandarin in the north.

197 The total population was160.43 million, and the average population density was 594 people/km2, which was 4.8 times of the national average population density 122 people/km2, ranking first in all major river basins.

The cultivated land area in the basin is183.26 million mu, and the main crops are wheat, rice, corn, potato, soybean, cotton and rape. 197 The grain output was 84.96 million tons, accounting for 17.3% of the total grain output in China.

The agricultural output value is 284.4 billion yuan, and the per capita agricultural output value is 18 12 yuan, which is higher than the national average 1345 yuan in the same period.

Huaihe River basin plays an important role in agricultural production in China.

In 2005, the total population of the whole basin was 65,438+0,765,438+0.7 million, and the average population density was 636 people/km2, ranking first in all major basins in China.

The industries in Huaihe River Basin are mainly food and textile industries with coal, electric power industry and agricultural and sideline products as raw materials.

Large national coal production bases such as Huainan, Huaibei, Pingdingshan, Xuzhou, Yanzhou and Zaozhuang have been built. 1997 accounts for18 of the national coal production, making it the largest coal field south of the Yellow River in China.

The installed capacity of thermal power in the basin is nearly 20 million kilowatts.

It also includes light and heavy industries such as coal chemical industry, building materials, electric power and machinery manufacturing, and a number of large and medium-sized industrial cities such as Zhengzhou, Xuzhou, Shangqiu, Lianyungang, Huainan, Bengbu and Jining.

There are three north-south railway arteries in the Huaihe River basin, namely, Beijing-Shanghai, Beijing-Kowloon and Beijing-Guangzhou, which run through the east, middle and west. Eurasian Continental Bridge-Longhai Railway runs through the northern part of the basin; In addition, there are Shaanxi-Shanxi-Shijiazhuang-Shijiazhuang Railway, Bengbu-Hefei Railway, Xinchang Railway and Nanjing -Xi- An Railway.

Inland navigation includes the North-South Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, the east-west Huaihe River and the tributaries and downstream water networks in the plain area, which ranks second in the country in terms of annual freight volume.

Lianyungang, Rizhao Shijiu and other large-scale marine terminals can not only go directly to China's coastal ports, but also to South Korea, Japan, Singapore and other places.