What was the experience of Sun Yat-sen's 40-year revolution? What is his unfinished legacy?

The revolution has not yet succeeded, comrades still have to work hard-last wish

Most of Sun Wen's thoughts come from his comprehensive arrangement of western, European and American theories, but a few ideas were originally created by me (I) (Sun Wenyu).

The "three people's principles" of nationality, civil rights and people's livelihood.

"The people have the right and the government has the ability"; Guangxing Fuli is a promising "universal government".

People's rights, also known as political power, include election, recall, creation and referendum.

The ability of the government is also called the ruling power, and the five powers of legislation, administration, justice, examination and supervision are separated, which is a "five-power constitution".

Basic training and conditions for people to exercise political power: preliminary civil rights, that is, procedural rules.

"Balance of power system" between central and local governments and "local autonomy" with counties as units.

In economic thought, he advocated the theory of social mutual assistance. He once said, "The principle of human evolution is different from that of species evolution. Species are based on competition and human beings are based on mutual assistance. " It seems to be influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution and Russian Kropotkin's anarchism.

In the aspect of political modernization, it advocates the syllogism of gradualism: military politics, political training and constitutionalism. During the military and political period, it was mainly to eliminate warlords and bandits and implement military control. During the political training, priority should be given to infrastructure construction and preliminary training of civil rights, and one party should be in power. The conditions for constitutional government are that more than half of the counties and cities in China have the conditions to recall local leaders by election and citizens have the conditions to initiate a referendum. Then, the National Assembly is elected to formulate a constitution, return government to the people, and implement a modern political system of multi-party competition.

Regional cooperation and political structure based on kingcraft: Greater Asianism and industrial plan open to international investment.

Philosophy of life: "Don't be a big official, but do great things."

Philosophy advocates: "It is easy to do what you know".

Sun Yat-sen's Tax Thought

The land equalization system is one of the economic programs put forward by Sun Yat-sen. His specific measures are that after the establishment of the revolutionary regime, landlords are required to report their own land prices, and the state levies a land price tax of 1% from them, "and proposes to purchase when necessary", and all the land value-added parts will be nationalized in the future. He believes that levying land price tax can also reduce the tax burden of the people. "Private people never pay taxes, but they collect rents, making it the richest country on earth" and "forever cutting off the disadvantages of donating money for thousands of years". With the help of the * * * Production Party in China, he had a new understanding of the position of farmers in the democratic revolution, and put forward the slogan "Land to the four tillers" in his later years. Sun Yat-sen advocated controlling private capital by collecting direct taxes, and at the same time vigorously developing national capital and establishing a kind of "national socialism". Levying direct tax is to adopt progressive tax rate, levy more income tax and inheritance tax on capitalists, and change the old tax law that the country's financial resources mainly come from farmers and businessmen. Sun Yat-sen also advocated light taxes to promote commerce and smooth commodity circulation. He hated the disadvantages of lijin tax in the late Qing dynasty, and thought that lijin "collected taxes everywhere, obstructed them step by step, and merchants bound their feet and sold them, so they complained a lot." So if you want to make the department store circulate smoothly, isn't it difficult? "He pointed out that" only a light tax can protect business, and financial resources can be self-sufficient ".

The whole world is a community.

Dr. Sun Yat-sen praised Huo Yuanjia's belief that "to make the country strong, everyone should practice martial arts" and his lofty spirit of making Huojiaquan known to the world. He personally wrote four characters of "Martial Spirit" and presented them to Jason Wu Sports Association.

genealogy

The ancestral home of Sun Yat-sen's family has two versions: Zijin Theory and Dongguan Theory. "Zijin Theory" was put forward by Guangdong scholar Luo Xianglin in the1920s. He believes that Sun Yat-sen's ancestral home is in Zijin County, Dongjiang Valley, Guangdong Province, and Sun Yat-sen is a descendant of She nationality, which is different from Sun Shi in Cuiheng. "Dongguan Theory" was put forward by Cui, a native of Sun Yat-sen. According to this theory, Sun Shi is a Han nationality, and his ancestral home is Shangsha Village, Dongguan City, Dongjiang Valley, Guangdong Province, mainly based on the genealogy of Sun Yat-sen's family. After Luo Xianglin's "Zijin Theory" was put forward, it has been sharply opposed to the "Dongguan Theory", so there was a debate about Sun Yat-sen's ancestral home. The "Dongguan Theory" has always been the mainstream view in society, and now Sun Shi's eldest son, Sun Man, and other relatives and descendants also agree with this view. Although there are two theories: "Zijin Theory" and "Dongguan Theory", it is generally believed that Sun Yat-sen's ancestors moved from Dongjiang Valley in eastern Guangdong to Cuiheng Village in Xiangshan on the west bank of the Pearl River Estuary.

Grandpa (1789 ~ 1850), Grandma Huang (1792 ~ 1869), Dad (1812 ~1889). Year ~ 19 10).

Brother and sister, sister and grandson, sister and grandson, and another brother and sister have all died long ago.

Yu Ji's first wife, Lu Muzhen (1867 ~ 1952), married Sun Yat-sen in 1884 and divorced in19/5. ) Chen Cuifen. His wife Soong Ching Ling (1893 ~ 198 1 year) married Sun Yat-sen (19 15 years).

Children and descendants (189 1 year ~ 1973), eldest daughter Sun Ying, second daughter Sun Wan (also known as Sun Wan). All three were born in Lumuzhen.

evaluate

front

Sun Yat-sen was one of the first revolutionaries who advocated overthrowing the Manchu rule by revolution and establishing the government of the Republic of China. Because Sun Yat-sen received western education in his early years, he has a deep understanding of the western world, is familiar with foreign languages and has a doctorate, and enjoys a reputation at home and abroad. Therefore, it is regarded as a revolutionary leader by most foreigners. At home, most revolutionaries also think that his reputation and ability are enough to become a representative of revolutionary organizations, so Sun Yat-sen was successfully elected as interim president after Wuchang Uprising.

After the death of Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek led the National Revolutionary Army founded by him to carry out the Northern Expedition, thus completing the reunification of China in name. Because the main leaders who participated in the revolution at that time, especially He (Wang Jingwei), were all leaders trained by Sun, the national government at that time should regard Sun as the highest spiritual leader and recommend the Three People's Principles as the highest guidance for governing the country. 1937 after the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Sun became one of the symbols of national centripetal force. The national government and its generals often call for "safeguarding the revolutionary achievements of Premier Sun" to encourage people to build and fight against soldiers. Therefore, in the middle and late period of the Anti-Japanese War, Sun Yat-sen was naturally elected as the founding father of the Republic of China.

For the analysis of Sun Yat-sen's historical contribution, it is mainly believed that Sun Yat-sen was indeed a leader who advocated * * * and revolution in modern times, successfully organized various anti-Qing forces with complex components, and injected modern western political theory and constitutional thought. Although Sun Yat-sen also attached importance to mastering the power of leaders, he was more idealistic and could give up political resources for the needs of system construction. Although Sun Yat-sen advocated overthrowing the autocratic monarchy by force and pacifying the warlord regime by force, his method was mild, the measures of rehabilitation were tolerant, and he did not take the practice of thorough eradication, which was different from that of Chiang Kai-shek or Mao Zedong who emphasized organizational discipline and severely punished opponents.

Sun Yat-sen is also an important stage figure in China's political and economic modernization. Sun Yat-sen comprehensively integrated the important elements of modern western bourgeois democratic thought, including constitutional democracy, people's sovereignty (election, recall, creation, referendum), separation of powers, socialism and so on. In addition, China's traditional institutional institutions-supervision power and review power, which he personally considered necessary, formed the five-power constitutional theory. The popularization of important western ideas in China has the role of a promoter, which has promoted the westernized democrats and * * * producers to explore the future construction of China. Sun Yat-sen, on the other hand, took a compromise position, but it still has its value to adhere to the democratic constitutional system.

negative side

Revolutionary organizations in the late Qing Dynasty were generally just loose organizations. In fact, most revolutionary uprisings were not directly led by Sun Yat-sen, but planned and directed by Huang Xing, and people often put Sun and Huang side by side. As for the revolutionary party, many people agree that Huang is actually leading the revolution. Unfortunately, after the Northern Expedition of the National Government in 1928, Huang's army was gradually excluded from the Kuomintang in China, and Huang's contribution was ignored for a long time. It was not until 1990 that Huang was re-valued by both sides of the Taiwan Strait. During Sun Yat-sen's political career, he turned against his comrades because of his stubbornness. For example, Zhang Taiyan in the League era and Huang Xing of the China Revolutionary Party were once Sun's arms, but later they turned against each other. In addition, Sun's contribution to the revolution may be great, but it may not be far beyond the contribution of other revolutionaries as the official said. However, it is undeniable that Sun Yat-sen is in a leading position in advocating revolutionary ideas and organizing and leading revolutionary groups. The sacrifices and contributions made by Sun Yat-sen to overthrow the imperial system are also recognized by most people.

Some people think that after the founding of the Republic of China, Sun Yat-sen failed to implement the spirit of democracy, freedom and the rule of law many times. For example, he advocated the use of force to split China during the Second Revolution. At that time, there was no evidence that Yuan Shikai instigated the Song case, and he also advocated judicial settlement. However, Sun Wen insisted that Yuan was fierce and that force was necessary. Since then, many civil wars have broken out in the Republic of China. Convene a special congress to protect the legality of laws during the war; Organizing the Revolutionary Party of China to take the form of secret meetings of the Party has distorted and damaged democracy and the rule of law. "Anyone who joined the Party before the Revolutionary Army Uprising was named Shouyi party member; Anyone who joined the party after the revolutionary army uprising and before the establishment of the revolutionary government was called helping party member; Anyone who joins the party after the establishment of the revolutionary government is called ordinary party member. " "On the day of the success of the revolution, Shouyi party member learned that he was a citizen of the founding fathers and had all the priority rights to participate in and discuss state affairs; Help immigrants to party member become active citizens and get the right to vote and stand for election; Ordinary party member Deli is an advanced citizen and enjoys the right to vote. " "Non-party member has no citizenship during the revolutionary period." Such a rule is spread all over party constitution. Later, Sun Yat-sen was dissatisfied with the western powers' failure to support his Guangzhou regime and concentrate power in the Party. Instead, he learned from Lenin and Russia and promoted an alliance with Russia. The organization of the Kuomintang adopted a Lenin-style system, which was criticized by anti-rightist and westernized Democrats outside the party. When Sun Yat-sen died, he had three wills, one of which was a letter to the Soviet Union. After the first congress, the Kuomintang of China even considered the Kuomintang's joining the * * * production international, but it was not approved by Moscow.

Another study believes that Sun Yat-sen's attitude towards Japan is opportunistic. In exchange for Japan's support for the revolution, Sun Yat-sen once advocated ceding Manchuria, the birthplace of Manchu Dynasty, to Japan. This view is in line with the feelings of abandoning Manchuria, Mongolia and Tibet after "expelling Tatars" in mainland 18 province. The flag used by the revolutionary party in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and other places is the eighteen stars and stripes. However, although this idea was quite common in revolutionary organizations around the Revolution of 1911. Sun Yat-sen tried to woo Yuan in Japan. In a private letter to Koike, a Japanese company, he proposed an unfavorable condition comparable to Article 2 1. During Sun Yat-sen's revolution, he was supported by Japanese friends and took refuge in Japan when he was in exile. After the establishment of Heping, he worked hard to promote Sino-Japanese cooperation. He first proposed Great Asianism, which became one of the ideological roots of Japan's Great East Asia War. However, this strategy was not welcomed by Japan's increasingly radical expansionist forces, and Sun Yat-sen turned to Russia.

However, many scholars agree that at that time, China was backward, and there was little negotiating capital to carry out equal and mutually beneficial diplomacy with foreign countries, so many expedient measures were really necessary. In history, for example, Li Hongzhang's secret agreement between China and Russia, Chongqing and Yan 'an's German-Soviet non-aggression silence, Yalta Agreement, Soviet-Japanese neutral friendship treaty, controversial referendum on the independence of outer Mongolia and so on. The concessions made by the National Government to win the support of the United States and the concessions made by the people and the China Government to ensure the support of the Soviet Union are all similar.