Similarities and differences between Japanese Mikado system and China Mikado system

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Japan's Mikado system has a history of more than 2000 years, which has had a great influence in Japan and even the world. Especially 1868, after the Meiji Restoration in Japan, Japanese militarists launched the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the Russo-Japanese War in the name of "loyalty to the monarch" and "jihad", participated in Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China and the First World War, and then created and provoked the "September 18th Incident" and the "July 7th Incident", launching a full-scale war of aggression against China and the Pacific War, which brought profound disasters to the people of China.

After World War II, Japan's Mikado system once faced extinction, but miraculously survived. Although times have changed and their interests are quite different, the Mikado system still has certain influence in Japan and abroad. Emperor Akihito 1989+0 reached the summit in June and received invitations to visit almost all major countries. The Japanese authorities are planning to develop more active royal diplomacy and make use of the east wind of the Japanese royal family to seek the status of a political power more quickly.

Why does the Japanese royal family, as a remnant of feudal society, still seem to have strong vitality in today's era of rapid technological change? Why do so many Japanese believe in the Emperor? Why does the Japanese ruling class still attach great importance to the political use of the Mikado system? Why are there so many mysterious mists on the Japanese emperor?

Let me answer these questions briefly. I hope my answer is beneficial to everyone.

First, the historical evolution of the emperor system

Although the Emperor is the title of Japanese Emperor, the Japanese Emperor did not exist at the beginning of Japan's birth, and its emergence and development experienced a complex historical evolution.

There are many myths and legends about the historical evolution of Japanese Mikado system, and then it went through three stages: ancient, modern and post-war Mikado system.

(A) myths and legends about the emperor system

All kinds of legends about the Mikado system are reflected in the earliest historical documents, ancient records and Japanese annals in Japan. The History of Japan is the earliest existing history book in Japan. It was written by Prince Scheeren and Taian Lv Wan. Chinese version, 30 volumes. Written in 720 AD, it describes the myths, legends and historical events during the reign of the Japanese emperor (about 690-697).

1, Japan is the myth of the kingdom.

At the beginning of "Ancient Story", it is clear that "heaven and earth began to split". It is said that in Gaoyuan, where the universe was chaotic and the heaven and earth began to open, three gods first appeared: the Lord God in the Heavenly Palace, the Lord of the center of the universe, represented the foundation of the universe; The god of high fertility is the god of fertility, representing the reproductive power of the universe. These two gods are instruments of yin and yang, and the god who gave birth to the nest is the only god, an invisible god.

Later, the legendary creator appeared, that is, Yi Yinaqi and Yi Yinamei's brothers and sisters, and then these two creators gave birth to the Japanese archipelago. The myth and legend that God created the Japanese archipelago does have the naive side of Japanese mythology. However, the Japanese rulers made great efforts afterwards to publicize that since Japan was the ancestor of the Emperor, it should be ruled by the descendants of the Emperor from generation to generation, and publicized for a long time that Japan was the kingdom of God, and even intensified it in an attempt to be superior to foreign countries, dominate the world, invade other countries, and go astray.

2. The Emperor is a myth of gods and gods.

These two creationists are "born on the earth, and they will be reincarnated as gods". Among them, the most famous ones are The Gods, The Life of Harle and The Life of Sudoku. The god of heaven rules the kingdom of heaven, while Harle rules the ocean, while Er Shen is the god of the sun and the moon, and Su Su is the god of storms and rules the world (the world), which is a hero in humanistic mythology.

Among the three gods, Zhao Tianshen is the beautiful goddess of the sun and the supreme commander. She ruled the kingdom of heaven, brought light to the world, managed Gao Tianyuan with excellent skills, and let the beautiful and rich Gao Tianyuan develop production, increase population and have plenty of food and clothing.

The Yamato nation is a nation chosen by God. They are all descendants of the gods, and the emperor is a descendant of the god who created Japan's territory. He should be the modern god who rules Japan and the center of everything in the country, and his rights are endowed by God, thus faxing out the theory of "divine right of monarchy".

3. Myth about Three Artifacts

Eight-foot gouyu, magic mirror and grass-shaved sword have become the three treasures advertised by emperors in past dynasties.

(B) the historical evolution of the emperor system

The emperor was originally one of the Huang San in China myths and legends. In the third century, Emperor Rende was renamed Wang, and Japan began to officially use the title of Emperor. In 607 AD, Emperor Tuigu sent his sister Xiao Ye as an envoy to China. The credentials submitted to the Sui Dynasty in China were originally called "Emperor Xi of East Bai Jing", which was the first time in Japanese history that the title of Emperor was officially used.

The period from 593 to 1 192 was the period of the establishment and development of the Mikado system in ancient Japan.

In 645 AD, the reformists headed by their eldest brother, Prince Zhong, staged a coup, made great innovations after seizing power, and established a centralized system centered on the emperor, marking the establishment of the imperial system in ancient Japan.

In 668 AD, Emperor Tianzhi ascended the throne, moved his capital to Linjiang, and issued the Linjiang Order. Later, Emperor Wudi ascended the throne, moved the capital to the Bird Palace, and promulgated a decree on the Bird Palace, and formulated eight surnames, thus making the era of Tianzhi and Tianwu Dynasties more stable, further establishing the autocratic authority of the emperor and stabilizing the ancient imperial power system.

In 707 AD, Yuan Ming Di ascended the throne, moved the capital to Pingchengjing, and issued the Dabao Order and Imperial edict. Japan entered the Nara era, and the ancient Mikado system entered its heyday.

1 192 years later, the ancient emperor system gradually declined, and the state power gradually fell into the hands of the shogun. In the era of Kamakura shogunate and Muromachi shogunate, dual politics appeared in Japan, and the emperor's political, economic and military status was weakening day by day, but he was still the supreme ruler of Japan in form, and the national decrees were finally implemented by the emperor's decrees. But in the Edo shogunate era, all rights belonged to the Tokugawa shogunate, and General Tokugawa became the supreme ruler of Japan. The emperor can only decide the year number according to the previous regulations. The monarchy with the shogunate as the core is implemented, and the shogunate rules the world with the help of the emperor.

1868 65438+1October 3, the curtain-falling faction staged a coup, announced the imperial edict, and restored all the powers of the emperor. Later released: moved the capital to Tokyo, established an imperial system centered on the emperor, and began the period of modern emperor system.

With the rapid development of Japanese capitalism, it gradually embarked on the path of militarism, and the Japanese Mikado system became a fascist militaristic Mikado system, which successively launched a series of wars of aggression until it finally surrendered unconditionally. After World War II, the autocratic Mikado system was changed into a symbolic Mikado system. The Constitution of Japan: a constitutional legal system that stipulated the implementation of a parliamentary monarchy.

Second, royal politics.

Japanese royal politics has a distinctive Japanese color, and its appearance is shrouded in a mysterious coat. The political power of the royal family has experienced ups and downs, and its role in Japanese political life has changed greatly.

In Japanese history, the Mikado system can be divided into ancient Mikado system, modern Mikado system and symbolic Mikado system according to time and political system, that is, the Mikado system in slave society and feudal society, the bourgeois Mikado system and the postwar Mikado system. In each period, the political system and the emperor's power were very different.

(A) the ancient emperor system

The Mikado system in ancient Japan included two periods: slave society and feudal society, from the implementation of Mikado system in 593 to the Meiji Restoration in 1868, *** 1200. Because the Japanese slave society had a short time, it entered the modern emperor system, that is, the Japanese feudal autocratic emperor system. This period began with Dahua Innovation and ended with Meiji Restoration. Among them, the emperor's autocratic time was only more than 200 years, and he was ruled by nobles and shogunate generals for a long time, and the emperor was in a subordinate position.

Dahua innovation is a symbol of Japan's transition from slave society to feudal society. Dahua is the title of Emperor Kotoku. This innovation took place in 645 AD, announcing that "there are no two days in the sky and no two masters in the earth", which made the emperor above the law and became the supreme ruler of Japan. According to the principle of official system reform of "changing old posts, setting up new officials, grading by posts and classifying posts by posts", they have successively formulated "Dabao Law" and "Pension Law", and established a brand-new royal bureaucratic system including job title system. In this way, the emperor became a feudal monarch based on laws and regulations.

(2) Modern constitutional monarchy and emperor system.

The modern emperor system developed from 1868 Meiji Restoration to 1945 Japan's surrender, and developed into a constitutional monarchy and an autocratic emperor system in nearly 80 years.

After the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the Russo-Japanese War, Japan became the main political issue of fierce imperialism, and the United States rejected Japan's imperial power system out of the need to implement the Far East policy and the Cold War strategy. However, due to the international demand for the trial of Emperor Hirohito and the abolition of Japanese royal public opinion, according to the Japanese Constitution implemented in 1947, the autocratic emperor system of modern constitutional monarchy was changed into a symbolic emperor system, and the emperor became a symbol of the integration of Japan and Japanese nationals.

Third, the royal economy.

Abundant royal property is the economic basis to ensure the royal family has supreme authority and great rights, the material basis for the survival of the imperial power system, and the magic weapon for the emperor to intervene and influence the political situation. Understanding and studying Japanese royal property can deepen our understanding of the royal family and Japanese political and military system.

The economic history of Japanese royal family has a history of 1388 from AD 604, when Shoto Kutaishi, the regent of the ancient emperor, promulgated Article 17 of the ancient constitution to 1992.

The economic history of Japanese Imperial History 1386 can be roughly divided into four periods: the period of ancient monarchy and the period of Meiji, Taisho, Showa and Heisei of modern monarchy.

1, the royal economy during the ancient emperor system (604- 1868)

In 604 AD, Shoto Kutaishi promulgated Article 17 of the ancient constitution, declaring that "the country has no two monarchs, the people have no two masters, and the monarch is the first master", initially establishing the ancient emperor system, stipulating that the emperor can enjoy everything. In 645 AD, the reformists headed by their eldest brother, Prince Zhong, staged a coup and carried out "great innovation" to complete the ancient emperors. Their "Innovation Letters" declared: "The emperor is the monarch between heaven and earth, ruling all the people." It is stipulated that the emperor is the master of all land and slaves in Japan, the land in Japan is the common land of the emperor, and all the people are the subjects of the emperor.

2. The imperial economy in Meiji period (1868— 19 12).

Meiji period was the founding period of the royal economy, especially after Meiji 1920s (1888), the royal property expanded rapidly, which laid a solid foundation for the royal property.

The royal property in Meiji period has the following sources:

Merge state (official) property

Plunder war reparations from China.

Transfer a lot of land and forests.

3. The Royal Economy in Taisho Period (1912-1926)

The Taisho period was a period when the royal property was constantly expanding. Royal property ended the situation that the source of consumption completely depended on the state treasury, and began the stage that part of consumption depended on forestry management and securities income. The main ways to expand the royal property at this stage are:

Further adjust the royal land

Vigorously manage forestry

Floatation

4. The Royal Economy in the Early Showa Period (1926— 1945)

Early Showa refers to Emperor Hirohito's registration and unconditional surrender to Japan. During this period, Japan experienced economic crisis continuously, and finally launched the war of aggression against China and the Pacific War, until it finally failed completely.

During this period, the war of aggression greatly increased the Japanese royal family's property accumulation and recurrent expenditure, and the royal family's fixed assets income also increased.

"Rationalization" of Royal Management

Earn war money and expand the income of the royal forest

The large acceptance of securities is the reason for the increase in income.

5. Royal economy in the late Showa period (1945— 199 1 year).

The late Showa period is the new royal period after World War II, and it is the period when the old royal property disintegrated and enjoyed new preferential treatment.

Fourth, the Royal Army.

The Japanese imperial army is a unique military system in the world, and the relationship between the emperor and the military leaders is extremely complicated.

Yamato, a slave country formed in the middle of the third century A.D., the supreme leader of the army was the emperor's cronies, Daban and Wubu, who enjoyed hereditary rights and thus became a powerful family.

After the Dahua reform in 645 AD, the emperor was called "God of Yu Ming" and "Modern Shen Man", and he came to earth as a mortal with extremely high authority. As a repressive machine of the centralized feudal country with the emperor as the center, the Ministry of War was established under the official of Zheng Tai directly under the emperor.

Starting from the Kamakura shogunate, military leaders claimed to be foreign generals, established a military regime "shogunate", monopolized state power, and drove the emperor away. In order to maintain feudal rule, a hierarchical samurai system was established, making Japan a feudal samurai country with the emperor as the head of state.

1868 During the Meiji Restoration, the military system of feudal society was reformed, and the hereditary wealth privilege of samurai was abolished. 3 10000 warriors obtained different amounts of monetary bonds according to their grades, which led to the collapse of the samurai hierarchy. At the same time, the "conscription order" was promulgated to establish the emperor's army, the "imperial army."

In order to get rid of the economic crisis and political crisis of 1929- 1933, the fascist forces in the military department, with the support of Emperor Hirohito, seized the power of the cabinet and brazenly embarked on the road of launching a large-scale war of aggression. Before 193 1, they launched the "September 18th Incident" and invaded the three northeastern provinces of China. Then in 1937, the "July 7th Incident" was launched, which set off a full-scale war of aggression against China. Then 194 1 launched the Pacific War, which eventually led to 1945' s unconditional surrender.

After the United States occupied Japan in the name of the allied forces, according to the Potsdam Proclamation and the new postwar constitution, all 7.2 million imperial troops were dissolved. However, after the United States launched the war of aggression against Korea in June 1950, Japan was first asked to set up a police reserve of 75,000 people, and on this basis, it developed into an army with 244,000 people and modern advanced equipment.1963617.

Unlike before the war, the emperor lost his position as the supreme commander of the Japanese army and only existed as a "symbol of Japan." The supreme commander of the army is the Prime Minister of the Cabinet.