The position of actresses in the Yuan Dynasty in the public mind: entertainment and sexual substitutes

? The position of actresses in the Yuan Dynasty in the public mind: entertainment and sexual substitutes

First, female singers are a way of entertainment for the public.

The public is the most loyal supporter of the actors. According to "Brothel Collection", when was the Yuan Dynasty? There are so-called Goulan people inside the capital and outside the counties. They are excellent and talented. Does the audience pay for it? . So this is because the actor's performance undoubtedly brought them advanced sensory enjoyment and great entertainment and relaxation. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Hu Youti realized that the biggest function of the performance of Yuan Zaju was to adjust the public's psychology and make them relax and vent. Xuan? With what? A tour guide? ：

Of all things, mourning is more valuable than others, but Mochow suffers from others. The cock crows prosperously and sleeps at night. At noon, they were disturbed. I'm tired to the bone and I'm worried. Outside my mouth, I look up at things and look down on animals. Good or bad luck hangs on the township party, and the tax loss should be served by the government. Ten rooms and nine rooms are insufficient, eyebrows are tired and depressed; Seven emotions arise, and those who are surly when they are not in the festival are often nine times out of ten. I have to settle down on my pillow for a while, but I'm afraid of my dream and I'm not at ease. Wake up day and night in daily life, my heart is like a bone, and I often have no peace. Therefore, there is no disease and * * *, and it is not half a hundred. When you are in Sri Lanka and there is no dust net, you will worry about the world. You will be bustling, you will be happy and you will be comfortable. If you stay away from it, it will be difficult for you to be a man! The saint was so happy to announce his depression that the musicians were lovely. ①

He was the first to realize the psychological compensation of drama to the audience. Times are hard, people are not easy to survive, and there is a huge gap between life desire and reality. Opera is undoubtedly a good mental regulator. So what? Are musicians also cute? . So? Cute? what's up Actor? Are they mainly female singers? The answer is yes. Hu Youti's Preface to the Yellow Poetry puts forward the famous? Nine sisters said? ：

First, the body is plump and beautiful; Second, elegant manners, no dusty state; Third, be smart and understand the situation of things; Fourth, the language is distinguished, and the text is true and clear; Fifth, the sound is clear and round, such as beads; Sixth, attach importance to it and make people aware of it;

There is no doubt that the characteristics emphasized are mainly aimed at female singers rather than male singers. Furthermore, from the literary point of view, actresses have an overwhelming advantage in the whole stage of the Yuan Dynasty. So it can bring it to the public? Are you interested in declaring yourself depressed? Mostly actresses.

Second, female singers are sex substitutes for the public.

Most of the actresses in Yuan Zaju also engage in prostitution, which is undoubtedly possible to satisfy the audience. Both the nobility and the public can seek satisfaction from the performance circle of zaju, but there are great differences: the nobility has high social status, great power and strong economic strength, and it is easy to occupy the actress's body and meet their own needs in reality. But as political and moral symbols, they must be restrained. Since * * * desires can be solved in practice, there is naturally no need to publicize and release them in their critical concepts; Even if you let it go, you will have scruples. The masses, on the other hand, have a low social status and no power and economic strength, so they lack the ability and opportunity to occupy the actress's body, which is difficult to be satisfied in reality? Psychosexuality? ; Moreover, they are in a bad situation and don't have much concern. The lack of education also makes them ignore the existence of discretion. Therefore, their pursuit of actresses will be released in performance and criticism, and it is extremely natural and fearless.

Therefore, among the performances of Yuan Zaju, female actresses are the most popular. Xia Tingzhi's Collection of Brothels says:? I'm confused? Qu Yu, it's almost a hundred years. There are hundreds of millions of geisha in the world, and actresses occupy an overwhelming and absolute dominant position on the stage of Yuan Zaju. Even male characters are mostly dressed by women, and the most serious performance is mud-throwing, drama-directing and aloof. Such as Liu Yuanting's new [double tone? Sailing at night] Sanqu "Singing prostitutes in brothels" says: When the new dream brothel plays the piano, it is the bosom friend who loves the bosom friend. Jin Xiang Han, Palo Tou powder. I have suffered some loneliness in the distance, and my eyebrows are even worse. ? Pretend to be lonely? The singer is a female singer. How versatile are the female artists in Brothel Collection? All in Danmo? , and workers catch up with the first drama, the greenwood drama, and at the end of the day, they will be the lead singers to play muddy colors. Women also occasionally play funny roles. For example, in the picture of eye drops, the seller of eye drops is regarded as a sub-net, that is, a woman disguised as a man. There are also examples in later literature, and the zaju "Returning Prostitutes" is 20% off. Tie Danyun: Auntie, don't abandon me. I am the first pair of clean colors in Xuanping Lane. My spur was stronger than others, so I married Tsui Hark and went to Jiangxi. I didn't fall behind. ? Therefore, Hu Weiwei, a poet in the Yuan Dynasty, praised Song Jia, the heroine of the zaju, in his preface to Song Jia. Taking the actions of a woman and 10 thousand people at the same time can be particularly pleasing to the eye and relax the mind, which is different from the ancient female songs. ? Is this mainly to satisfy the public audience? Psychosexuality? Psychological needs. Is the Washe Goulan in the city dominated by men, and the aesthetic psychology is dominated by men? Psychosexuality? Psychology. "Bi Zhi" in Song Dynasty contains such a material to illustrate this problem:

The ancients were named after good songs, regardless of gender. ? Now there are only women's voices, so I don't ask if I can. Between politics and politics, Li is in Yangzhai, and there is evidence that the old people live a good life. Uncle Fang plays like a cloud. You have to be a jade person to sing, with white teeth and ice skin. Although the old man is a singer, he is helpless. Everyone said: Like Iraq, how can it be like a slave? ?

Since you're on the show? Psychosexuality? Living in an important position of public psychology, the appearance of a female singer is extremely important. On the other hand, once the public is greatly satisfied? Psychosexuality? The performance of female singers is bound to be hot. The need for mutual benefit and complementarity has promoted female singers? Sex substitute? Function display: In the West Chamber, Hosta, Dream of Red Mansions and other dramas, every neighbor thinks that the love affair of talented people and beautiful women is different from erotic dramas, and they don't know what flirting is and what fun is. (female diva) flirting is enough to make young people lose their souls and secretly move, which is the most obscene. ? Those who know a little about self-love will get up and don't want to watch it, that is, those who know it will harm customs and dare not order it. Their love affair hurts the bones? ①

Although it is not without extremes, it is by no means groundless. So you're against the actress? Sex substitute? The sound of the performance is getting louder and louder, which is more common in the related prohibition and destruction. 1836 "Rongshan Jiaozhi" cloud:

Besides, acting is fun for God, who is smart and upright. Those who look at evil colors and listen to obscene voices are either straight or not. This will incur the wrath of God. ? But to "climb over the wall", "temple fair" and "sell rouge", make all kinds of dirty preparations. ? Anyone who is a little slutty and steals various dramas should be replaced immediately. The people should choose carefully to help our school correct people's minds and eliminate chaos. ②

?

Contemporary people are critical of the ancient practice of prohibiting and controlling actresses' performances, which is thought to be caused by feudal thoughts. I think this view is obviously only half right, and it is based on the judgment of that era made by contemporary reality. Because: first, the attitude of prohibition or control has a realistic basis. It is impossible for ancient people to have a relatively sound sexual culture and a sound sexual psychological education. Then the performance of the actresses in The West Chamber may have a greater psychological impact on them, and the negative social impact is not as simple and weak as we thought. As quoted above, in the folk adaptation of The West Chamber, the actress has begun to exaggerate and enrich her neutral performance to attract the audience. A strong feeling is like drinking alcohol mash, which makes you feel drunk, insane, born mechanically, used to nature and helpless. Alcoholics mourn secretly, while dissolutes find another bad luck. The sweeter the taste, the more poisonous it is? (3) obviously abnormal sexual psychology leads to abnormal views and performances, which really had a great influence on the moral norms at that time. We can't consider the problem out of the background of the times. Secondly, the performance on the stage can't be equated with the Yuan Zaju works we are seeing now, and it won't be as simple as the script in the book. Don't forget the reality that most female singers in the Yuan Dynasty were prostitutes. It is inevitable that the stage of Yuan Zaju will be colorful and distant. Flirting for fun? Attitude, flirting? Appearing in the theater is not all slander and exaggeration. This kind of atmosphere is bound to cultivate the psychology of pursuing actresses with the public, which in turn will lead to actresses? Sex substitute? The development of action. Third, the people's attitude of prohibiting destruction is different from that of nobles. The aristocratic prohibition of alcohol is almost a symbolic demonstration, which is mainly aimed at the people rather than themselves, that is, the political and moral prohibition of alcohol does not affect their personal real love and appreciation of Yuan Zaju, so its prohibition of alcohol is hypocritical. Folk appeals for prohibition and control are aimed at the moral level, aiming at controlling the misleading and negative influence of performances on people's morality, which has its realistic basis, namely? Help students study and correct people's minds? 、? A vulgar and upright person? And prevent it? The man who seduced Cong Jun? . This prohibition and control is obviously more credible, and it also reflects the psychological level of the actress becoming a mass audience? Sex substitute? An indisputable fact. We can sigh in front of this fact, but we can't simply say it? Feudal scum? And then what? Humble? Deny it and have no right to ignore it. This kind of actress's alternative role not only filled the Yuan Dynasty, but also ran through the whole history of China opera, even today.