Historical changes and cultural characteristics of ancient Huang State

? Historical changes and cultural characteristics of ancient Huang State

Huang's ancestor was a Huang Yi of Dongyi in Xia and Shang Dynasties. Because of its special geographical position, it is reasonable for Huang Guo to be killed by Chu. On the basis of retaining the local cultural factors of Dongyi, Guo Huang culture was deeply influenced by the culture of the Central Plains, and reached a fairly high level in terms of utensils manufacturing technology, textile technology, sculpture and painting technology, and some even exceeded the cultural level of the Central Plains at that time. Its tomb system, living customs and other aspects are unique, and have a great impact on the surrounding areas. It is not only the spreading area of culture, but also the intersection and integration area of East and West, North and South cultures.

The ancient kingdom of Huang is located between the Yangtze River and Huaihe River, guarding the gateway of eastern countries to the upper reaches of Huaihe River in the west, which is the key point for southern Chu to enter the Central Plains in the north. Geographical location is very important. In the 12th year of Lu Xigong (648 BC), the State of Huang was destroyed by the Chu people. Guo Huang belongs to the country of Dongyi, which lies between Chu and the Central Plains. Guo Huang has organically integrated Central Plains culture, Dongyi culture and Chu culture in its development. The study of Huang Guo is helpful for us to further understand the changes of political structure in the Jianghuai area during the Spring and Autumn Period, understand the diversity of Chinese culture, and explore the ways and processes of national cultural integration.

First, the origin of the Huang clan.

As for the national origin of Huang Guo, according to Sima Qian's historical records, Huang Guo was founded after Boming? Before the Qin Dynasty, the Miao grandson of Emperor Zhuan Xu was educated by a woman. Women weave, birds lay eggs, and women swallow eggs to have children. The great cause takes the son of Shaodian, and the Japanese woman is from China. Female Watson spends a lot of money, which is out of reach with Yuping. You're done, Dixie Xuangui. Yu Shouri:? If you don't give it, you can supplement it with big expenses. ? Emperor Shun Day:? Consultation fee, praise Yu Gong, and give you a soap trip. Then the heir will come out. ? It's his wife's daughter Yao. Thanks a lot. Zuo Shun tamed the birds and beasts. Many birds and beasts were tamed for the sake of white clouds. Shun Ci's surname was Won, and later Guo was enfeoffed, including Xu, Tan, Ju, Yun Yan, Tu Qiu, Huang, Jiang, Xiu Yu, Fei Lian and Qin. However, the Qin Dynasty named Zhao Cheng after his first Zhao Fu. ? Sima Qian mentioned that Guo Xu in Jiangsu, Tan Guo and Ju Guo in Shandong, Li Guo in Anhui, Huang Guo and Jiang Guo in Henan and Guo Qin in Shaanxi were all vassals from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period. For the ancestors who won the surname, they came from ancient eastern tribes in history and were descendants of Shao Wu. This is a tribe that worships birds as totems. Zuozhuan? In seventeen years, Confucius told the story of his ancestors to the people of Lu. Confucius admired him very much and learned from him humbly. Tan Guo and Huang Guoyuan are of the same clan, and they are not always victorious. It can be seen that the identification of winning surname in history books is reliable.

There is also a view that Huang Guo, who won the surname, was the first place after Lu relayed Zhu Rong, and the Huang people were also behind Lu Zhong. Joe's Tongzhi? Team profile:? Won the surname Huang, and was named Huang after Lv Zhong. Today, there is an ancient city of Huang in Gwangju, 0/2 miles west of/kloc. Chu and the country also. In 12 years, it was destroyed by Chu, and the descendants took the country as their surname. It is also one of the 14 winners. Chu Youchun, Shen Jun and Huang Xie also. ? On this basis, many genealogies of the Huang family also use this theory to trace the origin of their surnames. Huang's Genealogy in Puyang, Fujian, Huang's Genealogy in Jiangxia, Taiwan Province and Huang's Genealogy in Xinghua Military City, Jiangxia, Taiwan Province also recorded that the name of Boyi's second son Lu Zhong was Ng Wui, his brother Taikang lost his country, and his brother Yan Fu was sealed in Huangzhou, 20 miles west of Dingchuan, Henan. In fact, there is no record about Lv Hou who was sealed by Huang in the ancient books of the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties. The credibility of this statement remains to be verified.

The original activity scope of the Won surname family was in today's Shandong area. During the Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties, there were large-scale military operations to attack Dongyi and Huaiyi tribes. Under the military attack in Xia and Shang Dynasties, Dongyi tribe moved south to Huaihe River basin, and then moved west to Jiangsu, Anhui and even western Henan. Among them, the westernmost are Huang Guo and Jiang Guo. Huang Guo's predecessor should be one of the Jiuyi mentioned in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, right? Huang Yi? .

To sum up, the distant ancestor of Changsheng's surname should be a descendant of Xiao Wu from the Oriental tribe. By the time of Shun and Yu, his distant ancestors Boming and Hao Tao were sealed in Shandong and the middle and lower reaches of Huaihe River at the same time, and Qin, Xu, Tan, Ju, Huang, Jiang and other countries belonged to the same clan. The tribes with ever-victorious surnames and other tribes in the East were regarded as barbarians in the East by Xia people, businessmen and Zhou people. Huang Guoyuan was originally a yellow-clothed man who lived in the Huaihe River valley during the Xia and Shang Dynasties, and moved westward to the junction of Anhui and Henan under the military pressure of the Xia and Shang Dynasties. This is the predecessor of the State of Huang in the Zhou Dynasty.

Second, the rise and fall of Huang Guo

In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Cai Shu cooperated with Yin adherents to rebel, and the Dongyi tribe was also moved by the news. Duke Zhou was ordered to crusade eastward. After the rebellion between Guan and Cai was put down, they marched eastward. Those Dongyi or Huaiyi tribes regarded by the Zhou Dynasty as the most dangerous and stubborn were finally completely eliminated, while those who submitted to the Zhou Dynasty and those who were not involved in the war were rewarded. At that time, Huang Guo, who had entered the upper reaches of Huaihe River, was in a sober wait-and-see state in this war, so it was preserved and named the southern barrier of the country named Ji in Zhou Dynasty.

Huang Shi is mentioned in Chunqiu and Zuozhuan. What are their names? Yellow? Or? Yellow race? I don't read his book title, Huangchuan County Records says: After pacifying Dongyi, he became a vassal, and Huang was one of the vassal states at that time, and he was made a viscount. ? 1983, the tomb of Huang Mengjun and his wife was excavated in Baoxiang Temple, Guangshan County, about 20 kilometers southwest of the old city of Huang, and the title of Huang Guojun was confirmed. Mrs. Huang? , its date:? Huang Zi is a yellow father (husband) walker? . Mrs Huang was Huang Guojun's first wife. This jar was made by Huang Guojun for his wife. What is the date? Huang Zi? , you can confirm its title. There is no specific time about the demise of Huang Guo in historical materials. Judging from the current situation in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, the time for the Huang State to accept the demise of the Zhou Dynasty should be after it became king and the Duke of Zhou's eastward expedition ended. The purpose of the Zhou Dynasty's enfeoffment of these countries with different surnames was to divide Dongyi and Huaiyi, so as to gather and appease the people and stabilize the situation in the Huaihe River basin. Of course, politicians in the Western Zhou Dynasty were uneasy about these countries with different surnames, so they set up countries such as Jiang and Shen nearby to monitor and contain these countries. Guo Huang takes today's Huangchuan County as the center, and its area includes all of today's Huangchuan County, most of Guangshan County, luoshan county, Xinyang County, Shangcheng County and the northeast edge of Hubei. In addition to the tombs of Huang and his wife excavated in 1983, Huang Ji's father's tomb was also excavated in Swan Pier, which was excavated in 1988, at a distance of 0/65 meters northwest of/kloc-0, about 670 BC. This proves that this is the royal cemetery of Huang in the early Spring and Autumn Period. Two batches of bronzes from the Spring and Autumn Period were also discovered in Gaodian Township, Luoshan. The first bronzes had inscriptions on their plates and chests? Hou shanjun? , belongs to the kingdom of the dead aristocrat, Hou Jun is its country name. There are five bronzes in the second batch? Hou Ji stayed in the car? The inscription also belongs to the Huang family. Also unearthed in Xinyang Yanghe? Hou Zhongzi? Copper cutting. It shows that the fief of Huanghouguo is between Luoshan and Xinyang, while Shenguo is connected with the west. From this point of view, Huang Guo really belonged to one of the larger countries between Jianghuai at that time. Its old capital is near Huangchuan County today. Archaeologists discovered the ancient city of Huangchuan in a township about 6 kilometers west of Huangchuan County, Henan Province. It is one of the well-preserved capitals of vassal states in China at present.

The record of the state of Huang first appeared in Zuo Zhuan, which began in the eighth year of Huan Gong. Zi Chu joined the princes in Lu Shen. Yellow, no, make the seal yellow. ? Pet-name ruby This is the first time that Chu joined the northern governors as a master and conquered the northern vassal states for the first time. Zi Chu chose to date the vassal of Lu Shen (now Zhongxiangdong, Hubei Province), but Huang Guo and Suiguo did not attend the meeting. The Chu army went north along the Hanshui River basin, ready to retaliate against Huang Guo and Sui Guo. During this Northern Expedition, Chu wanted to test the strength of the vassal states in the Huaihe River basin as well as its own combat effectiveness, so it didn't take the opportunity to attack Huang Guo eastward. After the defeat of Chu and Sui, the two countries formed an alliance, which saved Huang Guo.

King Wen of Chu and his rule accelerated the pace of the Northern Expedition, and began to conquer and devour the vassal States between the Jiang, Han and Huaihe River basins, and successively sought to follow, announce, expropriate Cai, die and destroy Deng. In the 19th year of Duke Zhuang of Lu (675 BC), after conquering the small country between Jiang Han, the Chu people greatly expanded their strength to the north, and marched eastward along the Huaihe River with Jiang Han as the main front? Cutting Huang, Beiling defeated Huang? . This time, the Yellow River was cut down to repay the anger of Huang Guo who refused to listen to the call of Chu people 30 years ago. In fact, the main reason is that the Chu people intend to open a channel from the Huang Kingdom to the middle reaches of the Huaihe River, so that they can smoothly enter the small country in the middle reaches of the Huaihe River to the east, or they can enter the Central Plains to directly confront the big countries in the Central Plains. May be met with strong resistance from the yellow race, although defeated by the yellow race, but also had to retreat. After this attack, the Huang people had to seek protection from the northern powers to protect themselves. In the second year, the great powers of the Central Plains, such as Qi and Song, joined forces in Guan (now the south of Shandong Province) and mainly discussed how to deal with Chu, which was advancing northward. When Huang heard about it, he also joined the alliance. ? Through the alliance, it turned out that all the people came from Jiang and Huang. ? (4) Jiangren and Ren Huang had little contact with the Central Plains, but at this time, Qi Huangong, the northern feudal overlord, intended to bring the small country between the Central Plains and Chu into his own protection in order to isolate Chu. The two sides hit it off and Ren Huang naturally joined the Northern Group. In 656, Qi, Lu, Song, Chen, Wei, Zheng, Xu and Cao joined forces to attack Chu and its ally Cai Guo. Under the pressure of central plains governors, Chu people and central plains governors formed an alliance in Zhaoling, which is a famous alliance in history. After the armistice of the former governors, King Chu Cheng appointed Wen Zi as the general in the second year and led his army to destroy the strings. Black boy rushed to the Yellow River. So Jiang, Huang, Dao and Bai Fang are all married. Black boy relied on it, but he didn't care about Chu and didn't equip it, so he died? After the death of ⑧?, the land was owned by Chu people, so at this time, the territory of Chu has been bordered by Huang. Five years later, what did the Chu people take? Yellow people don't belong to Gong Chu? Cut it. In the second year, the Chu people finally destroyed the state of Huang. The state of Huang was founded in the early Zhou Dynasty and existed for more than 400 years.

Explore the reasons for the demise of Huang Guo, Zuo Zhuan? Twelve years of Gong said:? Yellow people rely on the relationship between princes and princes and do not share Chu posts. Japan:? If you are 900 miles away from me, how can you hurt me? So it was destroyed by the state of Chu. Between the lines of Zuo Zhuan, it is revealed that Huang's death was due to the fact that Huang people relied on the alliance with Qi instead of paying tribute to Chu people. Gu Liang Zhuan believes that Qi State pulled Huang into the customs, which led to his early death. So the legend of Gu Liang says:? Guan, Guanzhong Day:? Jiang and Huang are both close ministers of Chu, and Chu is a country where fishermen benefit. If it is cut and cannot be saved, there will be no prince. ? Qi Huangong wouldn't listen, so he made an alliance with him. Guan Zhong died, and Chu cut the river to destroy the Yellow River. Huan Gong couldn't save it, and the gentleman was innocent. ? Gu's death, of course, is related to the fact that the Huang people relied on the alliance of Qi State instead of getting close to Chu people and neglected to guard against Chu, but the more direct reason comes from Chu's ambition to dominate Jianghuai and the Central Plains. When the Chu people broke through Jianghan area and occupied southwest Henan, the small country here was unable to confront the powerful Chu people, and the governors of the Central Plains could not rescue them in time. It is reasonable for these countries to be eaten by Chu one by one. No matter whether the Yellow Kingdom allied with the Central Plains, whether the Yellow People paid tribute to Chu and whether the Yellow People stepped up their guard, they were doomed to be destroyed. Judging from the situation at that time, even the northern powerful countries such as Chen Guo, Cai Guo and Guo Xu were destroyed many times, and the situation at that time was as small as that of Huang Guo. We say that it is imperative for the kingdom of Huang to be destroyed by Chu, mainly because of its important geographical position. If occupied, the Chu people will open the doors of countries in the middle reaches of the Huaihe River and clear the biggest obstacle south of the Huaihe River, thus providing great convenience for entering the Central Plains in the future.

After the demise of the Yellow Kingdom, the State of Chu did not exterminate the yellow race, but left its people on the yellow land. According to the existing "Shu Ming" cloud: But is grandson Huang your uncle's homemade tripod? Mr. yang bojun textual research said: after the cover was destroyed, the descendants continued to seal it, so it was called? Huang Sunzi? Department also, following also, continue also. Uncle Dan is the king who began to renew the seal, so when is it? Jun? . ? After Chu, the descendant of @ Ren Huang, some of them became officials in Chu, the most famous of which was Huang Xie, one of the four eldest sons of the Warring States.

Third, the cultural characteristics of Huang Guo

Due to the special geographical position of the Huang State, its culture has both the cultural factors of the East and the Central Plains, and is influenced by Chu culture to some extent. Through the integration of various cultural factors, Huang culture has formed its own unique cultural tradition and demonstrated extraordinary cultural achievements.

With the continuous discovery of archaeological relics, there are a large number of bronzes handed down from generation to generation in Huang State, with high technical content. Compared with other small and medium-sized countries in the same period, Huang's bronze casting technology is much more advanced and its economy is quite developed. The bronzes handed down from ancient times include Huang, Huang Ding, Huang Hu, Huang Dou, Mrs. Huang Yi, Mrs. Huang Meng Jiwei, Huang Taizi Bai, single plate, single turn, post-speed car Hu and so on. From the archaeological point of view, at present, the two tombs with the greatest influence and the most unearthed cultural relics can best reflect the cultural characteristics and status of Huang Guo, namely, the burial tomb of Huang Jun's daughter in Baoxiang Temple in Guangshan County and the adjacent burial tomb of Huang Ji's father. Judging from the tomb system and unearthed cultural relics, Huang Wenhua has the following characteristics:

1. Compared with other contemporary cultures, Huang Wenhua is unique.

A total of 85 pieces of jade/kloc-0 were unearthed from the tombs of Mr. and Mrs. Huang, with excellent texture, good transparency and small shape. Because of the structure of materials, their shapes are beautiful. Individual three-dimensional round carvings such as jade carving heads, jade carving animal heads and jade mandarin ducks are rare jade carving crafts. There are more than 100 pieces of metal springs in Huang Ji's father's tomb, which is the earliest specimen of metal springs in the world. ? Many bronzes unearthed from Mr. and Mrs. Huang's tomb are purple, which is completely different from other turquoise bronzes in the early Spring and Autumn Period. And exquisite production, thin wall, creating a practical style of bronze casting after the mid-Spring and Autumn Period. Especially, the bronze seal box in Mrs. Ji's tomb was first discovered in China. Mrs Huang's painted coffin is also the earliest physical object in China. The jade carving of human head and the jade ring of Fuxi Nuwa snake head are precious materials for studying the costumes, races and mythological worship at that time. Ji Meng's complete hairstyle and real hair are special cases of archaeology in the Spring and Autumn Period. Six purple embroidered silks woven from silk provide rare materials for the history of silk textile in China. Bamboo flute is the earliest bamboo wind instrument found in China so far. The age of the tomb was shortly before 648 BC, and the funerary objects in the tomb became the standard objects of China archaeology in the mid-Spring and Autumn Period. ?

2. Inheriting the cultural characteristics of the Central Plains

The wooden tombs with vertical holes in earthen pits were popular among the nobles of the Yellow Kingdom, which obviously adopted the funeral customs in the Central Plains culture. Judging from the combination of ding, beans, pots, plates and crutches in the tombs of Mr. and Mrs. Huang Jun, the bronze wares of the State of Huang are similar to those of the cemetery of the State of Guo. The Ding unearthed from Huang Xun's tomb is also Zhou-style in shape and collocation. It is a cultural custom to fill the tomb with green paste and mud in Jianghan area in the south. Most of the objects in the tombs of Huang Xun and his wife are similar to those in the tombs of the Central Plains in shape and decoration. On the whole, the style of utensils is close to the Central Plains, which inherits the simplicity and massiness of Zhou Culture. Huang culture is dominated by Central Plains cultural factors, which is related to the long-term close relationship between Huang people and Central Plains. 1966, Jingshan Sujialong, 1972, the discovery of Zeng's wares in Xiongjialaowan, Sui County, in which there is a tripod in the Zeng's wares in Xiongjialaowan, Sui County. Huang Ji wins Baoding, and his long-lived descendants will always enjoy it. ? What else was unearthed? Uncle Ji? , inscription cloud:? Uncle Ji needs a yellow list, Ceng Houyi will be Uncle Ji, and Qiongpu will always be used by his children and grandchildren. ? @ Prove that Huang married.

3. Retained the original Dongyi cultural factors.

It's a common phenomenon that Huang Xun's tomb has two ding's coming out at the same time. Strange, strange bean doll? , governors and Jiuding or Ding Qi etiquette is different. Two pieces of folk art buried with Mrs. Huang's tomb are very common in Shu Qun's hometown in western Anhui and Jianghuai area. This kind of pregnant pot is mostly a curved waist-girding pot, which has local characteristics. The bronze inscriptions in the tombs of Huang Xun and his wife reveal the cultural psychology of foreigners. Huang Jun calls himself everything he makes? Huang Jun? , indicating his status as the monarch of the Yellow Kingdom, which is different from the self-proclaimed "Bo, Gong and Hou" of the Central Plains countries; Because his wife is a woman named Zhou Ji and Huang Xun is his wife's instrument, they are all called? Huang Zi? Because Zhou named Huang a viscount. This behavior, on the one hand, is due to the consideration of the relationship with the Northern Zhou Dynasty, but on the other hand, Huang is marginalized and independent, but he does not think that his angelica belongs to the rule of the Zhou Emperor, which reflects the common cultural psychology of Dongyi people since Xia and Shang Dynasties.

4. The unique culture of the Yellow Kingdom shows the process of cultural blending between the North and the South, and has a far-reaching impact on neighboring countries.

The tombs of Mr. and Mrs. Huang and Huang Ji's father have sealed mounds several meters above the ground, which are the earliest underground excavations and above-ground tombs in China. On the land of ancient Chu, the mound tomb system was adopted. And China's ancient Central Plains generally followed? A grave instead of a grave? Cultural tradition. The two cultures exchanged in the Huaihe River basin, thus merging into the Yellow Culture. This burial system eventually became the most typical burial method in China. Mr. Li Xueqin compared the burial tomb of Mr. and Mrs. Huang Xun discovered in Guangshan with that of Mr. and Mrs. Fan discovered in Pingqiao. What do you think? These two tombs are located at the southern tip of today's Henan Province, on the horizontal line of 320 north latitude. What they have in common is that Fan Jun is a Chu surname, and his tomb is in a big pit where two people are arranged. Why is his tomb system similar to that of Huangdi Mausoleum? I guess this is because of Mrs. Fan. Mrs. Fan is the winner of the dragon, and only Jiang and Huang are the winners in the local area. She is probably the daughter of Jiang, Huang and even Huang Guogong, so the tomb of Baoxiang Temple, which she brought with her matriarchal customs, represents her own customs and has a far-reaching influence on the surrounding areas. ?

To sum up, on the basis of retaining the local cultural factors of Dongyi, the Huang culture was deeply influenced by the Central Plains culture, and reached a quite high level in the aspects of utensils manufacturing technology, textile technology, sculpture and painting technology, and some even exceeded the cultural level at that time. Its tomb system, living customs and other aspects are unique, which has a great influence on the surrounding areas. It is not only the spreading area of culture, but also the intersection and integration area of East and West, North and South cultures.

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① Sima Qian: Historical Records, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1997, p. 117-l15. (2) Zheng Qiao and Wang Shumin proofread Tongzhi, Zhonghua Book Company, 1995, p. 64. ③ Editorial Committee of Huangchuan County Records: Huangchuan County Records Publishing House 1992, page 7. ④ Pondering: Henan Provincial Records, Henan People's Publishing House, 1993, p. 56 1. ⑧ ⑨ Hong Jiliang: Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhonghua Book Company, 1987, pp. 222, 249, 278 and 290. ⑦ ① Biography of Spring and Autumn Valley (Thirteen Classics), Beijing Yanshan Publishing House, 199 1 year, pp. 1889 and 1896. ⑨ Yang Bojun: Notes on Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhonghua Book Company, 198 1 year, pp. 34o-34l. Participated in Xinyang Local Records Compilation Committee: Xinyang Local Records Publishing House, 1992, p. 793. Attending Guo Moruo: Textual Research on Bibliography of Two-week inscriptions on bronze inscriptions, Science Press, p. 1957. Participant: Li Xueqin: Some Issues on the Huangmu Tomb in Guangshan, Archaeology and Cultural Relics No.2, 1985.