History of the Yellow River

The Yellow River has three development stages: the early Pleistocene from Tertiary to Quaternary is the incubation period of the ancient Yellow River.

The middle Pleistocene of Quaternary (165438+500,000 years ago ~ 1 10,000 years ago) was the birth period of the ancient Yellow River.

In the late Pleistocene (654.38+ 10,000 years ago ~ 654.38+ 10,000 years ago), the Yellow River formed a marine water system.

Historically, the rivers in the lower reaches of the Yellow River changed from Haihe River in the north to Jianghuai River in the south.

According to historical documents, the lower Yellow River burst 1500 times, and there were more than 20 major diversions.

The earliest record about the source of the Yellow River is Shangshu Gong Yu in the Warring States Period, which says that "the stone is accumulated by drawing water from the river, but as for Longmen".

The so-called "Jishi" is near Xunhua Salar Autonomous County, Qinghai Province, and there is still a considerable distance from Heyuan.

In the ninth year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan, Hou and Li Daozong were ordered to attack Tuguhun, and the soldiers went to Xingsuchuan (that is, Xingsuhai) and Dabaihai (that is, Zhaling Lake) to see the Jishi Mountain and the source of the river.

In the first year of Changqing, Tang Muzong, Liu sent an envoy to Tibet, passing through Heyuan area, and learned that Heyuan came out of Zishan (now Bayannaoer).

In the 17th year of Yuan Dynasty (1280), the sai-jo ordered Rong Lugong to recruit envoys, and Penguin Khufu went to Jiangyuan to find the location of the two lakes (known as "two osawa" and "Alanaur" in Yuan history), which lasted for four months.

In the 43rd year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (1704), he ordered Laxi and Lan Shu to explore the source.

After exploring the source, they drew a map of the source of the Star River and wrote a record of the source of the River, pointing out that the eastward flow of the "Three Rivers" into Zhaling Lake can be regarded as the source of the Yellow River.

In the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi (17 17), Lama Churchen Zangbu and Ramchamba were sent to Heyuan for surveying and mapping.

In the Waterway Outline written by Qi during the Qianlong period, it is pointed out that the three rivers in the upper reaches of the Yellow River (Zhaqu in the north of the Yellow River, Yuegu Zonglie in the middle reaches (i.e. Maqu), Kariqu in the south and Aritan River in the middle reaches) are the "sources" of the Yellow River.

1952, the Yellow River Committee organized an investigation team at the source of the Yellow River to investigate the possibility of water transfer at the source of the Yellow River and Tongtianhe River, which lasted for 4 months and confirmed that Maqu in history was the positive source of the Yellow River.

Extended data of flood characteristics of the Yellow River

Most of the floods in the upper reaches of the Yellow River occurred in September, mainly from above Lanzhou, and the floods in Lanzhou mainly came from above Guide.

Due to the long duration and low intensity of rainfall, and the good vegetation above Lanzhou, grasslands and swamps have a strong stagnation effect on rainfall. The flood fluctuation in the upper reaches of the Yellow River is gentle, the flood duration is long, the flood peak is low, and the flood hydrograph is short and fat.

The flood peak discharge of Longyangxia-Lanzhou reach shows an overall increasing trend, especially after the confluence of Taohe River and Huangshui River.

Most of the upper reaches of the Yellow River are canyons. No matter how big the flood is, the general propagation time does not change much. It takes about 10.5 days from Guide to Lanzhou, and about10.5 days from Lanzhou to Hekou Town.

The flood in the upper reaches of the Yellow River reaches the middle and lower reaches, and generally becomes the base flow.

The middle reaches of the Yellow River flow through the Loess Plateau, which is the main rainstorm area in the Yellow River basin and the main source area of flood in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.

6 1% of the middle reaches of the Yellow River is the Loess Plateau, with numerous gullies and tributaries and steep river gradient. The flood caused by rainstorm has the characteristics of high peak, short duration and large sediment concentration.

The loess plateau has loose soil, broken terrain and low vegetation coverage. Under the impact of heavy rain, strong soil erosion occurred, which led to flooding in the middle reaches and carried a lot of sediment.