How did the ancients draw the land? What tools do you use? How about the dance steps?

The development of ancient maps-The development history of ancient maps has different characteristics in the East and the West. According to records, the Yellow Emperor in China used maps to fight against Chiyou. During the Xia and Yu dynasties, Dayu cast the Jiuding map. There are records such as "World Map" and "Land Map" in Zhou Li of Zhou Dynasty, which indicates that maps were already used for production and land management. Since the emergence of agriculture in the Yellow River basin, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River have been the cradle of ancient oriental culture. It can be said that the development of China map is due to the needs of agricultural life and war. During the Spring and Autumn Period, a new mathematical calculation method appeared due to the needs of farmland water conservancy and military engineering. Although the map at that time has not been handed down, it is not difficult to imagine that the map at that time has been widely used. For example, when Confucius saw people engaged in land survey and household registration statistics, he greeted them in the car to show his respect; In order to assassinate the king of Qin, Jing Ke sought audience with him in the name of offering a picture. This shows that the map at that time was an important tool in the hands of rulers. According to the records, there were land maps, administrative maps, military traffic maps, world general trend maps and maps of mines and cemeteries in ancient China. The earliest ancient maps of China that can be seen now are three maps unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha in BC 1973, which were buried in BC 168, namely topographic map, garrison map and city map. The scope of the map is similar to that of Hunan, Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, and the content and representation are roughly the same as those of modern maps. These maps enjoy a high reputation in the history of map development. With the development of western maps, it is more certain that when agriculture began to exist along the Nile in ancient Egypt, the river flooded the farmland in spring and washed away the boundaries of the fields. In order to redefine the land, a map with mathematical significance has been produced, which graphically represents the corridor and quantity of land. In ancient Greece and Rome, due to the development of handicrafts, the development of maps shifted from agriculture to maritime trade and military war. They studied geometry and geography in Egypt, and compiled large-scale and accurate charts and large and small-scale maps of the world. In the history of ancient map science, there are two world-recognized cartographers. One is Ptolemy of Greece (AD 90- 168), who studied how to depict the spherical surface of the earth on a plane, and put forward two drawing methods of the world map, one is to draw the longitude and latitude lines into a simple sector, and the other is to draw them into a sphere, which is called map projection. This is a very important foundation and one of the most important contributions of the early west to cartography. Ptolemy discussed the method of determining the shape, size and latitude and longitude of the earth in his book "Geographic Guide", and chose the meridian crossing Ferro Island in the Atlantic Ocean. This method has been used until 1884. He was the first person to draw a map of the world with ordinary conic projection. His works are of epoch-making significance in the history of ancient western maps, and he is called the founder of map science. The other is Pei Xiu (AD 224-27 1) in the Western Jin Dynasty in China. He compiled the Map of Yugong Area and the Topographic Map of the Abbot. The former is a historical map, while the latter is a simplified map of the State of Jin. He put forward "Six Aspects of Cartography", that is, the principles of scale, orientation and distance in map drawing, which laid a theoretical foundation for ancient cartography in China. The planning method he adopted had a long-term impact on the pattern of ancient map drawing in China, and was highly praised by famous geographers in later generations. According to the above, China's ancient map-making is not inferior to that of the West in both practice and theory, and it has a unique concept in the West, so it should be sorted out, instead of belittling itself and humiliating foreigners. Zheng He was a famous navigator in Ming Dynasty. He was born in 137 1. Real name horse, fine print. /kloc-at the age of 0/2, he was taken into the palace and served as a waiter for Prince Judy. When he became emperor, he was promoted to the eunuch of the Inner Palace and given the surname Zheng, also known as the "Sambo eunuch". In order to consolidate her dominant position and expand her political influence, Judy resumed the maritime traffic interrupted in the Yuan Dynasty. Zheng He knew Arabic and was highly valued by Judy. He sent him to lead the fleet to the Western Ocean seven times. At that time, the so-called western ocean refers to the vast area west of the South China Sea, including the Indian Ocean and coastal areas. Zheng He commanded about 20,000 sailors, soldiers, medical officers, comprador, etc. Many times, and took away more than 100 treasure ships, which is much larger than the three ships with a load of less than 100 tons discovered by Columbus in the new American continent. From 1405 to 1433, these seven voyages lasted for 28 years and passed through 37 countries. Zheng He was the first person in China to cross the Indian Ocean to reach the east coast of Africa, more than half a century earlier than Columbus 1492 crossed the Atlantic to reach America, and more than half a century earlier than Portuguese Da Gama 147 1 year to reach the Indian Ocean along the south coast of Africa around the Cape of Good Hope. Zheng He's seven voyages to the Western Seas are a great pioneering work in the history of world navigation. When a fleet of tens of thousands of people sails, it is necessary to accurately determine the ship's geographical position, route and ocean depth to cope with waves, Ming Dow reefs and changing bad weather. So, how can such a huge fleet sail? This is the ancient astronomical positioning technology. Astronomical positioning technology was applied to navigation in ancient China. Fa Xian, a monk in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, wrote when he traveled to India and returned home by boat: "Things change, ignorance is fearless, and he only hopes for the sun, the moon and the stars." By the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, astronomical positioning technology had made great progress. At that time, the method of determining geographical latitude by observing the height of stars was called "pulling stars", and the measuring tool used was called pulling stars. According to the vertical height measured by lead plate and the length of towing rope, the height angle of Polaris can be converted, which is about equal to the geographical latitude of the place. The fleet led by Zheng He navigated in the way of "remembering the round trip of the stars". During the voyage, they also drew the famous chart of Zheng He's navigation. Although China's nautical charts were used in the Song Dynasty, most of them were offshore, which could not meet the navigation needs of large fleets. Zheng He and his assistant, Wang Jinghong, made a nautical atlas based on the knowledge of sea areas and land acquired in many voyages, which was called "Sailing from Gem Field to Foreign Countries" and later called "Zheng He's nautical map". The picture from Nanjing to the east coast of Africa is Mombasa. The whole map includes Asia and Africa, with more than 500 place names, of which more than 200 are from China and the rest are from Asian countries. All maps use the method of "painting scenery" to represent islands, which is vivid and intuitive. In many key places, the data of "leading star" are also marked, and some also mark the number of "Geng" from one place to another, and the sailing distance is measured by "Geng". It can be said that Zheng He's nautical chart is a real nautical chart in the ancient map history of China. According to research, as early as the ancient culture, people living in islands and coastal areas used crude ships to sail at sea in order to collect seaweed, fish and shellfish as food, and original charts appeared. By the time of ancient Greece and Rome, there had been many maps showing the distribution of land and sea. However, the chart that was really separated from the map and used for navigation appeared late and was formed in the Middle Ages. In the 0/3rd century, the compass invented by China was introduced to Europe, and the countries along the Mediterranean Sea developed their navigation. With the accumulation of navigation experience and data and the promotion of the further development of the navigation industry, the famous "Sea Map of Portoland" appeared. This chart mainly represents the ocean, and the coast is also described in detail. The sea area represents islands, reefs, beaches and other landforms, and also highlights the compass bearing line for navigation. The second stage of the rapid development of nautical charts is the period of geographical discovery. Ocean exploration makes the outline of the ocean and the distribution of islands gradually clear. /kloc-At the beginning of the 6th century, nautical charts began to show seabed landforms with water depth notes, and the contents of sea areas became richer and richer, forming the embryonic form of modern nautical charts. 1569, Mercator compiled a map of the world and used Mercator projection for the first time, which laid the mathematical foundation for modern nautical charts. The rise of western capitalism is a period of rapid development of modern nautical charts. In order to find the origin and market of raw materials, capitalist powers vigorously promoted colonial policies, and the maritime industry developed unprecedentedly. European countries have successively established hydrological institutions and drawn charts around the world. The contents of nautical charts became more and more detailed until the establishment of the International Hydrographic Bureau in 192 1, which marked the modernization of nautical charting. What stages did the chart development in China go through? China's maritime traffic has been developed since ancient times. In the Song Dynasty, there were some simple charts, such as maps of overseas territories and geographical maps of overseas Tibet, which were recorded earlier in the history of China. The Ming Dynasty was the heyday of China's nautical charting system. The earliest existing ancient nautical chart in China is the waterway guide chart of Ming Dynasty, and there are also the Map of Mountain Island and Island Reef and the Nautical Chart. According to research, nautical charts are used to transport grain from the economically developed south to the political center north. The most famous is Zheng He's nautical chart, which is compiled according to the experience and data accumulated by Zheng He's fleet during its seven voyages to the West. However, most of these charts are short and have no mathematical basis. After the Opium War, China opened its doors wide, imperialist powers surveyed China's waters, and charts compiled by Britain were sold publicly. In the 1920s, the Hydrographic Bureau was established in China, which gradually abolished foreigners' right to sell charts and carried out chart mapping. However, progress has been very slow. During the 27 years from 1922 to 1949, only 100 charts were published. 1949, the Navy of East China Military Region of China People's Liberation Army established Hydrological Bureau. Since then, navigation surveying and mapping has entered a period of rapid development. Up to 1957, 125 maps have been drawn. From 65438 to 0958, the mapping of national sea charts began. From 65438 to 0966, the depth was 780,000 kilometers, and more than 900 charts were compiled. During the Cultural Revolution, the speed and quality of chart mapping decreased, but after 1978, it developed rapidly in surveying and mapping scientific research, personnel training, construction of surveying vessels and surveying and mapping instruments, and the technology, variety and quality of chart mapping were greatly improved. Chart mapping meets the needs of national economic construction and national defense construction.