Brief introduction of forbidden city

The Forbidden City, also known as the Forbidden City, is the imperial palace in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and it is the largest and most well-preserved ancient architectural complex in China. This unparalleled masterpiece of ancient architecture covers an area of more than 720,000 square meters, and there are more than 9,000 palaces, all of which are wooden structures, with yellow glazed tile roofs and blue white stone bases, decorated with colorful paintings. These palaces are arranged along a north-south central axis, spreading to both sides, straight north and south, and symmetrical left and right. Moreover, there is Yongdingmen in the south, Drum Tower and Bell Tower in the north, which run through the whole city. It is magnificent in spirit, well-planned and extremely spectacular. Architects believe that the design and architecture of the Forbidden City are really unparalleled masterpieces, and its plane layout, three-dimensional effect, grandeur and harmonious form can be said to be rare in the world. It marks the long cultural tradition of our motherland and has been displayed for 500 years.

Three striking halls

The most attractive buildings in the hall are three halls: Hall of Supreme Harmony, Hall of Zhonghe and Hall of Baohe. They are all built on 8-meter-high pedestals made of white marble, which look like the fairy que in Gong Qiong from a distance. The first hall, the Hall of Supreme Harmony, is the most magnificent building, commonly known as the "Golden Hall", where the emperor held a grand ceremony. The hall is 28 meters high, 63 meters from east to west and 35 meters from north to south. Six of them are painted dragon pillars surrounded by powder. The throne is located on a 2-meter-high platform in the hall, with exquisite cranes, stoves and tripods in front and finely carved screens in the back. The whole hall is beautifully decorated and stately. Zhonghe Hall is a place for the emperor to rest and practice etiquette before going to Taihe Hall. Baohe Hall is the place where the emperor holds a banquet for foreign princes and nobles every New Year's Eve.

A vibrant palace

The second half of the Forbidden City is called the Palace, with Gan Qing Palace, Jiaotai Palace and Kunning Palace as the center, and the East and West wings are the Sixth Palace and the Sixth Palace. It is the place where the emperor usually works and his empresses live. The second half is the same as the first half in architectural style. The image of the first half is serious, solemn, grand and majestic, symbolizing the supremacy of the emperor. The second half of the palace is full of vitality, and most of the buildings are self-contained courtyards. There are gardens, study rooms, pavilions, rocks and so on. To the north of the Palace of Kunning is the Royal Garden. There are towering pines and cypresses, precious flowers and trees, strange rocks and pavilions in the imperial garden. Wanchun Pavilion and Qianqiu Pavilion are the most magnificent ancient pavilions preserved at present.

The third floor

The Palace Museum is a comprehensive museum in China based on the imperial palaces and their collections in Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is located in the center of Beijing, with Tiananmen Square in front, Jingshan Mountain in the back, Wangfujing Street in the east and Zhongnanhai in the west. Approved by the State Council, it has been designated as the first batch of key cultural relics protection units in China. It was approved by UNESCO in 1987.

According to China's ancient astrology theory, Ziweiyuan (the North Star) is located in the center of the sky, where the Emperor of Heaven lives, and the Forbidden City is also called the Forbidden City. After the third emperor of Ming Dynasty seized the throne, Judy decided to move the capital to Beijing and began to build this palace. It was completed in the 18th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1420), and in 5438+09 1655 1924, Emperor Puyi of Xun was expelled from the Palace Forbidden City. In the 500 years before and after this, 24 emperors lived here and ruled the whole country.

The Forbidden City is surrounded by a wall with a height of 10m and a moat with a width of 52m. The city is 96 1m long from north to south, 753m long from east to west and covers an area of 780,000m2. There is a gate on each side of the city wall, of which the Wumen Gate in the south and the Shenwu Gate in the north are for tourists to visit. The layout of palaces in the city extends east and west along the central axis. These buildings are painted with red walls and yellow tiles. Magnificent. It looks like a fairyland on earth. In the south half of the city, there are three halls, namely, Taihe, Zhonghe and Baohe, with Wenhua and Wuying halls on both sides. It is the place where the emperor held a court meeting, which is called "the former court". The northern half is centered on Gan Qing Sangong, Jiaotai, Kunning, Dongxiugong and Royal Garden, and Fengxian is on the outer east side. It is a place where emperors and queens live, hold sacrifices and religious activities, and handle daily affairs. It is called "the back bedroom". The total area of the two parts of the palace building is 163000 m2. The layout of the whole palace building is rigorous and orderly, and every brick and tile follows the feudal hierarchical etiquette system, which embodies the supreme authority of the emperor. In the era of feudal monarchy, ordinary people could not and dared not approach.

After the Revolution of 1911, the palace should have been completely nationalized, but according to the preferential conditions for cleaning rooms drawn up at that time, Puyi was allowed to "temporarily live in the palace", that is, the "back bedroom" part. At that time, the government decided to move the cultural relics of Jehol Palace (Chengde) and Shengjing Palace Museum (Shenyang) to the "former dynasty" section of the Palace Museum, with the location of 1968. Conspiracy to repair, and steal a large number of cultural relics from the palace in the name of reward, pawn, repair, etc. It has aroused serious concern from all walks of life. 1924, Feng Yuxiang launched a "Beijing coup" to expel Puyi from the Palace Forbidden City, and at the same time set up a "clean room aftermath Committee" to take over the Forbidden City and count the cultural relics in it. After another year of intense preparations, a grand ceremony was held in the square in front of Gan Qing on June 1925, 10 and 10, which electrified the whole country and declared the official establishment of the Palace Museum. On the first day of opening, people were eager to see this mysterious palace and its treasures, and the traffic in Beijing was blocked, which also became the major news of the day.

According to the preliminary inventory, there are more than170,000 pieces of cultural relics left by the Qing court, including three generations of Ding Yi, ancient jade, calligraphy and painting by famous artists in Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, ceramics, enamel, lacquerware, gold and silver wares, ivory horns of bamboo and wood, gold and copper, etc. 1925 was published in 28 volumes. All the wealth in the world is gathered here. In addition, there are a large number of books, classics and documents. To this end, the Palace Museum has an Antiquities Museum, a Library and a Literature Museum, which respectively organize manpower to continue sorting out cultural relics in the palace, open exhibition rooms and hold various exhibitions, and also edit and publish various publications, make public information and carry out publicity. All the work has been carried out in a colorful way, with a rich collection of humanities and great prosperity.

On the eve of the full-scale outbreak of World War II, Japanese imperialism annexed the northeastern territory of China, and the situation was critical. In order to protect the cultural relics in the Forbidden City from being destroyed by war or plundered by Japanese imperialism, the Palace Museum decided to adopt the policy of moving cultural relics south to avoid the enemy. 1933 From February to May, important cultural relics in the palace were packed in13,427 boxes, with 64 packages, and arrived in Shanghai in five batches. The "July Lugouqiao Incident" broke out and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression was in full swing. The cultural relics that moved southward moved to Sichuan along the Third Road and were stored in Baxian, Emei and Leshan in Sichuan Province. Until the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, three cultural relics were concentrated in Chongqing and transported back to Nanjing on 1947. When China People's Liberation Army is about to cross the river, it will be from the end of 1948 to 65438+. 972 boxes of cultural relics were transported to Taiwan Province Province, and then a new museum was set up in Shuangxi outside Taipei Shilin for public display. A large number of remaining cultural relics were transported back to the Palace Museum after 1949, but 22 1 box is still sealed in Nanjing warehouse and entrusted to Nanjing Museum for safekeeping. In this tragic war that lasted for more than ten years, because the staff of the Palace Museum were not afraid of difficulties and obstacles, although the number of cultural relics moved south was huge, none of them were lost or damaged, and the spirit and deeds of the staff of the Palace Museum were touching. But because of this war, the cultural relics of the Forbidden City were divided into different places. This collection of China traditional culture should be a whole, especially without the architecture of the Forbidden City. I believe that one day, it will be perfect.

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the staff of the Palace Museum put into work with a brand-new mental outlook. Weeds were uprooted, rivers were dredged and garbage was cleared. In the early 1950s, 250,000 cubic meters of garbage had been removed from palaces for hundreds of years. Since then, the yard has taken on a new look. The Palace Museum has formulated the maintenance policy of "protection first, repair second, overall planning and gradual implementation". Decades later, many dilapidated, leaky and crumbling halls and castles were restored and decorated with oil, which made them more magnificent. Lightning protection facilities have been installed in all the tall palaces in the courtyard, and huge sums of money have been invested to build a fire prevention and anti-theft monitoring system and a high-pressure fire water supply network, which has made this ancient palace building more effectively protected. Especially after the reform and opening up, with the strong support of the people's government, the Tongzi River around the Forbidden City has been thoroughly rectified, which further highlights the style of the former imperial city.

In the field of cultural relics work, the focus in the 1950s and 1960s was to re-count, register, identify, classify and archive the old Qing Palace cultural relics in the Palace Museum, which corrected the inaccuracies in the past piece count and supplemented the missing cultural relics, such as the ivory seats wrapped in straw curtains found among the sundries, and the "Six Honors" stored under the floor during the restoration of the Shufangzhai stage. After more than ten years' work, more than 7 1 10,000 pieces of Qing cultural relics have been cleared. At the same time, more than 220,000 pieces of cultural relics were newly collected through state allocation, social collection and private donations, which greatly filled the gaps and deficiencies in the age and types of cultural relics collected in the Qing Dynasty, such as painted pottery in the Stone Age, bronzes and jade articles in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, pottery figurines in the Han Dynasty, stone statues in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and tri-colored paintings in the Tang Dynasty. For example, Lu Ji's Ping Fu Tie in the Jin Dynasty, Wang Xun's Yuan Bo Tie, Gu Kaizhi's Luo Shen Fu Tu Juan in the Five Dynasties, Zhan Ziqian's You Chuntu Juan in the Sui Dynasty, Han Han's Wu Niu Tu Juan in the Tang Dynasty, Du Mu's Shi Juan, Han Xizai's Evening Banquet Tu Juan in the Five Dynasties, and Li in the Song Dynasty. In recent years, we have also repurchased Ten Poems of the Song Dynasty, Poems of the South of the City by Naixian in the Yuan Dynasty, Fuchun Collection by Shen Zhou in the Ming Dynasty and Calling Flowers Collection by Shi Tao in the Qing Dynasty. In particular, the first two pieces were stolen from the palace by Puyi in the name of appreciating Pu Jie and scattered among the people, and today they are returned as treasures.

In order to protect this huge number of antiquities and treasures, since 1950s and 1960s, the original warehouses have been extensively renovated, and various moisture-proof and insect-proof measures have been taken. After the 1990s, a new cultural relics warehouse was built, which can store more than 600,000 cultural relics. The new warehouse has constant temperature and humidity, fire prevention and theft prevention, and adopts modern technology to automatically control, thus ensuring the safety of cultural relics. Starting from 1950, the restoration of cultural relics will be established. 1980 was expanded into the Ministry of Science and Technology for Cultural Relics Protection, which inherited and utilized traditional technologies, introduced new achievements of natural sciences and restored damaged cultural relics. Over the past decades, more than ten thousand pieces of cultural relics 1 1 have been restored for our hospital and our brother units.

In order to make the treasures in the hospital meet the general audience, in terms of display, in addition to retaining and restoring the original displays of the three halls, the last three palaces and the sixth palace, special museums such as bronzes, ceramics, handicrafts, calligraphy and painting, treasures, clocks and watches are also opened from time to time for tourists to enjoy. Temporary exhibition halls have also been set up to hold various thematic exhibitions. For example, in recent years, the comparison exhibition of authentic products in Gu Shuhua, the comparison of authentic imitations of ancient ceramics and the information exhibition of ancient kiln sites, the packaging art exhibition in Qing Palace and the 50-year cultural relics exhibition in Tibet are all very popular exhibitions. At the same time, it also introduced the domestic brother museum and the exhibition of foreign cultural relics. In order to meet the demands of the masses, the Palace Museum has also organized many small-scale cultural relics exhibitions in provincial and municipal museums, and has been invited to hold various forms of exhibitions abroad for many times. Especially since the reform and opening up, such exhibitions have become more and more frequent. Countries that have visited the exhibition include Britain, the United States, France, the former Soviet Union, Germany, Austria, Spain, Australia, Japan and Singapore. Wherever they went, they aroused great interest from local audiences, made foreign people understand the long history and splendid national culture and art of the Chinese nation, and made due contributions to promoting the friendly relations and cultural exchanges between China and the people of other countries.

In the past ten years, the Palace Museum has received an average of 6-8 million visitors from home and abroad every year. Moreover, with the development of tourism, the number of visitors has increased, which shows that people's interest in the Forbidden City is lasting.

In addition to directly facing the audience, the Palace Museum also organizes the editing and publishing of various books, picture albums and periodical publications, and widely introduces the palace architecture and cultural relics collection of the Palace Museum to all walks of life. Large-scale photo albums published include Collection of Paintings Collected by the Palace Museum, Selected Porcelain Collected by the Palace Museum, National Treasure, Palace Museum Collected the Forbidden City, Palace Life in Qing Dynasty, and Collection of National Treasures and Cultural Relics Collected by the Palace Museum (* *).

1997, in order to meet the needs of deepening reform and opening up of the Palace Museum, the organizational structure of the Palace Museum has undergone major reforms. The original three separate departments of storage, exhibition and research were reorganized, and the Antiquities Department, Gu Shuhua Department, Palace Department and Exhibition and Education Department were established. A new information center has been established to promote the informationization of the Palace Museum. In order to introduce modern science and technology, funds have been invested one after another. The computer optical fiber network system and various management databases of the Palace Museum have been opened, and the website of the Palace Museum has been established by using the Internet connecting the world. The website now displayed in front of you will enable people to visit this mysterious palace from distant places through the Internet, and get a glimpse of the magnificent architecture and dazzling cultural relics collection of the Palace Museum.

Building a new digital palace museum is no longer a dream.