What kind of plant is this?

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, alias: Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, is the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis of Rubiaceae. The fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is a traditional Chinese medicine, which belongs to the first batch of dual-purpose resources released by the Ministry of Health. Has the effects of protecting liver, promoting gallbladder function, lowering blood pressure, tranquilizing, stopping bleeding and reducing swelling. Clinically, it is often used to treat jaundice hepatitis, sprain and contusion, hypertension, diabetes and other diseases. It contains crocin groups and can be used as a yellow dye.

morphological character

Gardenia is a shrub with a height of 0.3-3 meters; The shoots are usually short-haired, and the branches are cylindrical and gray. Leaves opposite, or in whorls of 3, leathery and papery, with various shapes, usually oblong-lanceolate, obovate-oblong, obovate or oval, 3-25 cm long and 1.5-8 cm wide, with a tapering top, which suddenly becomes longer and sharper or shorter.

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis-original plant

Sharp and blunt, wedge-shaped or short-pointed at the base, often hairless on both sides, bright green at the top and dark at the bottom; 8- 15 pairs of lateral veins, convex downward and flat upward; Petiole length 0.2- 1 cm; Stipules membranous.

Flowers are fragrant, usually solitary at the top of branches, and pedicels are 3-5 mm long; Calyx tube is inverted cone or oval, 8-25mm long, with longitudinal edges, tubular calyx eaves, swollen, 5-8-lobed at the top, usually 6-lobed, and the lobes are lanceolate or linear, with a length of10-30mm and a width of1-4mm, and grow and persist when bearing fruit; Corolla is white or milky yellow, with saucer-shaped feet and sparse throat. The crown tube is narrow and cylindrical, with a length of 3-5cm and a width of 4-6mm. There are 5-8 cracks at the top, usually 6 cracks. The lobes are widely spread, and they are obovate or obovate, with a length of1.5-4cm and a width of 0.6-2.8cm.. Filaments are extremely short, anthers are linear, long 1.5-2.2 cm, protruding; The style is stout, about 4.5cm long, the stigma is spindle-shaped, protruding,1-1.5cm long, 3-7mm wide, and the ovary is about 3mm in diameter, yellow and smooth.

The fruit is ovoid, nearly spherical, ovoid or oblong, yellow or orange-red, with a length of1.5-7cm and a diameter of1.2-2cm, with 5-9 wing-like longitudinal edges, and the sepals at the top are 4cm long and 6mm wide. Seeds are numerous, flat, suborbicular, slightly angular, about 3.5 mm long and 3 mm wide. The flowering period is from March to July, and the fruiting period is from May to February. ? [ 1]?

Growth habit

Sexual preference for warm and humid climate, abundant sunshine but unable to withstand strong sunlight, suitable for growing in loose, fertile, well-drained and slightly sticky acid soil, with strong resistance to harmful gases, germination resistance and pruning resistance. It is a typical sour flower.

distribute

Location: Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan Province, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Hainan, Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan, and cultivated in Hebei, Shaanxi and Gansu. Among them, gardenia in tanghe county, Henan province has obtained the "national geographical indication certification", is the largest gardenia production base in China, and has the reputation of "hometown of gardenia in China"? [2]。 Born in the wilderness, hills, valleys, hillsides, shrubs or forests by streams at an altitude of10-1500m. Abroad in Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Pacific islands and North America, wild or cultivated. ? [3]?

cultivation techniques

breeding method

Seed propagation

Sowing dates are divided into spring sowing and autumn sowing, with spring sowing being the best. Early February to late February (beginning of spring to rain). Selecting full and deep red fruits, digging out seeds, rubbing in water, collecting sunken seeds, and drying them to remove water; Immediately mix with fine soil or plant ash, drill a hole in the furrow, cover with fine soil, and then cover with straw; After germination, remove straw and weeds regularly. If the seedlings are too dense, they should be evenly distributed one by one, with a spacing of10-13cm. The seedlings can be cultivated for 1-2 years, and the height is more than 30 cm, so they can be planted.

cutting

Cutting period is from late September to late June in autumn, and middle and late February in spring. Cut branches that grow for 2-3 years into cuttings of 17-20cm. Tilt slightly when inserting, leaving a part above the ground. It can be transplanted in a year or so.

Field planting

Planting in February-March, drilling holes with a diameter of 50 cm and a depth of 30 cm according to the plant spacing 1.2-2 m, and mixing compost 10 kg with fine soil as base fertilizer. Plant 1 seedling per hole.

water injection

Although there are many ways to propagate gardenia, floating water insertion is the simplest and quickest method. First, find a foam board and punch it, cut off the half-cooked branches of Gardenia and insert them into the holes of the foam board. Then, put the foam board into a bucket filled with water, and put the bucket in an environment that can not only block the floating board cuttings, but also let the sun shine on the bucket, and control the water temperature at 18℃-25℃. The survival rate of gardenia cutting by this method is 100%.

Tiantuan management

Weeding and watering should be done frequently at seedling stage to keep the seedbed moist, and light human excrement and urine is better for fertilization. After planting, weed, loosen soil and apply fertilizer 1 time in early spring and summer respectively, and cover the soil appropriately.

land

Gardenia is an indicator plant in acidic soil, so the slightly acidic environment of the soil is the key to determine the growth of Gardenia. The culture soil is made of 70% slightly acidic sandy red soil and 30% rotten leaf material. The soil pH value should be controlled between 4.0 and 6.5.

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis-original plant

temperature

The optimum growth temperature of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is 16℃- 18℃. Low temperature and direct sunlight are extremely unfavorable to its growth, so gardenia should be maintained in a well-ventilated, high-soaked and light-filled sparse forest or shade shed in summer. In winter, let it sleep in an environment with plenty of sunshine and a temperature not lower than 0℃. If the temperature is too high, it will affect the flowering in the coming year.

moisture

Gardenia likes humid air, so it should be watered properly during the growing period. Usually, when the soil turns white, it can be watered once and thoroughly. It is hot and dry in summer, so it is necessary to spray leaves 2 -3 times a day to increase air humidity and help plants cool down. However, after the flowers are in bud, it is not advisable to water them too much to avoid falling buds. It is best to water it dry in winter to prevent it from rotting roots.

fertilizer

Gardenia is a fertilizer-loving plant. In order to meet the demand for fertilizer in its growing period and maintain the slightly acidic environment of the soil, ferrous sulfate can be mixed into the fertilizer solution in advance for fermentation. After entering the growing season in April, topdressing can be done once every half month (it is best to add more water when fertilizing to prevent burning flowers). This can not only meet the demand of gardenia for fertilizer, but also keep the soil environment in a relatively balanced slightly acidic environment, prevent the occurrence of chlorosis, and avoid the damage to gardenia caused by sudden supplementation of ferrous sulfate and local peracid.

Carry out soil preparation

Deeply plow about 33 cm in the nursery, remove the gravel and grass roots, and then build the border. The frame is17cm high and1.3m wide. Break the clods, rake them flat, and apply 2000 kilograms of base fertilizer per mu. Then according to the row spacing of 27 cm, dig a horizontal ditch with a width of 7 cm and a depth of 3 cm for sowing.

pot culture

The suitable potting soil is 40% garden soil, 15% coarse sand, 30% manure soil and 15% humus soil. Gardenia seedlings should pay attention to watering, keep the pot soil moist, and often apply decomposed thin fertilizer. It is best to water it with rainwater or fermented rice washing water. During the growth period, if you irrigate with 0.2% ferrous sulfate water or alum fertilizer water every l0- 15 days (they can be used alternately), you can prevent the soil from becoming alkaline, and at the same time, you can supplement iron to the soil to prevent the leaves of gardenia from turning yellow. In summer, gardenia should spray water on the leaves every morning and evening to increase the humidity of the air and promote the luster of the leaves. ? [4]?

Potted gardenias are watered only once after flowering in August, and the watering amount is controlled. /kloc-move indoors before the cold dew in October/October and put it in a sunny place. Strictly control watering in winter, but you can often spray leaves with clear water. From May to July every year, the vigorous growth period of gardenia will stop, and the plants will be pruned to remove the top tips, so as to promote the germination of branches and make the plants beautiful and bloom more in the future. Gardenia is propagated by cutting and layering, and can also be propagated by dividing plants and sowing, but it is rarely used.

Cutting can be divided into spring cutting and autumn cutting. Spring planting is carried out in the middle and late February; Autumn planting will be carried out from the end of September to the end of 10. Choose cuttings of 2-3 years old, cut them into pieces of10-12cm, leave two leaves at the top, cut off half of each piece, and then insert them obliquely into the bed, leaving only a section on the soil surface, paying attention to shade and maintaining a certain humidity. Generally, they can take root within 1 month and transplant after 1 year. In the south, there is also a method of water-inserting propagation, that is, inserting cuttings on a disc woven with reed stalks, floating them on the water, making the lower part take root in the water, and then transplanting them for cultivation.

Stratification can be carried out around Tomb-Sweeping Day in April or in rainy season. Select the annual robust branch of the three-year-old mother plant, pull it to the ground, and carve the buried part on the branch. If you can dip the carved part with 200ppm powdered acetic acid and then cover it with soil for compaction, it will be easier to take root. Generally, it can be separated from the mother plant one month after rooting, and then transplanted with soil in the next spring. ? [4]?

control of insect

The main diseases of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis include brown spot, anthracnose, sooty blotch, root rot and chlorosis. Indoor diseases may occur all year round. In severe cases, plants will shed leaves, fruit or die. It is effective to control the disease by using Duoyinling and bacteria withdrawal. In the early stage or during the disease.

Jaundice

Gardenia is often prone to yellowing of leaves, which is caused by many reasons, so it must be picked.

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis-original plant

Take different prevention and control measures. Yellowing disease caused by lack of fertilizer: this yellowing disease starts from the old leaves at the lower part of the plant and gradually spreads to the new leaves.

pathogenesis

1, potassium deficiency: old leaves turn from green to brown. ? [5]?

2. Phosphorus deficiency: Old leaves are purplish red or dark red. Under the above circumstances, decomposed human excrement or cake fertilizer can be forcibly applied. Yellowing caused by iron deficiency: this yellowing disease is manifested in new leaves. At first, the leaves were pale yellow or white, and the veins were still green. In severe cases, the veins are yellow or white, and eventually the leaves will dry up and die. This situation can be prevented by spraying 0.2%-0.5% ferrous sulfate aqueous solution. ? [5]?

3. Yellowing disease caused by magnesium deficiency: this yellowing disease gradually develops from old leaves to new leaves, and the veins are still green. In severe cases, the leaves will fall off and die. This situation can be prevented by spraying 0.7%-0.8% boron and magnesium fertilizer. Overwatering, freezing, etc. It will also cause yellow leaves, so special attention should be paid in the maintenance process. When the indoor ventilation is poor and the temperature and humidity are too high in winter, gardenia is prone to scale insect harm and soot disease. Scale insects can be scraped off with bamboo sticks, or sprayed 200 times with 20 # petroleum emulsion mixed with water. For soot disease, it can be scrubbed with clean water or sprayed with carbendazim 1000 times solution. ? [5]?

4, lack of nitrogen: single leaf yellow leaves, new leaves are small and crisp. ? [5]?

scale insect

Generally, there are two kinds, one is bran medium and the other is cotton blowing medium. Soot disease is caused by bacteria bred by the excrement of scale insects. These two kinds of scale insects are both sucking pests. There is a layer of wax on the back of the worm, which is impenetrable by general drugs. Imidacloprid or its modifier can be used for spray insecticide. Once a week, it usually takes 2-3 times to kill completely. Soot disease is an infection of black mold. Spraying any medicine will not fall off on its own, and it must be scrubbed before it can be solved.

Variety classification

Gardenia has a strong fragrance and has always been loved by the people. However, gardenia is dull in shape and monotonous in shape. Although its fragrance is commendable, it can't go to the hall. Therefore, in ancient times, flower farmers cultivated many double-petal varieties through hard work and directional cultivation. As usual:

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis-original plant

Gardenia grandiflora Ranakai grandiflora.

Gardenia ovata

Gardenia angustifolia

Gardenia jasminoides var. aureo-variegata Nakai. [ 1]?

Gardenia is divided into "medicinal gardenia" and "ornamental gardenia" due to the directional cultivation of flower farmers, that is, the original single-petaled wild gardenia is regarded as "medicinal gardenia", and its fruit is usually used as medicine; Artificial gardenia with double petals is regarded as "ornamental gardenia", but it can only be used as ornamental gardenia. This kind of gardenia generally does not bear fruit, and the fruit that bears it is not used as medicine.

Change type

This species is widely distributed and grows in different environments, which leads to some changes in its habits, the shape and size of leaves and the shape and size of fruits. Its variation is mainly divided into two types: one is usually called "Gardenia", with oval or nearly spherical fruit and small head; The other type is usually called "gardenia", and the fruit is oval or oblong, which is larger. It is said that the former is suitable for medicine and the latter is suitable for dyes. Some scholars also divide it into several varieties or variants according to the variation of its leaves, flowers and fruits.

Main value

Ancient dyes

Gardenia was the most widely used yellow dye before Qin and Han Dynasties. The fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis contains ketone dyes genistein and crocin, and crocin is used to dye yellow. Han Shu Guan Li records: "Zhi Gui went out to dye the garden and dyed the royal clothes." It shows that gardenia was dyed with the most upscale clothes at that time. In ancient times, people used acidity to control the yellow color of gardenia. In order to get deep yellow, the amount of vinegar was increased. Gardenia extract can directly dye the fabric bright yellow, and the process is simple. The yellow color of the dyed fabric unearthed in the Wangdui of Hanma was obtained by dyeing gardenia. However, gardenia has poor resistance to sunlight, so it was partially replaced by Sophora japonica since the Song Dynasty.

Because of its importance, Tai Shigong wrote in Historical Records. "Biography of Huo Zhi" has "thousands of acres of gardenia, thousands of ginger and leeks; This person is waiting with thousands of families. " Record.

Dyeing method: fresh gardenia fruit is crushed and soaked in water for 3 hours, and then filtered to obtain dye solution. Drying Fructus Gardeniae in the sun, soaking in hot water overnight, peeling or pulverizing the fruit after soaking soft, decocting with strong fire, boiling for 30 minutes, turning off the fire, and filtering to obtain the first dye solution; Can be repeatedly decocted for 3-4 times to obtain dye solution.

Medicinal value

Functional indication

Clearing heat, purging fire and cooling blood. Can be used for treating fever, insomnia, jaundice, gonorrhea, thirst quenching, conjunctival congestion, sore throat, hematemesis, nosebleed, bloody dysentery, hematuria, toxic heat ulcer, sprain and swelling.

Gardenia is from Materia Medica: Gardenia, which is produced in southern China and western Sichuan counties.

Gardenia (two)

Practical compound prescription

1. After treating typhoid fever, sweating, vomiting and diarrhea, I was too tired to sleep, and I was depressed: fourteen gardenias (dissected) and four fragrant black beans (wrapped in cotton). In the second part, use 4 liters of water, first boil 2.5 liters of Gardenia, take 1.5 liters of lobster sauce, and cook 1.5 liters, and eat it twice. Take a warm dose and stop taking it after vomiting. (Treatise on Febrile Diseases: Gardenia Black Bean Soup)? [6]?

2. People recovering from typhoid fever and serious illness: three pieces of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (fried), fourteen pieces of Gardenia (cut) and one liter of black beans (wrapped in cotton). For the first three flavors, take seven liters of clear water and four liters of boiling water. Take two liters of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus and Fructus Gardeniae, add black beans, cook for five or six times, remove my odor, and then warm them to make them sweat slightly. If there is an overnight food, there are five or six big yellow pieces in it. (Treatise on Febrile Diseases)? [6]?

3. Treatment of typhoid fever and yellow body: fifteen gardenias (cut), one or two licorice (fried), and two or two phellodendrons. Supply three flavors, use four liters of water, boil one and a half liters of gardenia, remove me, and take it at different temperatures. ("Treatise on Febrile Diseases" Gardenia Baipi Decoction)? [6]?

4. Treatment of damp-heat jaundice: Gardenia is four yuan, Abrus cantonensis is one or two, and Hypericum japonicum is one or two. Decoct with water three times a day. (Guangxi Chinese herbal medicine)? [6]?

5. Treat urinary stranguria, bloody stranguria, two or two fresh gardenias, and one or two crystal sugar. Decoct. (Jidong materia medica)? [6]?

6. Treatment of urinary obstruction: 27 pieces of gardenia kernel, a little salt flower, garlic 1 piece. Mash it on the table, sprinkle paper flowers on the navel, or smear it on the scrotum, and it will pass after a long time. (Puji Square)? [6]?

7. Treatment of acute gastroenteritis, abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea: San Qian, Shan Zhi, five yuan for Celastrus mandshurica root and two yuan for Aristolochia root. Stir-fry with medicine and add five yuan of honey. Decoct in water and take it twice. (Selected data of single prescription survey)? [6]?

8. Treat aphtha and sore throat, do not eat: Daqing 42, Gardenia, Cortex Phellodendri each one or two, white honey half a catty. Chop it, take three liters of water, fry one liter, remove me, and fry the honey once or twice, including it. ("Puji Fang" Gardenia Decoction)

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis-original plant

9. Treatment of red eyes: Take seven pieces of Gardenia, drill them thoroughly, stew them slowly with slow fire, fry them with a liter of water, take them out of me, add rhubarb powder and San Qian, stir them evenly, and take them after eating. ("Shengji Zonglu" Gardenia Decoction)? [6]?

10. for the treatment of epigastric pain, seven or nine pieces of gardenia, stir-fry, stir-fry with a glass of water for seven minutes, and drink with ginger juice. (Outline of Danxi)? [6]?

1 1. Treatment of epistaxis: burning gardenia with ashes and blowing. (Simple Method)? [6]?

12. Red wine for treating lung wind and nose: Laoshan Gardenia is the end, and yellow wax is soluble together. It's as big as a marble. Chew hollow tea and wine. Avoid alcohol and cooking. ("Skills")? [6]?

13. Treating red, white and bloody dysentery: Gardenia 47 tablets. File, use a liter and a half of pulp, fry it to five times the size, and then remove me. Eat it twice at different temperatures before eating. ("Sheng Ji Zong Lu" Gardenia Rentang)? [6]?

14. Treatment of heat edema: 25g of Gardenia, 7g of Aucklandia, and 0g of Atractylodes macrocephala12g. Finely cut and decocted in water. (Danxi Heart Method)? [6]?

15. Treating swollen and wet women: stir-fried gardenia. Finally, swallow rice or take medicine. (Danxi Heart Method)? [6]?

16. Treatment of swelling and pain caused by wound rupture: Mash Gardenia together with flour and apply it. ("lakeside collection")? [6]?

17. erysipelas: Gardenia, mashed and mixed with water. (Ji's prescription)? [6]?

18. Treating fire sores: gardenia kernel ash, sesame oil and sealing, but the thickness is good. (Qian Jin Fang)? [6]?

19. Treatment of swelling and pain: Gardenia, dandelion and honeysuckle are four yuan each. Decoct with water three times a day. Take a proper amount of raw honeysuckle vine, mash it and apply it to the affected area. (Guangxi Chinese herbal medicine)

20. Treatment of burns: Wash gardenia powder and chicken. ("emergency recipes"). ? [6]?

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis-original plant

2 1. Long-term treatment of internal and external scabies: Fructus Gardeniae (burnt to ashes and ground into fine powder) and Olibanum (ground separately) each with a little light powder. After grinding, they are stored in porcelain. Before use, boil scallion and pepper to wash sores. After a rest, warm the slurry, wash it again until the bad water is exhausted, then boil the white water for 100 times and wait for the temperature before cleaning the sore. [6]?

22. Treatment of scabies: remove scabies from a piece of gardenia, put it in alum paste and burn it to the end. Wash and dry. Gardenia powder, a magical prescription? [6]?

pharmacokinetics

Geniposide is stable in gastric juice at 37℃ and pH 1.8, but it can be metabolized into geniposide in enteric-coated products. Geniposide is unstable to acid and heat, and can be converted into deacetylated geraniol methyl ester (DAM) and Scan-doside methyl ester (SSM) in gastric juice. In the enteric products, DAM was converted into DAM-GEN, while SSM was converted into SSM-GEN.

pharmacological action

1 On liver function

① SD rats were divided into 4 groups. Group a was the control group; Group B, normal animals, gavage 2g crude drug extract. Group C was hyperbilirubinemia caused by ligation of common bile duct; Group D was animals with hyperbilirubinemia, and 2g of Gardenia extract was given by gavage. The liver Y protein, Z protein, BSP clearance rate, bilirubin and related enzymes were measured. ? [6]?

The experimental results show that:

1) Gardenia jasminoides Ellis extract has no effect on the activity of alkaline phosphatase in animal serum and liver homogenate, and the activity of alkaline phosphatase is increased by nearly 2 times by ligation of common bile duct. However, gardenia extract has no effect on the increased enzyme activity. ? [6]?

2) Gardenia jasminoides Ellis extract has little effect on the activity of lactate dehydrogenase in serum and liver of rats, and the fluctuation of enzyme activity of the four groups of animals is within the normal range. ? [6]?

3) Gardenia extract has no effect on serum alanine aminotransferase in normal animals. After common bile duct ligation, serum GOT increased by 7 times, and Gardenia extract could significantly reduce the increased enzyme by 40%. The liver GOT was stable, and there was no significant change in the four groups. ? [6]?

4) Gardenia jasminoides Ellis extract has no effect on the enzyme activity of normal animals, but it can restore the increased enzyme activity of common bile duct ligation animals to normal, so it can be considered that Gardenia jasminoides Ellis extract does not increase the activity of UDP-GT. ? [6]?

5) The determination of uridine diphosphate-glucose dehydrogenase in liver showed that ligation of common bile duct can reduce the enzyme activity, and Gardenia extract can increase the enzyme activity of normal animals, and at the same time, it can also increase the decreased enzyme activity. ? [6]?

6) Gardenia extract can increase the amount of Y protein and Z protein in normal animals, but it can't increase the amount of Y protein and Z protein reduced by common bile duct ligation. It shows that the anti-bilirubin effect of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis has little to do with Y protein and Z protein. ? [6]?

7) After administration, animals were injected with BSP(2g/ 100g body weight) intravenously, and the clearance rate of BSP in blood and bile was determined. It was found that the time to peak was correspondingly prolonged, indicating that the process of BSP excretion from the liver was blocked. ? [6]?

8) Gardenia can reduce the content of serum bilirubin, but it has nothing to do with glucose aldolase. Therefore, it can be considered that Gardenia extract has no toxic effect on liver cells, and Gardenia extract can reduce the serum bilirubin level of animals, but its yellowing mechanism is complicated. It will not increase the activity of UDP-GT, Y protein and Y protein in the liver like Artemisia capillaris, nor will it increase the amount of bile. ? [6]?

② Protective effect of liver.

1) taking gardenia extract to ICR rats in advance (24 or 48 hours ago) can prevent severe hepatitis caused by galactosamine. ? [6]?

2) Administration of 50mg/kg α -naphthyl isothiocyanate to experimental rats can increase serum bilirubin, serum alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase. For example, the crude extract of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (1.5g/kg, taken orally for 3 days) can reduce serum bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in rats poisoned by α -naphthylisothiocyanate. Geniposide extracted from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis also has this effect. ? [6]?

3) Effect on liver: Oral administration of 50 mg/kg crocin for 8 consecutive days has no effect on liver function, but it can cause acute liver discoloration. If you take a high dose of 100 mg/kg for two weeks, it will cause liver injury and melanosis, but taking a low dose of 100 mg/kg for 40 days will not cause the above situation, and the above liver injury and melanosis are completely reversible. Therefore, even a very high dose of crocin is extremely toxic to the liver of rats, and it is impossible for people to take such a high dose. Therefore, crocin is very safe as a food colorant. ? [6]?

2. Effect on bile secretion

Experiments in rats and rabbits prove that Gardenia jasminoides Ellis has cholagogic effect. Its alcohol extract, geniposide and crocin can increase bile secretion. Oral administration, intravenous injection or duodenal injection of geniposide 25mg/kg in rats caused an increase in bile secretion, especially after duodenal administration, and its potency was almost equal to that of sodium dehydrocholate. ? [6]?

3. Influence on gastric juice secretion and gastrointestinal movement.

Duodenal administration of geniposide (25mg/kg) can reduce gastric juice secretion, decrease total acidity and increase pH value in rats with pyloric ligation, which is equivalent to1/5-110 of atropine sulfate. Intravenous genipin (100mg/kg and 25mg/kg) can inhibit spontaneous gastric peristalsis and pilocarpine-induced gastric contraction in rats, but the effect is short-lived. Low concentration (1:25000) of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis alcohol extract can stimulate small intestine movement in rats and rabbits, while high concentration (1: 1, 000) can inhibit it. The isolated ileum test of mice and guinea pigs showed that geniposide had weak anticholinergic and antihistamine effects. ? [6]?

4. Promote pancreatic secretion

Yang Zhizhen and others studied the effects of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and its different extracts on bile and pancreatic flow and pancreatic enzyme activity in rats. The results show that Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and its extracts have obvious effects of benefiting pancreas, gallbladder and reducing pancreatin. Geniposide has the most significant effect of reducing pancreatic amylase, and its enzymatic hydrolysate geniposide has the strongest effect of increasing pancreatic bile flow in a short time. Pei Dekai's research thinks that the effect of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis on promoting pancreatic secretion may be directly related to maintaining the structure and function of pancreatic cell membrane, thus demonstrating the pharmacological basis of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis in treating pancreatitis at the cellular level. Preliminary observation also found that Gardenia jasminoides Ellis can reduce the peroxide products of membrane lipids. ? [6]?

5. Influence on central nervous system

5.69g/kg ethanol extract of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis was injected intraperitoneally (the crushed Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruit was percolated with ethanol, and the percolate was concentrated at 50℃ under reduced pressure to remove ethanol to make 300% concentrated solution), which could reduce the spontaneous activity of mice (pedaling method), with significant difference compared with the control group (P

6. Effects on cardiovascular system

The decoction and alcohol extract of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis can be administered orally, intraperitoneally or intravenously to cats, rabbits and rats, with or without anesthesia.

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis-Original Plant Planting

All drugs have hypotensive effects, and their hypotensive effects have an average effect on adrenaline pressor and pressor reflex that blocks carotid blood flow. It also did not enhance the antihypertensive effect of acetylcholine. Giving antihistamines such as diphenhydramine has no effect on the antihypertensive effect of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Its antihypertensive effect is not caused by the release of histamine. Intravenous injection of procaine does not change the antihypertensive effect of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, indicating that its antihypertensive effect has nothing to do with afferent nerve fibers. It has no blocking effect on ganglion. When bilateral vagus nerve is cut off, the antihypertensive effect of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is obviously weakened or completely disappeared, and atropine can also cancel its antihypertensive effect. Therefore, it is considered that the antihypertensive effect of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is located in the center, and the antihypertensive effect of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is mainly caused by strengthening the tension of the parasympathetic nerve center of the medulla oblongata. It is also reported that gardenia has little effect on peripheral resistance. The isolated rat heart perfusion experiment showed that Gardenia jasminoides Ellis extract could reduce myocardial contractility. The decrease of blood pressure caused by intravenous injection of gardenia extract 500mg/kg in anesthetized dogs and rats is due to the decrease of systolic volume and cardiac output. 0.0 1mg/kg of crocetin Im (hydrolysate of crocetin) can reduce the incidence of arteriosclerosis in rabbits fed with cholesterol. When rats were injected with high dose 1g/kg methanol extract of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis intravenously, ECG showed myocardial injury and atrioventricular block. However, intravenous injection of geniposide 30mg/kg has no significant effect on blood pressure, heart rate and EEG in anesthetized rabbits. The hot water extract of gardenia fruit can stimulate the proliferation of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells in vitro, thus repairing the intima of blood vessels. ? [6]?

7. Bacterial inhibition

Gardenia decoction has inhibitory effects on diphtheria Bacillus, Staphylococcus aureus and typhoid Bacillus, and also has inhibitory effects on various skin fungi to varying degrees. ? [6]?

8. Diarrhea effect

Deacetylmethyl syringin has purgative effect. The 50% effective dose in mice is 0.53 g/kg, and diarrhea begins after taking it for 6 hours. Hydroxy isogeniposide also has laxative effect. The effective dose of hydroxyisogeniposide to mice is 1.2g/kg, which takes effect 3 hours after taking it. The antidiarrheal effect of gardenoside is 500 mg/kg, and it takes effect 3 hours after taking the medicine. The antidiarrheal effect of geniposidic acid is 50% effective dose 800 mg/kg. ? [6]?

9. analgesic effect

Geniposide and its hydrolysate genipin can inhibit writhing induced by intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid in mice. ? [6]?

10. Anti-inflammatory and therapeutic effects on soft tissue injury

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis was extracted with ethanol under reflux, and concentrated under reduced pressure below 40℃ to obtain a thick paste (g1); Percolating the residue after ethanol extraction with water under reflux, and evaporating the percolate in water bath (G2); Dissolve G 1 in methanol, add diatomite, mix well, elute with different organic solvents, and recover the solvents to obtain petroleum ether fraction (G3), chloroform fraction (G4), ethyl acetate fraction (G5) and methanol fraction (G6) respectively.

Then gardenoside (C-A), hydrocortisone ointment (H-U), hydrocortisone injection (H-I) and traumatic analgesic ointment (H-E) were used as controls. To observe the therapeutic and anti-inflammatory effects of different parts of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis on animal models of soft tissue injury. The results are as follows:

1. Therapeutic effects of different parts of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis on soft tissue injury model;

1) experimental treatment of gardenia jasminoides Ellis on mouse soft tissue injury model: mice were made into models with special soft tissue impactor, and then smeared separately.

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis-Original Plant Shape

Drugs, daily 1 time, 4 times in a row. After 5 days, they were killed. According to the appearance observation, they were divided into 5 groups, and at the same time, they were observed by tissue section and divided into 4 grades. G2。 G3.G4 in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis has no therapeutic effect on soft tissue injury in mice, while G5 and G6 have better therapeutic effects. After four times of application, it was basically cured from the appearance, without bleeding or blood stasis. Histological observation showed only mild muscle fiber swelling and a small number of punctate bleeding foci, but Traumatic Pain Relief Ointment had no obvious therapeutic effect on soft tissue injury.

2) Experimental treatment of 2)G5. The effect of G6 on rabbit soft tissue injury is similar to 1. Experiments show that G5. G6 also has obvious therapeutic effect on soft tissue injury in rabbits. After the application of 1 hour, the rabbits resumed normal activities, and the bleeding and blood stasis lesions were obviously improved. After 4 days of use, there was no obvious bleeding and blood stasis. After 5 days, the animals were killed for histological observation, muscle fibers were slightly swollen, and some tissues were bleeding and congestion. The experiment further proves that Dieda Zhitong ointment has no obvious effect on bleeding and blood stasis tissue damage. ? [6]?