1June 24, 398, Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, died.

On June 24th, 398, Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, died.

Zhu Yuanzhang, Ming Taizu, Emperor of Ming Dynasty in China.

The ceremony is divided up and down, justified, and the world is unified; The biggest disadvantage of RMB is that ordinary people can't see ordinary politics, so ministers can do whatever they want; If you are rich, you will be close, if you are poor, you will leave, if you are rich, you will be poor, and the country will be sad-Zhu Yuanzhang.

The story of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, from beggar to monk to emperor is the most talked about. In the history of the world, only a few slaves of emperors can compare with such a huge gap in life.

Zhu Yuanzhang was born in a poor peasant family in Haozhou. When he was young, his name was Bahezi. /kloc-when I was 0/6 years old, my hometown suffered a rare drought, locust plague and plague, which took the lives of my father, mother and eldest brother. Zhu Yuanzhang was forced to become a monk in a nearby temple in Huang Jue. He needed to make a living everywhere. Four years later, he returned to Huang Jue Temple.

195 1 A peasant uprising broke out at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, and the insurgents were called the Red Scarf Army. To some extent, this is the overall release of the dual accumulation of ethnic contradictions and class contradictions in the Yuan Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang joined Guo Zixing Department, and gradually became the backbone of Guo Zixing Department because of his excellent combat capability, and married Guo Zixing's adopted daughter.

Zhu Yuanzhang gradually gathered a group of talents, such as Xu Da, Chang Yuchun and Li Shanchang. Become the basis of his future rule. 1355, Guo Zixing died, and Zhu Yuanzhang became the right deputy marshal. With the death of two other dignitaries, Zhu Yuanzhang completely took over the Guo Zixing Department. In 356, Qing Ji was occupied and used as its base. When Zhu Yuanzhang's national strength was weak, he adopted Zhu Sheng's suggestion of "building high walls, accumulating enough food, and slowly becoming king", and adopted the military vehicle system to promote production, which made his national strength increase rapidly.

The situation at that time was that the Liu Futong Red Scarf Army was fighting the Yuan Dynasty in the north, and the Yuan Dynasty was in a state of division and infighting. In the south, the Red Scarf Army of Zhu Yuanzhang, Chen Youliang and Zhang Shicheng are at war. In the battle of Poyang Lake, Zhu Yuanzhang defeated Chen Youliang's main force and won a tragic final victory. Then, he turned to Zhang Shicheng in the east. After two years of attack, he finally wiped out the Ministry and annexed the Fang Guozhen Ministry in the southeast, which has occupied half the country.

At this time, in 1367, the Yuan Dynasty also wiped out Liu Futong, and the two sides formed a confrontation between the north and the south. In 368, Zhu Yuanzhang adopted the security strategy of "taking Shandong first, then Henan and Hebei, guarding Tongguan and taking the Dadu River directly", and appointed Xu Da and Chang Yuchun as the golden partners of the Northern Expedition. In July, he conquered the Dadu River, fled the north, and returned to the Northern Han regime more than 200 years later.

In this process, Zhu Yuanzhang always put Han Liner's Longfeng regime in the first place. Until 1366, when he felt that the time was ripe to be emperor, he sent someone to assassinate Han Liner. 1367 called him the king of Wu, and 1368 officially proclaimed himself emperor.

After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, we continued to eliminate the remaining separatist forces in China. In the south, we have successively obtained the hotbeds of separatism in Sichuan and Yunnan. In the north, we sent troops to chase the Mongols who fled into the desert. There were successes and failures in these military operations, but nearly 20 years after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), all China was basically unified except the territory occupied by nomadic people in the north.

The main reason why Zhu Yuanzhang was included in the list was not his legendary experience before he proclaimed himself emperor, but a series of pioneering systems established after he proclaimed himself emperor, which made China feudal society enter a new stage, a more stable, autocratic and conservative stage.

For a country that has been hit hard, it is necessary to recover. As a poor emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang had a deeper understanding in this respect. In view of the present situation of large-scale reclamation after the Anshi Rebellion at the end of Yuan Dynasty, he admitted to reclaiming Du landless.

Correcting household registration, clearing land, forging yellow books and implementing the ritual system nationwide were very successful in the early Ming Dynasty, and increased taxes. Even the household registration system in the middle and late Ming dynasty could not surpass Zhu Yuanzhang's era for a long time.

Zhu Yuanzhang also implemented measures of population migration. First, he moved the landless poor in densely populated areas to places with a large number of abandoned landless people. Later, the wealthy families in the southeast moved to Nanjing and Lin Hao, which not only enriched the capital and made it easy to control, but also eliminated the basis for exploiting workers in their original places of residence. At the same time, people who became slaves in the war were released as free men, and the number of slaves owned by officials at all levels was reduced to a very small number, which greatly weakened the slavery that prevailed since the Yuan Dynasty and increased the number of small producers in society.

The above measures were more or less implemented after the establishment of each dynasty, but Zhu Yuanzhang was a successful example. His more groundbreaking reforms were in the political and military systems.

Zhu Yuanzhang's measures in the reform of political and military system can be summarized as "decentralization and checks and balances, strengthening control". After Hu's rebellion, the prime minister was abolished, and the province of Zhongshu was abolished at the same time. The six ministers were directly responsible to the emperor. In fact, the post of prime minister is concurrently held by the emperor. He established Duchayuan and Wei Jinyi successively. The former was responsible for monitoring and reporting, while the latter was the emperor's favorite, conducting reconnaissance, arrest and interrogation activities for the emperor, which was the beginning of the development of spy politics in the Ming Dynasty.

Militarily, he divided the functions and powers of the Governor's Office into five offices: front, back, left, middle and right. He also let them and the Ministry of War contain each other and be responsible to the emperor. Locally, the province of running books was abolished, and its functions and powers were divided into propaganda department, capital command post and Hebei department, which were in charge of administration, military affairs and justice respectively.

They do not manage each other, but are directly responsible to the central government. At the same time, all the vassals are sons and nephews of Zhu Yuanzhang, and each vassal has a guard of several thousand to ten thousand people. Zhu Yuanzhang established vassals and guarded the central government. Once the central government is controlled by "traitors", the princes can play the role of "showing saints". However, shortly after his death, the civil war broke out because of the problems that c-lords could not get rid of. Zhu Yuanzhang established a security system in the border areas. The guards are all from the army and have been attacked for generations. They were allocated a certain amount of cultivated land and implemented a military chariot system.

When dealing with heroes, Zhu Yuanzhang clung to the word "strict". In the early days of the People's Republic of China, Zhu Yuanzhang mainly punished some chivalrous men to achieve a deterrent effect, but in the later period of his rule, especially after 1390, "punishment" became killing animals. Two major cases of rebellion involving thousands of people were killed. Among other punishments, only a few founding heroes can get away with it.

It also had a great influence on Zhu Yuanzhang's culture, but it was criticized by later generations. First, establish an eight-part essay system to select scholars, so that the imperial examination system will enter the stage of self-restraint; The other is a literary prison. In the era of Zhu Yuanzhang, countless people were killed for violating the ban in history. These systems were inherited by the Qing Dynasty and were considered as the root of the tragic situation in China.

Zhu Yuanzhang also made great achievements in legislation and judicature. He ordered Li Shanchang and others to make Daming Law and Mobile Phone, and the criminal law for officials was mainly "strict". During his administration, there were two major cases with extensive contacts: air india case and Guo Huan case, especially the latter case, in which thousands of people came into contact with each other. Zhu Yuanzhang has made great achievements in opposing the greed and calmness of officials. Corrupt officials were beheaded, skinned and hung on the scarecrow in the ancestral hall next to the yamen as a warning. The intensity and scope of anti-corruption are rare in past dynasties.

Zhu Yuanzhang also sorted out his life experiences.

During the reign of Zhu Yuanzhang, various systems were either improved on the basis of predecessors or created by themselves. Most of them were inherited by Ming and Qing dynasties, which laid a political system framework for more than 500 years. He was undoubtedly the most influential emperor in the late feudal society of China.

As for Zhu Yuanzhang's evaluation of his meritorious service, later generations pay more attention to the fact that he killed innocent people by mistake. Every time he builds a big prison, he kills thousands of people, which is really cruel. However, he killed all the rich bureaucrats, excluding the poor. He is very concerned about people's livelihood and attaches importance to engineering construction and war control, which shows that he comes from a poor peasant family and has the advantage of understanding the sufferings of the people.

But Zhu Yuanzhang strengthened centralization, especially greatly strengthened the authority of the emperor himself. When his successor eased political affairs, too much imperial power fell on the eunuch, the emperor's personal servant, which paved the way for the eunuch's autocratic power, which was a political drawback of the Ming Dynasty. He established the Royal Guards and Xingwen Prison. It mercilessly destroys human rights and gradually turns China culture into a sauce jar.

Zhu Yuanzhang is diligent, but selfish. His goal is to establish a system conducive to his and his descendants' long-term stable rule. It was in the early Ming Dynasty that China fell behind the world, and Zhu Yuanzhang was responsible. As the most important emperor in the late feudal society of China, Zhu Yuanzhang ranked 35th in this ranking.

Comments: As an emperor who was born in poverty, Zhu Yuanzhang's early hatred of the rich and officials was fully exposed when he was able to manipulate the power of life and death of others, which made his politics show the characteristics of being strict with officials and relatively tolerant of civilians. Although he is notorious for strengthening autocratic rule and controlling literati culture, he has made good achievements in improving people's livelihood.