Was the Yellow Emperor the first person to establish a dynasty in the history of China?

Huangdi was not the first person to establish a dynasty. At present, it is recognized as the Xia Qi of Xia Dynasty. However, it is said that it was the Tang Tao Dynasty, which was founded by Tang Yao in ancient times. Later generations often refer to Tang Dynasty and Yu as "Tang Yu" in history. In the early days of Yao's rule, there was no basic national system, and the country was just a tribal association, which was very loose, which was not conducive to the unified management of the country. Therefore, after accumulating certain administrative experience, Yao began to establish a national political system, one of which is to appoint officials according to various government affairs. For the first time in the history of our country, a relatively systematic political system was established, which laid the foundation for the emergence of a slave country, which was called the Tang Dynasty in history.

Qi, according to history, the year of birth and death is unknown. After his death, he succeeded to the throne, becoming the first person in the history of China to change from "abdication" to "hereditary". After 9 years in office, he died of illness and was buried near Anyi.

Qu Yuan's Tian Wen said that Yu patrolled the flood and traveled all over the world. On one occasion, he met Tu Shanshi by chance in Taiwan Province and separated immediately. The pregnant Tushanshi girl died after giving birth to Monday morning quarterback. So Kay was born without a mother and was a bitter child. After Yu's death, Qi destroyed the abdication system, captured the throne by himself, and established the first dynasty in China history-Xia. From then on, the primitive society ended, the slave society began, and Qi became the first emperor in the history of our country (some historians believe that Yu was the first emperor). Give up Yangzhai, move west to Daxia (now Fenhui Valley) and establish Anyi (west of the county this summer).

On the Identity of "Xia Qi"

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First, from the differences in the evaluation of "Xia Qi"

As the founder of the first dynasty in the history of China, he seems to be the son of Yu according to historical documents and scholars' research. But it is such a legendary figure that the historical evaluation is mixed.

Mencius on Zhang Wan said: "It is corrupt, and Shun's son is also corrupt. The phase of Shun is Yao and the phase of Yu is Shun. Over the years, it has been beneficial to the people for a long time. Qi Xian can respect and inherit the Tao. Over the years, I have benefited less and benefited the people for a long time. Shun is thousands of miles away, and his sons are virtuous and greedy. What non-human beings can do. If you don't do it, it will be heaven; If you don't come, you will die. " Mencius also mentioned on Zhang Wan that Yu Jian is beneficial to heaven. In seven years, Yu collapsed. After three years of mourning, Yuzi was rescued from Ji Mountain. People who make pilgrimages are not good at first, saying, "So is my son." "The eulogist eulogizes enlightenment instead of benefits, saying," So does my son. "Lu Chunqiu" also said that after the summer, the Youhu family was defeated by Ganze and asked for a reply. After the summer, Qi Bo said, "No, my land is not shallow, and I have many people who are invincible. It's my poor morality and poor teaching. "The old place is not heavy, the food is not delicious, the piano does not open, the bells and drums are not repaired, the children are not jealous, the kisses are long, the sages are honored, and the servants are served for a long time.

Qi Xian's above statement was fixed by Sima Qian's Historical Records Xia Benji. In most people's eyes, Qi Xian inherited the destiny, praised the way of Dayu, and successfully realized the transition from abdication to hereditary. Really popular, and Qi is undoubtedly a wise monarch who values morality and cultivates himself in history.

Even in mythology, Qi is a sage who can communicate with the Emperor of Heaven. "Shan Hai Jing Ye Xi Jing" says: "Beyond the southwest sea, south of Chishui and west of quicksand, there are two green snakes riding two dragons, named Xia Houkai. Go to heaven three times and get the following nine arguments and nine songs. On this day, the mu of wild land is two kilometers high. I got the first nine strokes. " The Addendum to Songs of the South explains this: "Nine songs are different from nine songs, and you are happy. It is said that Yu Canping is rich in soil and water. Qi Neng can inherit his ambition, praise his career and raise his family, so things in Kyushu can be distinguished, and the virtues of the nine principles can be sung in turn. "

However, we also notice that the evaluation of the alignment between historical documents and legends is completely opposite. "The Warring States Policy Yance I" said: "To grant benefits, to realize the official. And the old, and think that the lack of enlightenment for the world, the benefits of transmission are also. Kai and support the party to attack the interests and win the world. " Mo Zi Le Fei Shang said: "Qi is a kind of sensual enjoyment, it is wild in diet, it will leave a deep impression on people and enrich people with strength. Zhan is turbid in wine, eating in the wild, dancing in the wings, smelling the chapter in the big, and using the Buddha style in the sky. " "Huainan Customs" said: "In the past, the Hu family died for righteousness." Gao said, "if you have an official position, your ordinary brothers will do the same." With Yao and Shun, the sage rises, and with the son alone, he dies. " In a word, Xia Qi seems to have become a person who is not good enough to take charge of the world. He destroyed the original abdication system, made the world private, and after he succeeded to the throne, he indulged in lewdness and forbearance of dissidents. He is really a shameless man.

Why are there two completely different evaluations of the historical enlightenment? Is there another possibility besides Gu Jiegang, an ancient historian, who pointed out that pre-Qin philosophers "competed with each other" in order to publicize their theoretical ideas?

Second, the enlightenment of the myth of "Du Yu and Turtle Spirit"

In ancient Shu, there was also a story about "Master Roshi" managing water.

"Taiping Yu Lan" Volume 888 When Yang Xiong introduced the Han Dynasty, The Biography of the King of Shu said:

King Shu's name was Can Cong ... Then a man named Du Yu descended from the sky and went to Zhu Di. A woman came out of a well in Jiangyuan and became Du Yu's wife. Yu established himself as the King of Shu, posthumous title, ruled at the foot of Wenshan and shut the people out. Wang Di is over 0/00 years old, and there is a man named Aoling in Beijing. When his body died, the Jing people couldn't wait. When the turtle's body was resurrected in Shu, it was only a stage. When Yushan comes out of the water, if Yao floods, he can't control the water, so Ao Shen decides Yushan and the people get the land. After Master Roshi went to water conservancy, he hoped the emperor would communicate with his wife. The emperor is not as good as the turtle spirit, entrusting the turtle spirit to the country, such as Yao's Zen and Shun. Turtle spirit acceded to the throne, called enlightened.

For this myth, scholars have long suspected its relationship with legends such as the demise of Yao and Shun and Dayu's flood control. Mr. Shuye Tong thinks that this story is obviously composed of mixed myths in the Central Plains. The so-called Du Yu is Yu, and the turtle spirit is a gun. Recently, some scholars suspect that Gun, Yu and Qi are the tortoise gods in this myth, and judge that the myth of Gun, Yu and Tortoise God is the result of the differentiation of the same myth.

It is obviously beyond the scope of this paper to discuss the interaction between these two myths. What really caught our attention was the reason why Du Yu and Master Roshi abdicated in this myth: Master Roshi was in charge of water conservancy, but Wang Di took the opportunity to have an affair with his wife, thinking that he was virtuous, so he entrusted Master Roshi to the country and left. There are similar records in other historical documents. For example, the fourth chapter of Shuowen Jiezi says: "The King of Shu wanted the emperor to commit adultery with his wife, so he died of shame, so he was a bird. Therefore, when people in Shu heard that their son sang, they all looked up to the emperor. " "Hua Yang Guo Zhi Shu Zhi" also said: "I hope that the emperor will make the turtle cold (spirit) control water and prostitute his wife. Cold, shame ... The meaning of Fa Yao Shun Zen is granted, and Zen lies in enlightenment. "

As the ancestors of Shu people, Du Yu and Bieling are respected by later generations. Today, in the southwest of Pixian County, you can still see the remains of Wangye Temple. There are the Mausoleum of Wang Di and the Mausoleum of Ye Di, which stand opposite each other. In the past, people sacrificed Wang Di (Du Yu) and Yedi (Turtle Spirit) here, and the ceremony was extremely long. However, their relationship is really ambiguous. The book "Biography of the King of Shu" quoted in the newspaper said: "Looking at the emperor, the son returns to sing, so the Shu people mourn for the son and miss the emperor." Sixty episodes of Shuo Yue, The Story of the Universe and Shuo Yue say: "After escaping, I want to be reset and die as a cuckoo. I mourn day and night every spring month. Hearing this, the Shu people said,' My emperor is also a soul'. " Later generations have doubts about Du Fu's unjust, false and misjudged cases. I am afraid that there is a serious political struggle behind the story of Du Yu and Bieling's demise. Is the story of Du Yu's affair with Master Roshi's wife forged by Master Roshi of Du Yu or is it true that his enlightened dynasty belittled Du Yu? Ancient history is so far away that we don't know it. But there is no doubt that the legend of abdication is not as simple as we thought before.

Back to our previous topic, combined with the legend of extinction, if Master Roshi recorded in Shu Wang is the prototype of Yu, who is Du Yu, another important figure in the story? We might as well assume that he is avoided and see what happens next.

Third, the origin of the legend of Shunyu's abdication

After Shun succeeded to the throne of Yao, he got rid of the gun that wanted to rebel and drowned in Yushan in the name of water control instead of emperor's command. This is what is said in Book Hongfan. "The flood has passed, and the five elements of Chen Qi, the son of heaven is angry, and it is not a flood in nine areas, and Yi Lun is allowed." The gun is dead, and Yu Naisi is happy. As for the reason of Yuxing, Huainanzi originally said, "Xia Ying, a former scholar, was a city of three treasures, and his ministers betrayed him, so he was cunning overseas. In rebellion against the world, it is also bad for the city, flat pool, scattered property, burning armor soldiers, and practicing virtue. Overseas customers, all over the world. The princes are in Tushan, and jade and silk are all countries. " This shows that Yu regained the support of the people by thinking about his father's right and wrong, cultivating self-cultivation and protecting the people. This made Shun once again feel that the resurrection of Yu was a serious threat to his power. In order to eradicate future troubles, Shun carefully planned a good play of "borrowing chickens to lay eggs".

Shun ordered Yu to continue to control water. In the book Hao Tao Mo, Dayu once said, "If you create something new, you will marry in a heaped-up mountain and cry when you start, but if you give it to Fu Zi, you will be ruined." Regarding the word "Ren Xin Jia Gui", Kong Anguo explained: "As for Jia Si, he went back to water conservancy." Later, scholars have discussed this. On the surface, it seems that Dayu abandoned his married wife after three days of marriage and embarked on a journey of water control in a hurry. Then, 10 was born. Is there such a coincidence in the world?

We speculate that, in fact, it may be that Yu Nan disobeyed the emperor's orders and could not be dispatched. "Historical Records Xia Benji" said: "I am afraid that I have not punished my ancestors because of overwork and anxiety. He lived outside for thirteen years and was afraid to enter the house. "Shun took advantage of water conservancy to alienate Yu, and took this opportunity to have an affair with Yu's wife Tu Shanshi, giving birth to later enlightenment. The so-called "Qi" turned out to be a son!

Redefining Kay's identity will solve many puzzles in the future. Hong Xingzu quoted Huai Nan Zi as a supplement to the song of Chu, saying, "Hong Yuzhi's water and mountains have turned into bears, which means that Tu Shan Shi said,' If you want a salary, you can hear the drums'." Yu jumped over the stone and missed the drum. Tu Shanshi went to see Yu Fang as a bear and left in shame. Turned into a stone under Songshan Mountain. Yu said, "This is my son's!" The stone broke through the north and was born. The Evolution History of Scholars in Qing Dynasty (volume 12) quoted Tongchao as saying: "I will marry Tu Shan and wait for the flood to turn into a bear. When Tu Shan Stone saw it, he left in shame and turned into a stone under Songshan Mountain. Yu said,' This is my son's! The stone broke through the north and was born. In fact, the core of this myth is not the birth of Qi, but the death of his wife's fossil. When Tu Shanshi saw her husband, he was ashamed of what he had done and died as soon as he touched the mountain. This is the truth of the matter.

The next thing is logical. Because his son and businessman were corrupt and good at water control, they could quell the chaos of Sanmiao, so they made great contributions and recommended Yu as an heir, which not only met Yu's requirements, but also achieved his own purpose. But there is no airtight wall in the world. Unfortunately, the seemingly perfect plan was known by Hu Shi, who has the same name as Yu, so he strongly opposed Yu Chuan being located in Kai. At this time, I was caught in a dilemma. Although he doubted Qi's life experience, he did not have the conditions for paternity test in ancient times. Besides, he only has this nominal son, so he has to try his best to quell this rumor. Therefore, "Zhuangzi on Earth" said: "It is a punishment to attack with arrogance and the country with emptiness." As for whether Kay is really born for himself, it can only be decided by fate. It is mentioned in the above-mentioned "Warring States Policy Yan Ce I" that "to grant benefits, to serve as an official. And the old, and think that the lack of enlightenment for the world, the benefits of transmission are also. Kai and support the party to attack the interests and win the world. " Thanks to the support of both sides, Kay said, "Pilgrims who go to court in prison will not benefit. He said," Neither will my son. ""The eulogist eulogizes enlightenment rather than benefits, saying, "So does my son." As a result, Xia Qi succeeded to the throne as "the son of two emperors".

However, the Hu family is still unappreciative and continues to spread the so-called "rumors" of Qi Weishun. This will never be tolerated, and this is what the book says: if the Hu family refuses to accept it, they will cut it. The First World War was fought in Gansu, then called Liu Qing. The king said, "well, everyone who has done six things has told you." Some of them have threatened the Five Elements, neglected the Three Principles, and wiped out their lives with Heaven. Today, I will be punished for being respectful. Left is not a reason for left, you don't respect it; Right or wrong, you don't respect; Resistance is wrong and disrespectful. Repay your ancestors with your life, not with your life, but with your life! " "Huainan Customs" said: "In the past, the Hu family died for righteousness." Gao said, "You are an official and Xia Qizhi is an ordinary brother." . Take Yao and Shun as wise men, be alone with your son, and die by beheading. In fact, the Hu family also had their own plans, just to prove that they were the true descendants of Yu and gain control over the whole tribe, but because of their poor strength, they were eventually destroyed.

Having said that, we can understand why after Taikang lost his country in the early summer, Shao Kang finally realized his desire to restore the country with the help of the power of Yu Guo, a descendant of Shun. The reason may be traced back to the special status of his great-grandfather.

It must be stated that the son of Wei Qi Shunzi is just a hypothesis that we put forward according to the materials of ancient legends. Although there is suspicion of tampering with historical materials, is this assumption meaningless for us to understand the history of the legendary era?

Fourth, the significance of the "Xia Qi" identity hypothesis

Shun is the great ancestor in mythology and festivals of the Yin nationality, which was confirmed by scholars such as Guo Moruo through the Oracle Bone Inscriptions Institute. Most scholars believe that Shun is the ancestor of the legendary Dongyi Yin nationality. Yu is the ancestor of the legend of Xia nationality in Xiqiang, which has been proved by many scholars through the relationship between Yu's birthplace and Bashu. From the perspective of historical development, the interaction, integration and mutual influence between the two ethnic groups are undoubtedly the important factors for the emergence of the "abdication" system, while controlling floods and jointly dealing with the Southern Sanmiao Group are the basis for their alliance. Personally, I think that the so-called "abdication" system is nothing more than a form in which two ethnic groups take turns to take power.

In fact, what is hidden behind this seemingly "peaceful" abdication form is the comparison of the national strength of the two sides. Even the legend of Yao and Shun's abdication is not as full of moral education as advocated by Confucianism before. During the reign of Emperor Yao in history, "when Yao was in power, the world was not flat and floods were everywhere. Vegetation is lush, and animals multiply. If the grain is not harvested, animals will be threatened. The way of animal hoof and bird trace is left to China. I am worried alone, I am treating it. " Emperor Yao really had no way to settle the world, so he had to give way to Shun. Shun is by no means an ordinary civilian. Historical records Xia Benji said: "Shun Li Gengshan, Lishan people make way; Fishing for Razer, Razer everyone gives up; Taohe riverside and riverside utensils are not bitter. One year, they lived together, two years, they became cities, and three years, they became Chengdu. According to the statement that "Nine husbands are wells, four wells are cities, four cities are hills, four hills are meadows, four counties are counties, and four counties are capitals" quoted in Historical Records Justice, if calculated by a family of four, Shun seems to be a tribal leader of ten thousand people, and it was indeed a huge emerging power group at that time, so the Quotations of Corpses: Wen Yao-Qi Xian in "Requisition of Grass" Therefore, the wife is jealous, the wife is jealous, and the nine sons are in charge of the world. It was through marriage that Yao and Shun successfully realized the transfer and transition of power. As for later saying that Yao was obedient, it might just be an excuse for Yao's diehard loyalty.

This situation changed when Shun, the leader of Dongyi nationality, was about to take power. Gun, the leader of Xia nationality, tried to break this balance with his own strength. For example, "Lu Chunqiu's Theory of Travel" said: "Yao made Shun a vassal of the world, and he was angry with Yao:" Those who get the way of the world are emperors, and those who get the way of the emperor are three public. Today, I am an emperor, and I am not a fair man. "Yao is a theorist, he wants to get the three fair. He is angry and wants to mess up. Compared with the horns of animals, it can be considered as a city, and the tail can be considered as a sound. Not barking is like pretending that the emperor suffers in the wild. Shun is Yushan, and Wu Dao is the deputy. " After putting down the Gun Rebellion, he used his position and power to successfully graft his son into the Xia and Yu nationalities, and finally established his position as the master of the Qi State through Zen and Yu. Both Yi and Xia nationalities sang My Son, and * * * lived in a seemingly reasonable unified system, which further accelerated the pace of national integration. At the same time, it successfully realized the transformation from abdication to hereditary, which created conditions for the establishment of the first country in China.

As for the different evaluations of alignment mentioned above, there may be a clear answer now, that is, the later Yi Xia people's different views on early history. When understanding ancient legends, should different ethnic backgrounds be an important factor we should consider?

More importantly, it was Shun Di's move that completed the first real integration of the two nationalities. In the long run, it's a bit like "small battles don't hide great virtues." After all, this so-called "peaceful" evolution is preferable to bloody ethnic struggles and mutual killings. Although the so-called "Xia Qi" identity in this paper is inevitably flawed, it undoubtedly provides a way of thinking for us to understand the transition from "abdication" to "hereditary" in ancient history and the early process of national integration.