The history of Xiamen!

Xiamen history and culture

Xiamen is located in the southern coast of Fujian Province, with east longitude11804 ′″, north latitude 24 26 ′ 46 ″, land area 1565.09 km2 and sea area of over 300 km2. Jurisdiction Siming, Huli, Jimei, Haicang, Tongan and Xiang 'an 6 districts. Spread Minnan dialect.

In the third year of Jin Taikang (282), Tongan County was established, which belonged to Jin 'an County and later merged into Nan 'an County. In the 19th year of Tang Zhenyuan (803), Datong Field was set up in the southwest of Nan 'an County. After five dynasties, it was promoted to Tongan County in the 4th year of Tang Dynasty (933), belonging to Quanzhou. Song belongs to Qingyuan Army, Pinghai Army and Quanzhou. Yuan belongs to Quanzhou Road. Ming belongs to Quanzhou prefecture. In the twentieth year of Hongwu (1387), Xiamen City was built, in the seventh year of Qing Shunzhi (1650), Zheng Chenggong was stationed in Xiamen, and in the twelfth year of Qing Shunzhi (1650), Siming Mansion was established. The 19th year of Kangxi (1680) was abolished; In the 23rd year (1884), a garrison road was set up in Taiwan, and the road was hidden in Taiwan (in the 6th year of Yongzheng, the Taiwan government was changed to a Taiwan road), in the 25th year (1686), the Quanzhou government defense department was set up separately, and in the 5th year of Yongzheng (1727), Xingquan road was set up. In the 29th year of Guangxu (1903), Gulangyu Island in Xiamen became a "public concession". In the first year of the Republic of China (19 12), Jiaheli (Xiamen) and Jinmen in Tongan County were located in Siming County, and they were promoted to Siming House in September, then abandoned.

1933 "People's Republic of China (PRC) People's Revolutionary Government" (namely "Fujian People's Government") established Xiamen Special City, which was later revoked. Tongan county and Siming county belong to the fifth administrative supervision area (in Tongan) 1934. 1In April, 935, Xiamen established seven islands, including Xiamen and Gulangyu, and cancelled the Heshan Special Zone in Siyou County. They belong to the fourth administrative supervision area (within Tongan) with Tongan County, from May 1938 to June 1945. 1September, 949/October, Tongan county and Xiamen were liberated, Tongan county was the fifth area (Quanzhou area and Jinjiang area were changed in 1950), and Xiamen was a provincial city.1June, 950, Xiamen established Kaiyuan, Siming, Gulangyu and Xiamen. Jimei Town, Tongan County 1953 is under the jurisdiction of Xiamen City. 1958, 1 year, set up suburbs in Heshan district. In August, Tongan County was transferred from Jinjiang District to Xiamen City. In August 1966, Kaiyuan District and Siming District were renamed Dongfeng District and Xiangyang District (1979 in October). 1In February 1970, Tongan County was subordinate to Jinjiang District, and1returned to Xiamen in June 1973. Xinglin District was established in September 1978. 1987 Huli District was added, and the suburb was renamed as jimei district. 1997 Tongan county zoning. Up to now, Xiamen has jurisdiction over Gulangyu, Siming, Kaiyuan, Xinglin, Huli, Jimei and Tongan.

In May 2003, with the approval of the State Council, it was agreed to adjust some administrative divisions of Xiamen. The main contents of the adjustment include: 1. Siming District, Gulangyu Island and Kaiyuan District were merged into Siming District, and the original three administrative areas were under the jurisdiction of Siming District. Two, Xinglin District Xinglin Sub-district Office and Xinglin Town under the jurisdiction of jimei district. Xinglin District was renamed Haicang District. 3. Establish Xiang 'an District, and put Xindian, Xinxu, Maxiang, Neicuo and Dadeng towns under the jurisdiction of Tong 'an District under the jurisdiction of Xiang 'an District. After the adjustment of administrative divisions, Xiamen has jurisdiction over six districts: Siming, Huli, Jimei, Haicang, Tongan and Xiang 'an.

China News Network 2005-12-104:11

Another name of Xiamen

Qingmen

In the late Tang Dynasty, Luo Yin wrote a preface to Chen Ji in Yingzhou, in which "Jiawu Spring () sued (Luo Yin) for marriage, and the east returned to Qingmen." For example, Chen An went to Chang 'an (now Xi 'an) in the ninth year (8 14), and then returned to "Qingmen" in the east. Qingmen is also another name for Xiamen.

Chi Ming Xianfang's Chen Xiru, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty in to be no.1, has a poem of "A castle in the cold, a castle in the wind and rain", which decodes "Bao Qing" as the gateway of the castle, that is, "Qing Gate", which can be used as a footnote for Chen An's westward journey to Chang 'an.

New city

In the 12th year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (the 5th year of Shunzhi), Zheng Chenggong was bombed by Qing soldiers, so he demolished some city walls, government offices and private houses, and moved officials and people to Bingzhou Island to build a new city. People distinguish Tongan ancient city from Bingzhou new city. The new city has become synonymous with Tongan (including Xiamen).

There is a saying in Chi Xianfang's poem "Ascending Gulangyu Midtown Rhyme": "Although it is small, it is also a portal. What's the difference?" The new town is tortuous, and the ancient poems lie on the side. "It depicts him climbing Gulangyu Island, which is a" small but portal ". On the ancient Sunlight Rock, he overlooked the "prismatic cave" in Huxi Cave and opened his eyes to see that "the new city is tortuous. "New town also refers to Xiamen.

Jiaheyu

Song called "Jiahe Island", which belongs to Jiahe in Tongan County, Quanzhou Prefecture.

Thousands of families, left-of-center families.

Ethan's "Thousand Households" is clearly called "Center-Left House", which is an administrative organization and synonymous with Xiamen. Wen Yi records: "Wuzhou and Jiahe are the defenders of the whole South". "Wu Yu is a piece of land, in the middle left sea, and so is the middle left portal. "Those who are left in the middle are outside Tonga. “

◎ Siming

In the 12th year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty, Zheng Chenggong set up Siming Mansion in Xiamen, and changed it to Siming County in the first year of the Republic of China. After Tongan County became independent, it was promoted to Siming House, and the abandoned house was still a county in the second year. Although the state, county and government are also administrative institutions, "Siming" is still the way today.

peach garden

According to the records of Xiamen City in the Republic of China, "Xiamen Island is like a peach" and the scenic spot is "Little Taoyuan". Gulangyu Island was called "Xanadu" in the era of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. Today, the nickname of "Taoyuan" in Xiamen is not the illusion of Peach Blossom Garden, but the reality of "Sea Garden".

◎ "Lu Yu" "Yumen" and "Lujiang"

"Lu Yu", "Yumen" and "Lujiang" are called from the aspects of topography, river name and poultry.

China News Network 2005-12-104:11

The context of "Xiamen"

"Gate" is a general term for place names. There are cliffs where rivers enter the sea. In ancient times, boatmen and fishermen vividly called objective existence a door. Guangdong has Humen in the Pearl River Estuary, Macau in the Special Administrative Region, Nagato and Wuhumen in the Minjiang River Estuary in Fujian, Haimen and Giants in the Jiulong River Estuary in Zhangzhou, and Jinmen and Xiamen. "Xiamen" is the earliest generic name of "Xiamen".

Summer, tiger, Australia, dragon, sea, gold and luxury are proper terms for land and me. Its meaning is also visualized.

Take Zhang Xia, Fujian as an example: "Haimen" entered the waters of Jiangxia Port in Kowloon; "Haomen" is in the northeast of Haimen (Ming history). According to the direction, it should be near Yuzaiwei now. There is a village called "Hou Shi" in that place, which is now the terminal of the passenger ship from Xiamen to Yuzaiwei. The word "Hou" is called "Hu" or "Hu" in Minnan dialect, and the word "Hao" is interpreted as "moat" in Ci Hai. In this way, there are traces of the word "Hao" and homophony of the word "Hu" in the pronunciation of the word "Hu". And "Haimen: down to Gulangyu Island and Xiamen Island, it is the channel for the tide to enter and exit, just like the door of Huyu River, that is, the" Haomen ". A door under Haomen is called Xiamen. Haimen and Haomen didn't have names in the Ming Dynasty, but Xiamen was named in the early Ming Dynasty, both of which were before the city was built in the twenty-seventh year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty.

Qing Daoyun's Preface to Xiamen says: "Xiamen is the gateway to the southeast at the junction of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou ..." Xiamen Situation Chronicle says: "When the Golden Mansion is in danger, the gateway is also guarded." It is said that Xiamen is the "gateway".

"Xia" and "Xia" in Minnan dialect are not pronounced, and their sounds and tones are the same. Therefore, Xiamen's "mansion" evolved from "mansion"; The change from "Xiamen" to "Xiamen" was refined by literati.

People used to call the north "up" and the south "down"; Minnan people are also used to calling northerners "Beiding (Shangdong) people"; It can be said that "Xiamen" is "the maritime gateway of southern Fujian" in terms of connecting "doors", which is more specific and accurate than the general "doors of architecture" or "doors of China".

In short, "Xiamen" became "Xiamen", and "Xiamen" was named as early as the early Ming Dynasty, not just in the late Hongwu period. Zhou de built the city, just with.

China News Network 2005-12-14:12

Four architectural styles in Xiamen

Four architectural styles in Xiamen

Xiamen's architectural style is unique and charming, with strong regional characteristics and rich cultural heritage. If the red brick houses and buildings with "Jiageng style" contain the profoundness of China culture, then the European architecture in Gulangyu and the arcade in Xiamen reflect the dazzling architectural style of foreign countries.

One. European architecture

Go to Gulangyu Ferry Terminal, take Lujiangding-Fujian Road-Lujiao Road-Fuxing Road, and turn to Zhangzhou Road as the preferred route; Second, transfer from Huangyan Road to the top of Bijiashan Mountain to Anhai Road-Gu Xin Road. Both routes can see the representative European architecture of Gulangyu Island.

The British consulates built in 1844 and 1870 have been demolished, and the new buildings have lost their original charm. When we pass them, we can only review the history. After passing through the Japanese Consulate in imitation of British architecture and the Japanese Police Department in Oriental architecture, you will arrive at the Gothic Catholic Church, whose pointy art is very individual and worth seeing.

Go out of the Catholic Church, turn left, and you will find Rongyuantang, a boutique villa supported by Roman columns, mainly in European style. On the third floor, it has the architectural thinking of China, which is in harmony with the elegant garden. It's fascinating and worth pondering. Opposite is the "paradise structure on the sea". The five villas have their own characteristics, and the building in the middle and the villas on both sides are the most beautiful. The middle building is a traditional rest peak, but the main body is European style, and the combination of Chinese and western is quite distinctive, especially the algae well under the middle ridge is more beautiful; Both sides are the combination of Baroque and China classical art, which is also very beautiful.

The octagonal building where Lin Erjia lives is a southern European building with baroque charm. There are many stories that must be savored. Li Qingquan Villa at the foot of Flag Mountain has luxurious and modern buildings and spacious and quiet gardens. This is an ideal place for home. Don't be fooled by the word "Gu Rong" on the gate. "Gu Rong" is a slip of the pen, because the villa was built under an ancient banyan tree.

Strolling to the west end of Fuxing Road, there are two Victorian white villas among the green trees and flowers, which are the villas of Bai Dengbi, the founder of Fujian letterpress printing. Although the appearance is outdated, it still retains the charm of the year, and many characters and stories in the villa are never tired of hearing.

After seeing Baijia Villa, I went to Zhangzhou Road to see Lin Yutang and Liao Cuifeng's bride's room. Liao Jia Villa is a qualified old villa in Gulangyu Island. There are many anecdotes about Lin Yutang, a famous literary master in China, which can increase the interest in tourism.

The middle building of Huangjia Garden, once known as "the first villa in China", is an English luxury villa with great charm in Southeast Asia. Look at the lobby decorated with nanmu up and down and the Italian marble staircase at the back of the lobby with a value of 6.5438+10,000 yuan, which is amazing enough, not to mention the chic back porch and the specially built rooftop.

Coming out of Huangjia Garden, I looked at the forest house with twisted roof all the way, and then I came to the top of Bijia Mountain. On the top of the mountain, there are two villas that used to be "trial courts", but Lin Wenqing Villa, which has become a dangerous house, seems to have the headmaster in the wild vines! To the north are Chuncaotang, Guancai Building and JOE Villa. Chuncaotang is a small home building with a combination of Chinese and western styles, which is extremely warm. JOE Villa is eclectic, solemn and elegant, and the piano sound of Sister Xu Jia can still be heard behind the rose-red wall. Guancai Building is the most unique building with a strong Dutch style. The main attractions are rope-like doorposts, the window lintels of musketeers' faces and the third floor with back arcs, which fully show the beauty of its architectural art.

You can reach the villa from the stone steps on the right side of Guancai Building. There are the most beautiful and largest European gatehouse, baroque facade and flower beds on the transition road, which makes people unforgettable. Then walk along the path to the Fanpo Building on Anhai Road and the small building in Western Europe. The colorful clothes of Fanpo Building have a taste of Rococo. The "Five Feet" Corridor is of Southeast Asian style, but its attraction is the stage where Fanpo sings and plays in front of the building and the happy gatehouse when he enters and exits. Don't underestimate the small foreign buildings in western Europe. It's quite old, and it's a work by/kloc-0 in the middle of the 9th century. The shape of the building, decorative materials and the color of the wall paintings of the year. , as always, keep its true colors and style unchanged. This is a rare Victorian villa. All Europeans passing by here will stop to take pictures as a souvenir and can't bear to leave. It can be said that it is a treasure in Gulangyu villa.

Along the winding alley, one turn is Yangjiayuan, with five villas, all of which are quite advanced. Among them, the European windows of "Zhongquan Building" are the most beautiful, and the windowsill, window cover and window lintel are all artistic, which can leave a deep memory at a glance, and its water supply system is unforgettable.

Finally, the Bagua Building, the largest villa in the whole Drum Tower, is a representative of modern architecture in Xiamen, with unique shape and the most attractive red dome. It is modeled after the stone dome of the oldest Islamic church in the world. It stands proudly on the dome and has become the symbol of Gulangyu Island and the huge ships entering and leaving the port.

Second, arcade architecture.

The arcade that can be seen everywhere in cities in South China and Southeast Asia is a major feature of this region and city. During the period of 1920, the Xiamen Municipal Council took arcade as the main form of the market when planning and constructing the new district of Xiamen.

These enterprises facing the street, their commercial storefronts are connected with arcades, people live upstairs, and family, business and public use are integrated. As of 1932, the new urban area has been built with four horizontal (Kaiyuan Road, Datong Road, Siming West Road, Zhongshan Road) and one vertical (Siming North and South Road) as the skeleton. This framework was not broken until 1980 Xiamen became a special economic zone. The arcade has served the people of Xiamen for sixty years, leaving an indelible mark on the hearts of Xiamen people. Nowadays, although the urban area of Xiamen has expanded several times, the new urban area has become an "old city" and there is no arcade market in the newly-built urban area, people still miss arcade, because it has brought too much warmth and benefits to people's lives, and it is difficult to give it up!

Take a bus downstairs, find an acquaintance, set a small coffee table on the spot, make tea, chat and talk about many people and things in Gulangyu villa. At the moment, people are far away, warm and natural, which shows the regional and cultural advantages of Xiamen, which is invisible and impossible to see in the northern market. After drinking three rounds of oolong tea, I was exhausted, refreshed and walked back to my residence lightly.

All the shops walking in the arcade open their hearts to you, choose at will, make a deal if you agree, and turn around and leave if you don't agree, forming a casual tacit understanding. No one gossips about you, which shows the mutual trust between people.

In rainy season, the arcade shelters pedestrians from wind and rain; Nine summers were sunny, and it was the arcade that sheltered pedestrians from the sun and heat. In the 1950s, Chiang Kai-shek flew around every day, firing a string of guns from time to time, and the next "egg" left. Clever Xiamen people connected the pillars of the arcade to build a parapet, and the "five beriberi" became a "wide trench". Businessmen still do business, pedestrians still negotiate prices, and arcades become safe harbors.

Today's arcade is still full of commerce and warmth. Sometimes it is still a place for eating and drinking tea. Friends were eating cakes with tea in their hands, and there was no one around. They still looked at the passing pedestrians until the lights came on, stood up and said thank you, tired, and pretended to shake hands comfortably. In the new era, arcades have become places for social interaction and entertainment.

Because of this, many merchants realized the business opportunities of riding downstairs, moved many goods to the riding upstairs, waved, shouted, applauded and tried them. They were very busy. The commercial atmosphere in Five-Foot Man is strong and lasting, which shows a landscape painting in Xiamen today and also constitutes the characteristics of an era! Isn't protecting the arcade protecting the mood and culture of Xiamen people?

China News Network 2005-12-14:13.

Four architectural styles in Xiamen

Third, red brick houses.

The red brick house is the most beautiful house in China and the wealth left by our ancestors.

Architecture can interpret the historical evolution of a city. When we came to Haicang Management Committee, the first thing we saw was the neat and beautiful small high-rise building, which made us understand the pace of Haicang's development and the wisdom and strength of Haicang people. Because a few years ago, it was still the village of Shitang Brigade, with criss-crossing buildings, red brick houses and granite stone houses scattered in the hillside pond, but now it is a straight road and a bustling commercial street.

With the development of Haicang, we look for its footprint.

We stood in the courtyard of the villa created by the Chen family and were surprised by the building in front of us. The scale and artistic remains of this villa are definitely the highest in Fujian. This villa was originally a middle school run by the Chen family. There are three stages in the yard. After the busy agricultural holiday, a rural social drama will be staged on the stage to wish a bumper harvest. The dado around the stage is inlaid with the most exquisite and huge brick carvings in Fujian, and the carving and splicing of "Hundred Flowers Garden", "Zoo" and splash-ink landscape is a must.

From the Baguamen, the corridor and the back garden, although the octagonal pavilion in the lotus core no longer exists, standing in the core, we can fully see the standard provisions of family communities in rural villages in China: home, education and sacrifice. Most rural villages have a good living environment, educational places and ancestral halls, which are coordinated according to their respective positions. Living in the east, education in the south, ancestral temple in the west, surrounded by a lotus in full bloom, is really an ideal blessed land (lotus crypt, good in all directions). This home is a red brick house, protected by three hyperbolic swallowtails and saddles, which is particularly comfortable between the blue sky and white clouds and the clear water grass. Li Antang middle school has a quiet environment and is a good place to study. Chenjiaci is a red brick house, where the Chen family worships their ancestors. The three are skillfully combined, each with its own direction and ingenious conception, which makes the audience beautiful.

With a good impression of Lotus Island, we came to Niigata.

Xin Kun used to be named Xinjiang. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the people of the Central Plains migrated to avoid the war, and chose the waterfront of Maluan Bay to live in the geomantic treasure-house of Caijianwei Mountain. They work hard and start businesses, and some of them go abroad to make a living. Thousands of years later, talented people came forth in large numbers. Until liberation, about 200 households with more than 500 red brick houses were formed. There are all kinds of homes, education and ancestral halls in the village, as well as their own commercial streets to protect the safety of the villagers. No matter where you go to the east, south, west and north of the village, you will be attracted by the well-preserved tuxedo and the stable and thick saddle roof, and you will be deeply impressed by the red brick houses created by the hardworking and brave ancestors here.

There are too many big red brick buildings to see in the new cave, but as long as you have seen the Sanjin Courtyard built by Qiu Xin, a Burmese salt merchant, the large-scale Big Six Rules, the Sanjin Building of the Ruiming family in Qiu Huizuo, the double-protected building of Xingzhou Qieyuan and the ancestral temple Yigutang built in the Ming Dynasty,

The scale of the new red brick residential community is unique in the province, which contains profound architectural art and culture. Walking in the alley, you can see the beautiful scenery of many swallowtail ridges under the blue sky that you will never see in the city. You can watch various forms of bricklaying techniques and the ingenious combination of bricks and stones created by craftsmen. You can see the Sun Moon Well and the Dragon Tiger Well between the Sanhe Courtyard, the Siheyuan, the Muxing Courtyard and the Hucuo, especially the fish hanging ornaments with blooming flowers, good luck and longevity, and praying for evil spirits. As well as exquisite and dazzling gold-plated, gold-plated and decorative wood carvings, hanging waterfalls, shrines, arches, sparrows, beams, moon plates and covers, as well as countless hand-carved stone carving techniques, counters and steps and dado feet, which support the whole red brick residence.

It can be said that a trip to Haicang and Xinyi is definitely an advanced artistic enjoyment. If you are not satisfied, then further explore the stories of the owners of these red brick houses and appreciate the philosophy of life from their hardships in starting a business, so as to smooth out the defects of the soul and promote the perfection of thinking.

Fourth, "Jiageng style" architecture

"Jiageng Style" architecture is mainly concentrated in Jimei and Xiamen University.

During his 22 years in Nanyang, Mr. Chen Jiageng personally experienced the bullying and oppression of imperialist colonialists, tasted the arrogance of foreigners and was deeply traumatized. When he has the capital to resist the colonists, this will naturally be reflected in his behavior. Starting from 1920, he invented and created the traditional rest peaks of Yanwei Ridge, Ma 'anling in southern Fujian and China, pressed them on western buildings to show the self-esteem of China people, and vented his long-suppressed emotions, thus gaining a sense of pride. This is the psychological feature of "Jia Geng style" architecture "wearing a suit and hat". This is unique in Xiamen and no one has crossed it so far.

"Jiageng style" architecture is beautiful at close range, more beautiful at a distance and more beautiful at close range. You might as well have a rest on the south bank of Longzhou Pool, choose a wide angle of view, sit leisurely under Casuarina, and look at the Daonan Building and Nanxun Building on the other side, just like the most beautiful beauty in the beauty group, shining under the blue sky, and the reflection in the pool is like a lotus in the water. With the ripples of egrets, the shadows of buildings are like countless colorful exercises flying in the water, which is indescribable and better than Yaochi Wonderland!

Looking south, Mr. Wang decorated the rest peak with the Liberation Monument, which stands proudly in the sea and sky and is magnificent. I'm afraid this is the only monument in China.

Approaching the South Road Building and getting in touch with it at zero distance, the corners, columns and feelings all highlight Mr. Chen's unique thinking. He used the colorful granite in Xiamen to bring the ancient brick-out and stone-in-stone technology to the extreme. You see, the corners match, the tubes are spliced, and the walls are gaudy, showing the unparalleled beauty of granite. Who can surpass it after half a century? When you can't help touching these handicrafts, you suddenly feel respect for your husband, and suddenly feel the infinite charm of "Jiageng style" architecture, and you are reluctant to leave.

Walking west along Qixingchi Lake, I came to the overseas Chinese tutorial school (formerly the water conservancy management department), only to see the green glass and the red tile roof connected together. The green glass is deep and calm, and the red tile (Jiageng tile) is bright and cheerful, reflecting each other. Against the backdrop of Xiamen Bridge, I seem to have touched its historical rings, and my thoughts flew away with the vehicles on the bridge!

Especially the six dovetail ridges on the top of the green glazed tile that extend into the blue sky, isn't it that Mr. Chen dares to be the first in the world? Looking at the red brick buildings in Xiamen, Minnan and Taiwan Province Province, there are only two or four bird's nests, but the building built by Mr. Chen has six bird's nests, which take off in two directions, dexterous and beautiful. From this point of view, Mr. Chen's pioneering spirit is quite worthy of serious consideration and study by future generations!

Walking through every building and street in Jimei School Village, we feel the presence of Mr. Chen Jiageng all the time. The precious wealth it left us, both spiritually and architecturally, is so heavy that neither we nor future generations can complete it.