Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Almanac inquiry - How many earthquakes have occurred in China since records began?

How many earthquakes have occurred in China since records began?

Qishan earthquake in Shaanxi province

This happened in the second year of Zhou Youwang (780 BC). This is the earliest major earthquake recorded in the history books of China. During the earthquake, there were three Sichuan earthquakes in the Western Zhou Dynasty. It is the year of Sanjiang again, and Qishan collapses "("Mandarin? Zhou Yu "). Sanchuan is the Jinghe River, Weihe River and Luohe River in Shaanxi Province. The estimated magnitude can reach more than 7. The earthquake in Beijun occurred in Chen Bing in September of the Western Han Dynasty (BC 165438+ 101). According to historical records, the earthquake affected "more than 30 bad battlements from Jingshi to Beijun, with 415 deaths" (Hanshu? Five elements "). The capital is now Xi City, Shaanxi Province. The northern counties in Han Dynasty should include Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei and other provinces. There is a record in the history books that "water comes out and the earth shakes", which may be the earliest record of abnormal changes of groundwater before the earthquake in China. The Jincheng and Longxi earthquakes in Gansu occurred in February of the 3rd year of Yonghe in the Eastern Han Dynasty (1February 28th, 38). According to preliminary research, this earthquake is the first destructive earthquake recorded by a seismograph (Zhang Heng's waiting seismograph) in human history. At that time, the seismograph was placed in Luoyang, about 700 kilometers away from the epicenter. Jincheng County in the Eastern Han Dynasty includes today's Lanzhou City. The magnitude is estimated to be _. During the earthquake, "the banks of the two counties collapsed and the ground sank" ("Han? Shun Di Ji).

Hong Tong and Zhao Cheng earthquakes.

It happened in the seventh year of Yuan Dade (1303 September 17) on August 6th. This is the first time in China's history that a major earthquake has been described in detail. The earthquake "bad officials and people are extravagant" ("Yuan history? Five elements ")," Zhaibao moved, the ground cracked into canals, and the people were crushed to death "("Yuan Shi Cheng Zong Ji "). The damaged area extends more than 400 kilometers along Fenhe graben. The amplitude is about 8 or more.

Shaanxi hua county earthquake

It happened on December 12th in the thirty-fourth year of Ming Jiajing (1556 65438+1October 23rd). This is the deadliest earthquake in China's history. "The officers and men killed more than 830,000" ("Ming history? Five elements "). Before the earthquake, there was no moderate or small earthquake activity in this area for a long time. But about 8 hours before the earthquake, there was a "geostrophic movement, which made me dizzy") "Qin Long? Huazhou record. The earthquake recorded the phenomenon of "ground fire" for the first time. After the earthquake, the victims once considered using wooden boards as building walls for earthquake resistance. The long axis of this seismic belt is consistent with the direction of Weihe graben. The estimated magnitude is about 8 or greater. The Qiongshan earthquake in Guangdong Province occurred on May 28th, the thirty-third year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1July 605 13). Qiongshan County Records of Kangxi recorded: "Great earthquake at sea. Since the northeast, there has been a loud noise, and the houses of the government have collapsed, killing and injuring thousands of people in the city. The estimated magnitude is above 7.5, which is the largest earthquake in the history of Hainan Island.

The Tancheng earthquake in Juxian County, Shandong Province

It happened on June 17 (1July 25, 668). This earthquake is one of the largest in China's history, with an estimated magnitude of 8.5 (Figure 2). According to Kangxi's "Records of Tancheng County", "During the earthquake, the sound came from the northwest. Buildings and trees once tilted forward and backward. From the top to the ground two or three times, they trembled and fell down. The towers, official houses and village temples all seemed to collapse. " The extension direction of the seismic belt is consistent with that of the Tan-Lu fault. The farthest sensing area is 1000 km from the epicenter.

Linfen earthquake in Shanxi province

It happened on April 6th, the thirty-fourth year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty (1May 695 18). The magnitude of this earthquake is estimated at 8. The epicenter intensity is 10 degree, and the damage area is 500 kilometers long. An earthquake of magnitude 8 occurred again near the epicenter of the earthquake of magnitude 8, which is the only one in the history of China. The previous M8 earthquakes were 1303 earthquakes in Hong Tong and Zhao Cheng.

Yunnan Dongchuan earthquake

It happened on June 23rd, 11th year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (1August 2nd, 733). The magnitude of this earthquake is estimated to be 7.5, which is the most detailed earthquake in the history of China earthquake. "Since Buff's slope cracked, there has been a ridge from south to north, four or five feet wide, with a field seedling trapped inside and a narrow one, which is long. If measured with a long pole, I don't know how shallow it is, stretching for hundreds of miles, until Xundian Liu Shu (Yongzheng Dongchuan Mansion Records). After the earthquake, people noticed that the battlements of the city wall were "nine in the north, nine in the south and six in the east and west, which were both restrained and strange." This is the earliest description of earthquake force directionality in China earthquake historical materials.

Yunnan Songming earthquake

It happened on July 23rd in the 13th year of Qing Daoguang (1September 6th, 833). The magnitude of this earthquake is estimated to be 8, the epicenter intensity is 1 1 degree, and the radius of damage range is 260 kilometers. This is by far the largest earthquake known in Yunnan province. Before the earthquake, the yellow sand was blocked in advance, and the faint dawn could not be distinguished. Every three days and nights, the sound of the earthquake comes from the north. If it seems to be dozens of huge shelling, the most intense is Yanglinyi and the hotels in the city during the Song and Ming Dynasties, and the soil is instantly flattened "(Wei Tianya). The offshore earthquake in Keelung, Taiwan Province Province occurred on 1 1 23rd (1867 65438+February18th). This is the largest earthquake that triggered a tsunami in the history of China earthquake. The magnitude is estimated at 6. "The coastal mountains cracked, the sea surged, houses collapsed and hundreds of people drowned."

Haiyuan earthquake in Ningxia

Occurred in 1920, 65438+February and 65438+June. The magnitude of the earthquake is 8.5, and the epicenter intensity is 12 degrees. The pendulum clock of Vietnam's coastal defense also stopped. The seismograph in Tokyo, Japan, with a magnification of only 12 times, also recorded the surface waves around the earth. This is the largest felt earthquake in the history of China. During the earthquake, more than 200 kilometers of fault zone appeared in the center of the earthquake, and the strike was northwest-northwest, mainly left-lateral translation dislocation and vertical dislocation. This earthquake was the first time that China conducted an investigation from the perspective of modern science, which prompted geoscientists in China to study the China earthquake.

Fuyun earthquake in Xinjiang

It happened in 193 1 August 1 1. The magnitude of the earthquake is 8, and the epicenter intensity is VII. A 170 km long fault zone was formed in the epicenter, with a maximum amplitude of 20 meters. This is the largest earthquake known in China. The characteristic of this seismic fault zone is that the strike of the fault zone is not along the main structure of Altai Mountain, but along a branch structure oblique to it. (see color map) Miaoli earthquake in Taiwan

It happened on April 2 1, 1935. The magnitude of this earthquake is 7. 1, which is the most destructive earthquake in Taiwan Province province. The earthquake caused a fault about 37 kilometers long on the ground. It is characterized by vertical dislocations in the section of 15 km and horizontal dislocations in the other section of 12 km. The Medog earthquake in Tibet occurred in August 1950. The magnitude of the earthquake was 8.6, and it affected a large area. The building collapsed badly. When a cliff collapses, nine of the ten peaks will collapse. Roads were destroyed, traffic was cut off, terrain changed and rivers changed. There was a magnitude 6 foreshock about half a year before the earthquake. This is the biggest earthquake since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC).

Xingtai earthquake in Hebei province

It happened in March 1966. Seismic activity belongs to earthquake swarm type. On March 8, an earthquake of magnitude 6.8 occurred in Malan Village, Longyao County. On March 22nd, an earthquake of magnitude 7.2 occurred again in Dongwang Town, Ningjin County. On March 26th, an earthquake of magnitude 6.2 occurred again in Baichikou area of Ningjin County. The epicentres of the three major earthquakes were not far apart and moved to the northeast in turn. This earthquake activity kicked off the climax of the earthquake in North China in the 20th century.

Liaoning Haicheng earthquake

It happened on February 4th. 1975. The magnitude of the earthquake is 7.3, and the epicenter intensity is 9 degrees. The long axis of the seismic belt is northwest. This is the first time that China has successfully predicted a major earthquake of magnitude 7 or above, and preventive measures were taken before the earthquake, which greatly reduced the casualties of residents. The foreshock activity of this earthquake is typical, which is one of the important reasons for the success of this earthquake prediction. The medium-term prediction is based on "epicenter migration", "seismic gap" and leveling. Short-term prediction is based on various macro precursors.

Hebei Tangshan earthquake

It happened at 3: 42 on July 28th. 1976. The magnitude of the earthquake is 7.8, and the epicenter intensity is 1 1 degree. On that day 18: 43, an earthquake of magnitude 7. 1 occurred in Luanxian County, more than 40 kilometers away from Tangshan, with the epicenter intensity of VII (Figure 3). The Tangshan earthquake occurred in a densely populated and economically developed industrial city, and the losses were extremely heavy. The earthquake killed more than 240,000 people and injured more than 654.38+600,000 people. Tianjin, a big city adjacent to Tangshan, was also destroyed. Wide range of feelings, covering Liaoning, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong, Inner Mongolia and other 14 provinces, cities and autonomous regions. The radius of damage range is about 250 kilometers.

The most deadly 10 earthquake in the history of China.

1, Gregorian calendar1September 303 17, a strong earthquake of magnitude 8 occurred in Zhao Cheng, Hongdong, Shanxi.

The first recorded earthquake of magnitude 8 in the history of China. On the sixth day of August in the seventh year of Yuan Dade, a strong earthquake occurred in Zhao Cheng, Hongdong, Shanxi on June 1303. According to historical records, "there is no official residence" and the building is seriously damaged. "When the mountain is destroyed, it moves, and the earth anger rushes for miles, crossing the valley" and "the fort moves for more than ten miles", changing the landscape of mountains and rivers. "More than 200,000 people died" and the population suffered huge casualties. The earthquake is characterized by great vibration intensity, serious damage, huge casualties and wide spread. According to the relationship between intensity and magnitude, the intensity is 8 degrees. The remains of this earthquake still exist in Hongdong, and the inscriptions scattered all over Shanxi vividly describe the earthquake damage at that time.

2.1On June 23rd, 556, an earthquake of magnitude 8.25 occurred in Huaxian County, Shaanxi Province.

The earthquake in hua county, Shaanxi Province occurred on December 12th in the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1556 65438+1October 23rd). The earthquake affected more than 30 counties in Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Gansu, Hebei, Shandong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Anhui and other provinces1/kloc-0, and some counties completely collapsed. In this earthquake, more than 830 thousand people's names were recorded, as well as countless unknown dead and unreported people. This is the most deadly earthquake in the history of China, and it is also the most deadly earthquake in the world. "It's strange that officers and men killed 830,000 people" (Five Elements of Ming History). Before the earthquake, there was no moderate or small earthquake activity in this area for a long time. However, about 8 hours before the earthquake, there were records in the epicenter, such as "The earth is turning, and I feel dizzy") and "Qin Long Huazhou Annals". This earthquake recorded the phenomenon of "ground fire" (ground light) during the earthquake for the first time. After the earthquake, the victims once considered using wooden boards as building walls for earthquake resistance. The long axis of this seismic belt is consistent with the direction of Weihe graben. The estimated magnitude is about 8 or greater.

On March 5 1695, an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 occurred in Linfen, Shanxi.

At about1may, 695 18 12 (6: 00 in April, thirty-four years of Qing emperor Kangxi), an earthquake of magnitude 8 occurred in Linfen basin, which was called "Pingyang earthquake" or "Pingyang Luan earthquake" in history. According to the twenty years of Jiaqing (18 15), Nayanbao, assistant minister of punishments, said in the Pinglu earthquake investigation report: "Check the original volume of Pingyang earthquake. At that time, 28 prefectures and counties were affected, of which 14 prefectures and counties were seriously affected and more than 52,600 people were killed. "

4. On July 1 year 1879, an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 occurred in Wenxian County, Gansu Province.

1879, 1 July (May 12th, 5th year of Guangxu reign of Qing Dynasty), Wenxian earthquake in Gansu province, with the epicenter intensity of VII degree. There is a poem describing the scene during the earthquake: "Suddenly the earth roared, the city collapsed and there was nowhere to go. The first house was taken away from Shan Ye, and the landslide was buried alive under a deep cliff. Husband looking for a wife, father looking for children, crying every day shocking. There are 100,000 teeth in the poor state, and more than 30,000 people died on the same day. " According to the research of modern seismologists, the magnitude of this earthquake is not less than 8.0.

5, Gregorian calendar1920 65438+February 16, a strong earthquake of magnitude 8.5 occurred in Haiyuan County, Ningxia.

1920 65438+February 16 at 20: 05: 53, a strong earthquake of magnitude 8.5 occurred in Haiyuan county, Ningxia (36.5 degrees north latitude, 0/05.7 degrees east longitude). This earthquake, the epicenter intensity 12 degree, the focal depth 17 km, 240,000 people were killed, 4 cities were destroyed and dozens of counties were damaged. This is the most extensive earthquake in the history of China. Ningxia, Qinghai, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Henan, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Sichuan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Fujian and other places all have feelings, with an area of 25 17 square kilometers. Haiyuan earthquake also caused the largest earthquake landslide in China's history. When the earthquake happened, landslides occurred, and some living rooms moved out of the mountain for two or three miles. During the earthquake, more than 200 kilometers of fault zone appeared in the center of the earthquake, and the strike was northwest-northwest, mainly left-lateral translation dislocation and vertical dislocation. This earthquake was the first time that China conducted an investigation from the perspective of modern science, which prompted geoscientists in China to study the China earthquake. A cave in the disaster area died 100 people; In some villages, more than 300 people were buried in the same cave during landslides. The dead were buried hundreds of miles away, the wounded were crying everywhere, wild dogs were eating people, and the scene of the victims was terrible.

6.1On May 23, 927, a strong earthquake of magnitude 8 occurred in Gulang, Gansu.

1927 At 6: 32: 47 on May 23rd, a strong earthquake of magnitude 8 occurred in Gulang, Gansu, China (37.6 degrees north latitude, 102.6 degrees east longitude). More than 40,000 people were killed in this earthquake. When the earthquake happened, the earth cracked, green and black water came out, and sulfur gas was brilliant, killing countless hungry people. Gulang county was razed to the ground. In a Catholic church in Gansu, a nun was buried in a tile with four orphans in her arms. Archbishop Bodenborok called it "the end of the world"!

7. Gregorian calendar1932 65438+February 25th, Changmabao earthquake with magnitude 7.6 in Gansu.

1932 65438+February 25th 10: 04: 27, a magnitude 7.6 earthquake occurred in Changmabao, Gansu, China. 70,000 people died. The earthquake was recorded by Shanghai Xujiahui Observatory and Beijing Xishan Jiu Feng Seismic Station. When the earthquake happened, there was yellow wind and white light "Pentium" on the loess wall; Dust emerged from the rocks, and Jiayuguan Tower, a famous historical site in China, collapsed. Xuefeng on the south bank of Shule River collapsed; The aftershocks of falling rocks in Thousand Buddha Cave are frequent and last for half a year.

8. Gregorian calendar 1970 65438+ 10 On 5 October, an earthquake of magnitude 7.7 occurred in Tonghai County, Yunnan Province.

Yunnan Tonghai Earthquake 65438+654380970+1:00: 3410.5, a magnitude 7.7 earthquake occurred in Tonghai County, Yunnan Province, China (24.0 degrees north latitude, 0.02.7 degrees east longitude). The epicenter was located in Wuxing Village, Gaoda Township, Tonghai County, Yunnan Province, with intensity of 10 degree and focal depth of 10 km. The earthquake affected seven counties, including Tonghai, Eshan and Huaning, with death 156 and 2 1 person, 324,365,438 people were disabled, 338,456 houses were damaged, and large livestock died166,338 heads, resulting in economic losses of 3.84 billion yuan, the largest in Yunnan in the last century. It is the second serious disaster with more than 10,000 deaths in China since the 1949 Yangtze River flood. Before the earthquake, dogs barked suddenly, birds sang and fish were startled, water gushed out from the cracks in the wall, and mules and horses hurt people. At that time, the national earthquake work conference was in full swing, and a strong earthquake suddenly came. When the earthquake happened, all the houses in the village were destroyed, and the ground in the earthquake area cracked or subsided. On New Year's Eve, China's Prime Minister Zhou Enlai called on young earthquake prediction workers to "solve the problem of earthquake prediction".

9.1On July 28th, 976, an earthquake of magnitude 7.8 occurred in Tangshan, Hebei Province.

It happened at 3: 42 on July 28th, 1976 in Tangshan City, Hebei Province, China (the epicenter latitude was 39.4 degrees, and the east longitude was 1 18.0 degrees). The magnitude of the earthquake is 7.8, and the epicenter intensity is VII. On that day 18: 43, an earthquake of magnitude 7. 1 occurred in Luanxian County, more than 40 kilometers away from Tangshan, with the epicenter intensity of 7 degrees. The Tangshan earthquake occurred in a densely populated and economically developed industrial city, and the losses were extremely heavy. The earthquake killed more than 240,000 people and injured more than 6.5438+0.6 million people, making it the world's deadliest earthquake in the 20th century. Tianjin, a big city adjacent to Tangshan area, has also been damaged by Ⅶ to Ⅶ degrees. Wide range of feelings, covering Liaoning, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong, Inner Mongolia and other 14 provinces, cities and autonomous regions. The radius of damage range is about 250 kilometers. An 8-kilometer-long and 30-meter-wide ground fissure zone crosses fences, houses, roads and canals. In the earthquake zone and its surrounding areas, there are a large number of broken zones, water blasting, blowout, gravity collapse, rolling stones, slope collapse, ground landslide, foundation settlement, cave collapse, goaf collapse and so on. The earthquake happened in an area with many observation networks. Pre-slip occurred before the earthquake, and an earthquake of magnitude 5 or above was predicted.

10, Gregorian calendar May 2008 12, an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 occurred in Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province.

On May, 2008 12 14: 28: 04, an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 occurred in Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province (3 1 degree north latitude and 0/03.4 degree east longitude). Its intensity, scope, destructiveness and aftershock are unique in the global continental earthquakes. By 07: 00 on June 3rd, there were aftershocks 10037 times in Wenchuan earthquake area. This is the most destructive and widespread earthquake since the founding of New China. The earthquake affected about 500,000 square kilometers in China! As of 0: 00 on April 25th, 2009, 69,227 people died, 374,643 people were injured and 17923 people were missing. Among them, 687 12 compatriots in Sichuan province were killed, 1792 1 compatriots were missing, and a total of 5335 students were killed or missing. The direct economic loss reached 84.51100 million yuan. This is the most influential earthquake since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC). The magnitude is the third largest earthquake after1August, 950 15, the Medog earthquake in Tibet (M = 8.5) and the Kunlun Mountain earthquake in 5438+0, 2006 (M = 8. 1), which directly affected an area of 65438+ 10,000 square kilometers.