Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Almanac inquiry - Historical and cultural materials
Historical and cultural materials
2. What are the excellent traditional materials in China? Please enter your answer.
Traditional culture is a national culture that reflects national characteristics and features, and it is the overall expression of various ideological cultures and ideologies in national history. Every nation in the world has its own traditional culture.
China's traditional culture takes Confucianism as its core, as well as Taoism, Buddhism and other cultural forms, including: ancient prose, poetry, ci, qu, fu, national music, national drama, quyi, traditional Chinese painting, calligraphy, couplets, riddles, shots, wine orders, two-part allegorical sayings and so on. Culture itself is a rather vague concept.
Generally speaking, culture is a social phenomenon and the product of people's long-term creation. At the same time, it is a historical phenomenon and the precipitation of social history.
Culture in a broad sense is the sum of all material wealth and spiritual wealth created by human beings. Including world outlook, outlook on life, values and other ideological parts, Peking Opera and science and technology, language, writing and other non-ideological parts, including natural science and traditional culture.
To be exact, culture refers to the history, geography, customs, traditional customs, lifestyle, literature and art, code of conduct, way of thinking and values of a country or a nation. [1] The traditional culture of China, China is a kind of national culture that reflects national characteristics and features, and it is the overall representative of various ideological cultures and ideologies in national history. It refers to a culture with distinctive national characteristics, profound connotations and excellent traditions, which was created by the Chinese nation and its ancestors living in China and passed down from generation to generation by the Chinese nation.
It is the crystallization of thousands of years of civilization in China. In addition to the core content of Confucian culture, it also contains other cultural forms, such as Taoist culture and Buddhist culture. A survey of hundreds of traditions: benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, faith, loyalty, filial piety, filial piety, chastity, forgiveness, courage and tolerance; Paper-cut painting, three religions and nine streams, 360 lines, four great inventions, folk taboos, loyal service to the country, bamboo, folk songs, loess, Yangtze River and Yellow River, the red moon in traditional culture.
Agricultural culture: farmers, peasant uprising, hoes. Palace culture, royal studies.
A hundred schools of thought contend: Confucianism (Confucius, Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Mencius, Xunzi; Benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith; The Doctrine of the Mean) Taoism (Laozi, Zhuangzi; Morality, inaction and freedom) Mohist school (Mozi, Mozi, universal love) Legalist school (Han Fei, Li Si, Han Feizi) famous artists (Deng, Hui Shi, Gong Sun) Yin and Yang school (Zou Yan, Five Elements, Fire and Water) strategists (Guiguzi, Su Qin, Zhang Yi, Han Feizi). Jasmine, the top ten shadow plays of traditional culture (Mountain Flowing Water, Guangling San, Wild Goose in Pingsha, Three Lane of Plum Blossoms, Ambush on Houses, Flute and Drum at Sunset, Question and Answer by Fisherman, Eighteen Beats of Hu Ai, Autumn Moon in Han Palace, Chun Xue).
Books: China calligraphy, seal cutting, Four Treasures of the Study (pen, ink, inkstone, rice paper), woodcut watermark, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Zhong Dingwen, Han bamboo slips, vertical binding books. Painting: Chinese painting, landscape painting, freehand brushwork; Dunhuang murals; Eight horses, Tai Chi (Tai Chi).
China's traditional zodiac signs are rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, chicken, dog and pig. Traditional Literature: Tang Poetry, Song Ci, Yuan Qu, Ming and Qing Novels, Song, Fu, Book of Songs, Thirty-six Strategies, Sun Tzu's Art of War and Four Great Classical Novels.
Traditional festivals: Lantern Festival, Cold Food Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day (ancestor worship), Dragon Boat Festival (Zongzi, costume of traditional dragon boat race, Qu Yuan), Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth Festival (respect for the elderly), Laba Festival (New Year's Eve, red envelopes, reunion dinner), New Year's Eve, Spring Festival (Zheng Dan, New Year's Day, January Day). China Drama: Kunqu Opera, xiang opera Opera, Cantonese Opera, Anhui Opera, Han Opera, Beijing Opera, Shadow Play, Yue Opera, Sichuan Opera and Huangmei Opera; Kunqu mask, xiang opera mask, Sichuan mask, Peking mask.
China architecture: Great Wall, arches, gardens, temples, clocks, towers, temples, pavilions, wells, stone lions, houses, Qin bricks, Han tiles and terracotta warriors. Chinese characters: Chinese characters, couplets, riddles (riddles), two-part allegorical sayings, idioms, echoes, wine orders, etc.
. Traditional Chinese Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huangdi Neijing, Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Compendium of Materia Medica.
Religious philosophy: Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, yin and yang, five elements, compass, gossip, Sina, magic weapon, fortune telling, Zen, Buddhism, Guanyin, and Taishang Laojun; Burn incense, worship Buddha and light candles. Folk crafts: paper-cutting, kite, Chinese embroidery, etc. ), Chinese knots, clay figurines, dragon and phoenix patterns (gluttonous patterns, wishful patterns, thunder patterns, palindromes, and ba patterns) of traditional cultural costumes, auspicious cloud patterns, cheng, Qianceng, eaves, and vultures.
Chinese Wushu: southern boxing and northern pushing, Shaolin Wudang, home away from home, Taiji Bagua regional culture: Central Plains culture, Jiangnan culture, Jiangnan water town, Saibei Lingnan, desert customs, Mongolian grassland, Tianya Haijiao, Central Plains. Folk customs: etiquette, marriage (matchmaker, elder), funeral (mourning, paper money), sacrifice (ancestor); Door gods, New Year pictures, firecrackers, jiaozi, lion dance.
Clothing and accessories: Hanfu, deep clothing, skirt, Tang suit (collar robe), Tang scarf (hat), straight robe, cloud shoes, Melaleuca, embroidered shoes, old tiger shoes, Uygur clothes, Russian clothes, Harbin clothes and Beijing clothes. Four other elegant operas: flowers, birds, insects, fish, peony, plum blossom, osmanthus and lotus birdcage, bonsai, cricket and carp fighting; Animals and plants: dragon, phoenix, wolf, unicorn, tiger, leopard, crane, turtle, giant panda.
; Plum blossom, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum. Pine and cypress
Personal belongings: jade (Yu Pei, jade carving ...) porcelain, cloisonne, China lacquerware, painted pottery, teapot, wax figure traditional culture.
3. What are the composition materials of traditional culture in China?
What are loyalty, filial piety and benevolence? What are faith, courtesy, wisdom and courage? Now we can only see the street signs in Taipei when we look at them. The essay materials of traditional culture want to maintain the anecdote sequence of "monarch, minister, father, son, son", and also cut off our connection with "loyalty, filial piety and benevolence" "Faith, courtesy, wisdom and courage" are at least the common philosophy and basic requirements of all societies, but we have grafted the western values, and its connotation is no longer under the shell of Confucian discourse. The ancients once regarded moral cultivation as life. Children nowadays have many other things to do. Once upon a time, as a scholar, 15 years old had to memorize the four books and five classics, almost all of which were "worshipping classics". Their classical knowledge is enough to make today's doctoral students in ancient literature despair. +09 12+65,438+09. Results Nearly a century has passed, and not many people can answer what the Four Books and Five Classics are. China's ancient pillar ideological system, represented by The Book of Changes, Shangshu, The Book of Songs, The Book of Rites and Zuo Zhuan, is in confusion. Now, Yi Shu has established a modern private school in Beijing, which specializes in teaching the Four Books and Five Classics. What is the spirit of Ren Xia like Ren Xia? It is where the Tao lies, although thousands of people have gone; When the righteous act is done, the daughter will not regret it; In the heart of love, secular etiquette is like dirt; "I am very happy to drink three hundred cups with you; It is "ten steps to kill a person, a thousand miles away." You must brush off your clothes, and you will hide in your reputation. Three cups of vomit, five mountains are light. You will die like a knight, and you will not be ashamed of the British people in the world. "It was Jing Ke, Nie Zheng, Zhuan Xu and Li Bai who saved Wu Zixu's life. Today, however, they all disappear in the wind. They will never walk alone again. Where did it come from? I have never been young and frivolous, and my youth is incomplete. It doesn't matter how many gold novels I read. Every man has the responsibility to the family, the people, the country and the nation, and the intangible social atmosphere ... This is the N mountains on the shoulders of the ancients. Today, we have neither the obligation to contribute to others nor the right to ask for it from others. You can only be responsible for yourself. "The desire of the past is obviously superior to the world" said at the beginning of "University" has become a mirage today. Gu's "every man is responsible for the rise and fall of a country" is more like an empty talk in peacetime, while the composition material is "the composition material of traditional culture" So, we insisted on not growing up, watching Japanese cartoons, listening to twins, playing PUPA or HelloKitty, and wearing wide-leg pants full of pockets. Why not? " ..... Aggressive freedom is rampant, and there is a loss of sense of responsibility everywhere. The children of 10 are exposed to the laissez-faire and infinitely prolonged adolescence of this generation. How do they know what a sense of responsibility is? Poetry Qufu If children in the 1990s started to get in touch with the beauty of classical poetry from Jay Chou's Answer to the Straight, isn't it a little late? There are 42,863 poems of Tang Dynasty, 9990 poems of Song Dynasty/KLOC-0, more than 900 poems of Li Bai and more than 6,000 poems of Lu You, which are just a fraction of China's poems. However, what we have been reciting until we graduated from middle school is just a small feeling that "Xiao He has just exposed its sharp corners" and "the spring breeze in February is like scissors". It is not that classical poetry should be widely used, but that it has retreated and disappeared from our field of vision in a long span, which is the loss of aesthetic ability of this society. A child nourished by rhymes such as "wading for hibiscus", "love wandering in the courtyard" and "drunk watching the sword" may not be so numb and indifferent when he grows up. Now the image of playing chess and drawing is young and promising. Knowing how to make money and spend money is no longer Nalan Rong Ruo's son who is proficient in piano, chess, calligraphy and painting. The value orientation of adults is copied or even strengthened in the next generation. Learning piano (referring to piano instead of guzheng) must be graded. Unless you want to be a national player like Chang Hao, calligraphy and painting is a regular item in the Children's Palace. In order to get extra points when entering higher schools ... under the pressure of parents' feather dusters and grading tests, the initial elegance. "Because the big pear is broken." Old-fashioned Kong Rong, if he heard the children's answers now, would jump into the coffin with anger. Yes, the traditional moral paradigm is losing. In the 1990s, children were taught that no one can eat unless he works. They have been competing almost since they were sensible. They are born Darwinists. Children in grade three have 40 lessons a week and practice piano for three hours every day. The sixth-grade children do their homework until midnight 12 every day, and the second-grade children have to take part in the math contest, English speech contest and student union election after class ... How can he say: classmate, I don't want the first place, let you have it? No one will thank Kong Rong. However, when the whole society began to agree with the values of industrial civilization, such as "modesty makes people lag behind", the jade-like personality charm once possessed by ancient people in China has disappeared.
Four, China ancient traditional cultural materials, China traditional cultural materials.
In the traditional culture of China, the idea of self-improvement, attaching importance to morality, caring for the country and the people, educating people with morality and living in harmony is of great significance to the current quality education. 、
1. Spirit of Self-improvement In order to fight against heaven and earth, the people of China never give up easily, but always fight tirelessly. "Yi Zhuan" is summed up as "Heaven is strong, and gentlemen are constantly striving for self-improvement". It is this spirit of self-improvement that supports the development of the Chinese nation and inspires Chinese sons and daughters to rise up in difficulties, forge ahead in adversity and never give in to foreign oppression. Self-improvement is also reflected in the personality characteristics of self-reliance and self-esteem, which forms the national spirit of China people advocating fame and fortune. As Confucius said, "the three armed forces can win the handsome position, but ordinary people can't win the ambition." Mencius said, "Richness and wealth can't be lewd, poverty and lowliness can't be moved, and powerful people can't be bent. These three people are called courageous people. " This makes people pursue independent and perfect personality, and this virtue has been handed down, which has become the spiritual force for people to struggle for the country and the nation and promoted the development of society.
2. Worrying about the country and people is an important part of China traditional culture. From Confucius's "Poetry can be blamed" to Fan Zhongyan's "Worry about the world first, then enjoy the world", and then to Gu's "Everyone is responsible for the rise and fall of the world", all of them are branded with this sense of hardship. From Yue Fei's "Laughing and Thirst for Huns' Blood" to Wen Tianxiang's "Keeping the heart of Danes and Showing History". This sense of hardship is a patriotic spirit, which embodies the noble feelings of taking the world as one's responsibility.
3. A characteristic of China's traditional culture is that it is tolerant of everything, that is, taking things with kindness. For example, during the Warring States Period, Qi Huangong founded Jixia Academy, which brought together hundred schools of thought of Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, Legalism, Yin and Yang, fame and so on. At that time, there were Chunyu Kun, Zou Yan, Tian Pian, Mencius, Xunzi, etc., who gave lectures and traveled in Jixia Academy, and they were called a hundred schools. These masters gave lectures and debated freely in the academic halls, which initiated a hundred schools of thought in the cultural history of China and made great contributions to the future of China culture. It is generally believed that since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, a cultural situation dominated by Confucian culture has formed in China. But in fact, the history of China's cultural development is mainly based on the complementarity of Confucianism and Taoism, and this clue itself reflects the cultural compatibility.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) China traditional culture (written materials) The traditional culture of China contains the mean thought of self-improvement, respecting morality and saving the world, treating others with morality and maintaining harmony, which has reference significance for current quality education.
1. Spirit of Self-improvement In order to fight against heaven and earth, the people of China never give up easily, but always fight tirelessly. "Yi Zhuan" is summed up as "Heaven is strong, and gentlemen are constantly striving for self-improvement". It is this spirit of self-improvement that supports the development of the Chinese nation and inspires Chinese sons and daughters to rise up in difficulties, forge ahead in adversity and never give in to foreign oppression. Self-improvement is also reflected in the personality characteristics of self-reliance and self-esteem, which forms the national spirit of China people advocating fame and fortune. As Confucius said, "the three armed forces can win the handsome position, but ordinary people can't win the ambition." Mencius said, "Richness and wealth can't be lewd, poverty and lowliness can't be moved, and powerful people can't be bent. These three people are called courageous people. " This makes people pursue independent and perfect personality, and this virtue has been handed down, which has become the spiritual force for people to struggle for the country and the nation and promoted the development of society.
2. Worrying about the country and people is an important part of China traditional culture. From Confucius's "Poetry can be blamed" to Fan Zhongyan's "Worry about the world first, then enjoy the world", and then to Gu's "Everyone is responsible for the rise and fall of the world", all of them are branded with this sense of hardship. From Yue Fei's "Laughing and Thirst for Huns' Blood" to Wen Tianxiang's "Keeping the heart of Danes and Showing History". This sense of hardship is a patriotic spirit, which embodies the noble feelings of taking the world as one's responsibility.
3. A characteristic of China's traditional culture is that it is tolerant of everything, that is, taking things with kindness. For example, during the Warring States Period, Qi Huangong founded Jixia Academy, which brought together hundred schools of thought of Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, Legalism, Yin and Yang, fame and so on. At that time, there were Chunyu Kun, Zou Yan, Tian Pian, Mencius, Xunzi, etc., who gave lectures and traveled in Jixia Academy, and they were called a hundred schools. These masters gave lectures and debated freely in the academic halls, which initiated a hundred schools of thought in the cultural history of China and made great contributions to the future of China culture. It is generally believed that since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, a cultural situation dominated by Confucian culture has formed in China. But in fact, the history of China's cultural development is mainly based on the complementarity of Confucianism and Taoism, and this clue itself reflects the cultural compatibility.
4. The noble demeanor of virtuous people Guan Zhong, a great politician in the Spring and Autumn Period, once linked morality with the survival of the country, and raised propriety, justice and shame to the height of the rise and fall of the country. Confucius, a great thinker, even explained benevolence by courtesy, thinking that benevolence and propriety are mutually restricted and unified, and the unity of benevolence and propriety is virtue. The "virtue" emphasized by Confucius refers to the virtue of the commander-in-chief of the ruling class, which is required to rule and own the people. Second, it refers to the virtue of influence, that is, the virtue of ethics, in order to influence the people and maintain harmony. This idea of respecting morality is constantly developing and generalizing, which has been fully reflected in family ethics. This makes our country always put morality first in the process of ancient cultural communication and education. For example, the content of Confucius' education is etiquette, music, shooting, martial arts and mathematics. He puts etiquette first, which is a typical embodiment of the idea of respecting morality in educational activities. The purpose of this thought is to advocate educating people with morality, and to seek the harmony of family ethics, the consistency of social and political order and the stability of the whole social order by using the function and strength of morality.
5 Harmonious Ideological Realm The highest realm of China traditional culture is harmony, which means that everything should develop naturally according to its own laws. This includes the harmony between people, the harmony between individual self and body, and the harmony between man and nature. Harmony between people will promote social stability and family harmony; The harmony of individual's body and mind can make people calm and well-founded; The harmony between man and nature can be mutually beneficial and develop continuously. The ultimate goal of Confucianism is to achieve the first harmony, while Buddhism and Taoism focus on the latter two. Taoism's thought of "Taoism is natural" is of great significance for us to learn how to correctly handle the relationship between man and nature and protect the environment today. China's traditional culture also believes that to achieve the above three kinds of harmony, we must adhere to the "golden mean", that is, we should do things appropriately and oppose going to extremes.
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6. What are the chapters and catalogues of China traditional cultural materials and China traditional cultural materials?
Confucian theory
Classical Confucianism
Confucian classics in Han dynasty
The intersection and integration of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism
The study of justice and reason.
do textual research
Taoism Taoism
Laozi's philosophy
Zhuangzi's philosophy
Early Taoism
Taoism in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
The heyday of Taoism
Neo-Taoism in Jin and Yuan Dynasties
The decline of Taoism
Buddhism in China
Doctrine and canon
Historical origin
Teach all sects
Biography outside teaching
Etiquette system
Lamaism
Poetry, lyrics and songs
Pre-Qin poetry
Han Wei Jin
Poetry in the Southern and Northern Dynasties
Tang poetry
Song poetry
Poetry in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties
word
bend
Prose parallel prose
essay
parallel prose (prose written in the parallel style)
Literary forms like Fu.
Zhang Hui's novels
Formation and evolution
Genre and masterpiece
national style
Calligraphy seal cutting
Pre-Qin calligraphy
Qin and Han calligraphy
Calligraphy in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
Sui and Tang calligraphy
Calligraphy in the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty
Yuanming calligraphy
Calligraphy in Qing dynasty
Book theory and appreciation
seal cutting
Chinese painting
Education interpersonal relationship-figure painting
Mountain scenery-landscape painting
Flower and Bird Elf-Flower and Bird Painting
The mysterious door-painting theory
carve
Qi Ming sculpture
Decorative sculpture on the surface of mausoleum
Citang statue
Grottoes statue
Temple statue
Sculpture used in buildings
Craft sculpture
Traditional music
folk song
Music and instrumental music
dance music
Quyi music
Local opera music
Music Theory, Music Ideal and Music Law
Ancient dance
The original dance
Music and Dance in Zhou Dynasty
Qinqiang opera
Music and Dance in Sui and Tang Dynasties
Team dance in song dynasty
Yuan Ming Qing dance
Classical opera
The Origin and Formation of China Traditional Opera
Southern Opera in Song and Yuan Dynasties
Yuan zaju
Legend of Ming and Qing dynasties
Local operas in Qing dynasty
Beijing opera
Traditional opera theory
China Traditional Cultural Materials In the long river of human history, the ancestors of the Chinese nation created splendid culture with labor and wisdom. China culture has a long and continuous history, which has been affecting today's life. Inheriting and carrying forward China's traditional culture is an objective requirement to unite the strength of the Chinese nation and a realistic need to build Socialism with Chinese characteristics's material and spiritual civilization. It is an unshirkable and glorious task for China scholars to comprehensively and systematically excavate, sort out and introduce China children's communication culture. China's traditional culture has a distinct integrity, and various cultural forms are interrelated and influenced each other. Only on the basis of a comprehensive understanding of various forms of China culture can we have a deeper understanding of its overall characteristics and essence. In fact, grasping culture as a whole is one of the basic spirits of China traditional culture. Many outstanding figures in the history of China are generalists and have made important achievements in many fields. The "adult" admired and pursued by Confucius, a world-class cultural master, not only has noble moral sentiments, extensive knowledge and profound wisdom, but also has excellent written expression ability, political management experience and artistic, sports and military skills. Confucius himself is such a great man with all-round development and versatility. Confucius, as an outstanding educator, thinker, politician, historian and writer, put forward very subtle opinions on the artistic fields such as music, archery and other skills, as well as the principles of cooking and clothing. China's outstanding figures' all-round pursuit of culture inspired the author of this book to integrate different kinds of knowledge into one book.
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