Summary of knowledge points that must be memorized in the history of senior high school entrance examination

There are many knowledge points in history. It is suggested that students establish a systematic knowledge framework in the process of reviewing the senior high school entrance examination, and then share the knowledge points that must be memorized in the history of the senior high school entrance examination for reference.

Ancient legend (1) Yanhuang Alliance

1, Battle of Hanquan: Huangdi defeated Yan Di, and the Yanhuang Alliance was established.

2. Battle of Zhuolu: Yanhuang tribe defeated Chiyou tribe.

3. Influence: The Chinese nation gradually formed, and Yan Di and Huangdi were honored as the humanistic ancestors of the Chinese nation.

(2) The invention in the legend of Yanhuang reflects the social development level in the late primitive society of our country.

1, the contribution of Yan Di:

(1) Teach people to cultivate land, make production tools and grow food and vegetables;

(2) Making pottery, inventing textiles, cooking salt and teaching people to trade and exchange.

(3) Making musical instruments and harps was the earliest knowledge of graphics, characters and calendars.

2. The contribution of the Yellow Emperor: building palaces, making clothes, digging wells, building ships, teaching people to smelt copper, inventing bows and arrows and compass cars.

3. The Yellow Emperor period: created characters, Linglun created melodies, Li first invented abacus, and Lei Zu was good at weaving and reeling.

(3) The demise of Yao, Shun and Yu

1, the significance of abdication system: passing the position of tribal leader to virtuous people.

2. Criteria for recommending talents-having both ability and political integrity and setting an example;

3. The essence of abdication system: the system of democratic election of tribal alliance leaders (democratic election, leaders have no privilege).

4. Following the Yellow Emperor, the leaders elected by the "abdication system" are Yao, Shun and Yu.

5, Dayu water control: share joys and sorrows with the masses, do not enter the household, and make contributions to water control. It embodies the spirit of hard work, perseverance and selfless dedication.

Northern Expedition (1) Whampoa Military Academy

1. Background: The first cooperation between China and * * *

2. Time:1May, 924? Venue: Guangzhou Huangpu full name: China Kuomintang Army Academy;

3. Leader: Founder: President Sun Yat-sen: Director of Chiang Kai-shek's Political Department: Zhou Enlai.

4. Significance: A large number of military and political talents have been trained, which laid the foundation for the establishment of the National Revolutionary Army.

(2) The Northern Expedition War

1. Start time: 65438+July 0926.

2. Purpose: to overthrow the Beiyang warlord government and unify the whole country;

3. Overview: ① Objects of the Northern Expedition: Wu, Sun and Zhang; Commander-in-Chief of the Northern Expeditionary Army: Chiang Kai-shek; ③ Main battlefields: Hunan and Hubei; Pioneer: Ye Ting Independent Regiment, and the Fourth Army won the title of "Iron Army"; ⑤ Important battles: the victory of Tingsi Bridge and Sheng Qiao and Wuchang.

4. Results: ① The rule of Beiyang warlord was basically overthrown (the main forces of Wu and Sun were eliminated, and the national government moved from Guangzhou to Wuhan at the beginning of 1927), but the historical task of anti-imperialism and feudalism was not completely completed.

5. The reasons for the Northern Expeditionary Army's successful March are as follows: ① The operational policy is correct; (2) the country * * * two parties together; (3) The vast number of officers and men fought bloody battles and played a vanguard and exemplary role in the production of party member by * * *; (4) The active support of workers and peasants.

6, the national revolution failed:

(1) Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei rebelled against the revolution (1924 "April 12th" counter-revolutionary coup), the national revolutionary movement failed, and the cooperation between the two countries broke down for the first time (the symbol of failure: 1927).

(2) Reasons for failure: ① Kuomintang Rightists rebelled against the revolution; (2) Under the compromise of * * * leaders, they gave up their leadership of the revolution.

(3) Lesson: If the revolution is to succeed, it must have its own army and master the leadership of the revolution.

③ Nanjing National Government

1, date:1April, 927

2. Event: After Chiang Kai-shek rebelled against the revolution, the "National Government" was established in Nanjing.

3. The nature of political power: representing the interests of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie.

Economic and social development in Western Europe (1) New changes in agriculture;

(1)1/What sports have been carried out in rural areas all over Europe since the century? What is the specific situation?

1 1 century later, European rural areas began to be reclaimed, and a large number of woodlands, wasteland and swamps were developed, and the land area gradually expanded. Some of the reclamation was organized by lords, and most of them were spontaneously reclaimed by farmers. Settlers become the masters of these newly developed areas, which follow the example of autonomous cities and become areas with independent judicial and administrative autonomy.

(2) What changes have taken place in the situation of serfs since the rise of this movement?

Serfs buy immunity from slavery with money, so as to gain free control over their own labor; Or by paying the migration tax, you can get the opportunity to leave the manor and get rid of the personal bondage of the Lord.

(3) What changes have taken place in the land management mode?

Land owners concentrate their land through transfer, marriage, inheritance and sale, and land concentration has become a trend.

(4) How was the land lease farm established?

/kloc-after the middle of the 0/4th century, more and more lords rented out their immediate territories. They live on land rent and no longer participate in production management. Some wealthy farmers set up land lease farms by leasing or buying the land of lords, or subletting or buying the property of other tenants.

(5) What are the characteristics of the leased farm?

Wealthy farmers (farmers) adopt new modes of production to operate, hire farmers who own little or no land to farm and bring their products to the market. Farmers and farmers have formed a relationship of employment and employment exploitation.

(6) What changes have the development of agriculture brought to the market?

The surplus of agricultural products, coupled with the increase in urban demand, makes more agricultural products and livestock products enter the market. Some businessmen transport products bought in rural markets to ports or further afield. Grains from southern France were transported to some cities in Italy, and European woolen cloth and fur were exported to the East.

(B) the new changes in the handicraft industry

(1) What happened to the development of handicrafts in the late Middle Ages?

During the same period of rural changes, handicrafts also developed continuously. On the one hand, craftsmen are gradually separated from agricultural production; On the other hand, they produce more for the market.

(2) How did the scattered handicraft workshops emerge?

/kloc-in the third century, with the refinement of division of labor, small manual workshops developed. In order to pay feudal taxes, farmers engaged in manual production with their own production tools at home, and scattered handicraft workshops appeared in rural areas.

(3) How did centralized handicraft workshops emerge?

Businessmen provide workers with raw materials and unified production tools, so that workers can become hired laborers who completely sell their labor and form a thorough employment relationship with their employers. Because of the unification of production tools, workers often need to concentrate their labor in the same place, thus forming a centralized handicraft workshop. The division of labor and cooperation among employees further improved labor productivity.

(4) What are the characteristics of centralized handicraft workshops?

Businessmen provide raw materials and production tools and hire workers to work in the same place;

A thorough employment relationship has been formed between businessmen and workers who have completely sold their labor force, which embodies the capitalist relations of production.

The occurrence of British constitutional monarchy revolution (1)

1. After James I, Charles I continued to pursue the policy of absolute monarchy, ignoring the power of parliament. 1628, Parliament submitted a "right petition" to the king, reiterating that Charles I could not levy taxes without the consent of Parliament; Without a court decision, people cannot be arrested at will; You can't station troops in residents' homes at will in peacetime. This petition expresses the parliament's intention to restrict the royal power. Charles I first made a false promise, but after receiving funding, he dissolved the parliament, and the contradiction between parliament and kingship became more and more serious.

2. 1640, the parliament reconvened, and the members constantly attacked the king's autocracy. Charles I became angry from embarrassment and sent troops into parliament in an attempt to arrest members who opposed him, thus provoking a civil war. After years of repeated struggle, the parliamentary army defeated the king's army. 1649, Charles I was guillotined. Subsequently, Britain was declared a Republic. However, the power of the Republic fell into the hands of the army headed by Cromwell, and the parliament was in name only. Parliament honored Cromwell as "the protector of the country", and Cromwell monopolized the power. The revolution abolished the monarchy, but it did not end the rule of individual dictatorship.

(2) Bill of Rights

1. 1660, charles ii, the son of Charles I, accepted a conditional invitation from Parliament and became king of England. Britain restored the monarchy, but the king's power was greatly limited. Charles ii's successor is his own brother James II. James II is a Catholic. He restored Catholicism and autocracy in Britain, fought back and calculated, and aroused people's resistance.

2. 1688 The British Parliament made a decision to depose James II and welcome his daughter Mary and son-in-law William to Britain, which was a famous "glorious revolution" in history. 1689, Parliament passed the Bill of Rights, reaffirming "the rights that the British people have had since ancient times", such as the right of Parliament to hold regular meetings, the right to discuss state affairs and the right to freedom of speech, the right that taxes belong to Parliament, and the freedom of citizens to petition. The Bill of Rights also stipulates that the king cannot repeal laws, stop enforcing laws or collect taxes at will without the permission of Parliament. Parliament also stipulates that no Catholic can be king of England in the future, and the king of England can't marry a Catholic. Mr. and Mrs. Williams accepted the Bill of Rights and the demands of Parliament.

3. Based on the Bill of Rights, Britain established the highest position of parliament in national political life, and gradually formed a constitutional monarchy. After that, differences can be negotiated in parliament to avoid unnecessary violence and civil war.

The First Industrial Revolution (I) Innovation of Textile Technology

/kloc-at the end of 0/7, after the establishment of the British constitutional monarchy, the political situation was stable, the capitalist economy developed rapidly, and the domestic and foreign markets continued to expand, so the industrial revolution rose. The rapid growth of demand for cotton textiles at home and abroad has stimulated the improvement of cotton textile production mode and the invention of new technologies. 1733, Kay invented the flying shuttle, which improved the weaving speed. 1765, Hargreaves invented the spinning machine and named it "Jenny Machine". The original Jenny machine can spin eight yarns at a time, which greatly improves the production efficiency.

(B) the establishment of the steam engine and factory system

1. The steam engine invented in the early days was used to drain mine water, which was not perfect. The inventor who turned the steam engine into the main power was Watt. 1774, Watt's steam engine operated normally in a metallurgical factory, providing powerful power for blowers and steam hammers. Soon, Watt's steam engine began to be applied to more industries. The wide application of steam engine is a great leap in the field of production, which greatly improves the productivity and makes the industrial revolution develop faster and deeper.

2. Early factories basically relied on hydropower, so factories were generally located in fast-flowing villages, not cities. By the 1930s, the steam engine had become the main power source. Steam engines provide more efficient power. From now on, factories can be built far away from rivers. /kloc-in the 20th century, the traditional handicraft workshops were gradually replaced by large factories, and the modern factory system was finally established.

(3) Trains and railways

1.1At the beginning of the 9th century, people began to build "railways" to transport goods. At that time, the tracks were made of wood and the carriages were pulled by horses. 1825, Stephenson's steam train carried 450 passengers at a speed of 24 kilometers per hour, marking the beginning of the railway era. After 1830, Britain set off a frenzy of investment in railway construction. By 185 1, Britain has built a railway network with a total length of about 10000 km. The arrival of the railway era has provided faster, cheaper and more convenient means of transportation for the society, which has made the connection between production and market closer.

2. The industrial revolution greatly improved the level of social productivity, and mankind entered the "age of steam". /kloc-In the middle of 0/9th century, Britain became the first industrial country in the world. From the late18th century, other western countries began to learn from Britain's advanced technology and production experience. France, the United States, Germany and other western countries have successively carried out industrial revolutions.