The Artistic Features of Chaozhou Music

As a part of Chaozhou traditional music, Chaozhou opera music had a great influence on social life and citizens' cultural consciousness in this period. It can absorb the essence of many foreign operas, be eclectic, integrate, evolve and improve day by day, thus making Chaozhou opera music play an increasingly important role in social life, making Chaozhou traditional music tend to be diversified in music structure, thus forming a rich and unique Chaozhou music art system.

From the comparison of the mode forms of Chaozhou Melody Scale and Shaanxi Melody Scale, we can also see that there is a source relationship between them in terms of interval structure, characteristic interval, characteristic sound and its expression connotation, etc. However, due to the special interval relationship, there are many similarities in the mode color contrast, such as changing the palace into the palace, leaping into the palace, changing the palace into the angle and other factors that promote the development of melody tonality.

The five tones of Chaolehuo can be regarded as the pedigree of China's Gu Yan scale, and the six tones of Chongle can be regarded as the pedigree of China's quaint Dong scale. The polysemy of inflection and leap also has the characteristics of Le Yan scale.

After Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties, encouraging string mourning has become a major feature of Qin Zheng. Continuing the method of promoting the column with sharp strings, it gradually derived the changes of playing techniques that are exactly the same as those of Chu cavity empty string dispersion and Qin cavity empty string dispersion. This is another wave music that inherits Han music in the Central Plains.

Throughout the historical evolution and development of Chaozhou music. It is a process from simple embryonic form to rich maturity. Take gongs and drums music as an example. Originally used for fugue competitions or festive festivals. There is not much music, just one drum, four gongs, two sets of cymbals, or a persimmon drum, a set of cymbals, a moon gong, and instruments such as suona. The rhythm of drumming is mostly slow or fast, and the hammer is slow. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, many opera teachers who were proficient in Chinese opera brands and gongs and drums appeared, and they reformed and arranged the big gongs and drums. They extract gongs and drums from the plots of Andrew Opera, Yin Chao Opera, Bai Zi Opera and Waijiang Opera, and treat them more concisely and diligently. They adopt a more complete and unified divertimento structure, give full play to the characteristics of the contrast between music and gongs and drums, and give them a higher status, such as the traditional gongs and drums "Three Passes", "Xue Gang's Sacrifice to the Grave", "Hong Mai Chasing the Boat" and ". These are the contributions made by the adaptation and arrangement of these masters. For example, Mr. Rao Ping, the founder of the big gongs and drums, Ou Xinu, Zhang Chunhui, Huang, Liu Chao and others in Chaozhou. In addition to arrangement and adaptation, we can't ignore the influence of the exquisite skills of famous artists and the role of learning from others to promote communication. For example, since the 1930s and 1940s, famous gongs and drums players have been Qiu Houshang, Xu Yuxing and Lu, and their apprentices have become descendants of today's gongs and drums, such as Lin Yunxi, Huang, and Lu. Suona is the main instrument of gongs and drums. Cai Zhou, Chen Tong, Cai Moguang and other outstanding suona masters can be said to have a tacit understanding with gongs and drums players, and have made outstanding achievements in shaping the musical image and exerting the artistic charm of gongs and drums. Chaozhou music is characterized by simplicity, elegance and beautiful lyricism. Its main musical instruments are erhu, erhu, dulcimer and percussion instruments such as gongs and drums. Chaozhou music has retained a large number of ancient rhymes of Nanyin, which has attracted more and more attention from the world. It originated from local folk songs, songs and dances, and minor tunes, and absorbed the materials of Yiyang Opera, Kunqu Opera, Shaanxi Opera, Han Opera, Taoism and French Opera, and it was eclectic and self-contained. It is rich and varied, which can be roughly divided into square music and chamber music. The former includes Chaozhou big gongs and drums, Waijiang gongs and drums, Chaozhou small gongs and drums, Chaozhou Huayin gongs and drums, and Chaozhou eight-tone gongs and drums, while the latter includes flute collection, Chaozhou string poems, Chaozhou fine music and Chaozhou temple fair music. The Thrushcross Jumping Frame and Pink Butterfly Picking Flowers, which are often played and widely circulated, are excellent works of Chaozhou Xiaolong Drum. Xiansi music, also called Shixian music, is a kind of music played by many people. This kind of music is light and lyrical, harmonious and pleasant, and has the charm of southern music. It is the most popular and popular music in Chaozhou (prefecture). Paixiao music can be divided into Paixiao gongs and drums and Paixiao music, which is a solemn and simple court music. Chaozhou Fine Music is a variant of Chaozhou Xiansi Music, which is a kind of music with Sanxian, Pipa and Guzheng as its main instruments. It is fresh and delicate, and has a very lyrical charm. Temple music is a kind of music played in Buddhist activities, melodious and elegant, and it is something played by temples. Therefore, Chaozhou music is a huge and complete music system.

Chaozhou music is rich in connotation, which can not only express the interest of small bridges and flowing water, but also interpret the epic of magnificent mountains and rivers. The unique Si Er Qupai of Chao Music is a very old music form. In its unique music system, the flexible changes of the tones of silk and French reflect the unique charm of Chaozhou music, and at the same time, it forms a variety of modes of Chaozhou music, such as abandoning six, emphasizing six, moving five and reversing lines, emphasizing the full play of rhyme and improvisation.

Chaozhou music has a very rich repertoire. Although each of the five categories has its own famous songs, the most famous one is Ten Tidal Songs. It is a masterpiece of Chaozhou music, and the titles of these ten sets of songs are Zhao Jun Complain, Western Western jackdaw Playing in the Water, Small Peach Red, Pingsha Wild Goose, Feng Qiu Yellow, Yueergao, Jade Chain, Huangli Ci, Osaka Board and icing on the cake. These ten sets are mostly ancient songs, with rigorous structure, clear paragraphs and simple and beautiful melodies, which completely retain the classical charm. There are about twenty kinds of musical instruments commonly used in Chaozhou music, among which the most local features are Er Xian, Suona and Shenbo. Representative tracks include Fishing with a Net, Biting Goose with Double Bites (Big Gong and Big Drum), Zhao Jun's Complain, Xiao Taohong (Fine Music), Yan Denglou (Su Gong and Drum) and so on. Chaozhou music has its unique composition and aesthetic foundation in terms of instrument combination, performance techniques, musical structure and variation techniques, and is a very valuable musical cultural heritage. The music structure of Chao Yue has national characteristics and conforms to national aesthetic habits. Spinning is dominated by five tones, although six tones and seven tones are used, but the essence is the relationship between five tones. The music law basically adopts the law of gain and loss of three points, but in the seven-tone scale, there are often 3/4 whole tones and 1/2 semitones because of the low si tone and fa pitch. The so-called neutral interval of neutral four degrees and neutral seven degrees goes beyond the limitations of the three-point law of gain and loss. Due to the slight increase, slight decrease and wandering of some tones in pitch, the spinning method attaches great importance to polishing and rhyming, which makes the mode color change and makes people memorable.

Actually plays a role similar to that of key signature. These tunes all come from the easy-to-listen variations of Si Er's score, and each capital embodies a specific emotional atmosphere. Relatively speaking, light six relaxed and happy, heavy six affectionate stimulation, live five sentimental, light three heavy six gloomy nostalgia, anti-line carefree humor. The change of these note modes, that is, the embodiment of Chaozhou music color change, is very expressive, which strengthens the contrast and change of modes and skillfully uses the comprehensive mode expression technique, so the form is unique. Including big gongs and drums, small gongs and drums, flute sets, Su gongs and drums, eight tones, lanterns and drums, etc.

Chaozhou Dagong Drum is a large-scale ensemble music with drum as the center, a variety of percussion instruments and suona as the leading factor, and orchestral music. It is rugged and magnificent, with beautiful and clear music style and unique drum music art, which can express major historical themes and render festive atmosphere.

Chaozhou gongs and drums are popular in Chaoshan area, Guangdong Province, and developed from the form of clear gongs and drums. In the past, there were gongs and drums halls in all parts of Chaozhou, which were played at the annual God Tour. Musical instruments only use four gongs and two cymbals in the form of clear gongs and drums, commonly known as four gongs and two cymbals. Because the playing method is too simple, artists have added suona to play some string poems, such as Flying Dragon across the River and Hundred Villages, which have been playing and developed into a playing form.

According to experts, Chaozhou gongs and drums are rooted in Chaozhou, and their formation can be traced back to the Tang and Song Dynasties. Later, they were widely spread in eastern Guangdong, southern Fujian and Southeast Asia, enjoying the reputation of China folk music treasures.

Big gongs and drums are an ensemble of percussion and orchestral instruments, also called suona big gongs and drums. Big gongs and drums are the most popular and widely circulated in Chaozhou music. Besides drums, gongs and drums have the characteristics of Qin Zi, Shen Bo and Gong Dou. Followed by Su Gong (bigger than Ma Gong), Kang Gong, Gong Yue, Dagong and Xiao Gong. Because gong has its own musical characteristics and fixed pitch, it is full of harmony and has a simple and harmonious effect. When playing orchestral music, it is appropriate to combine rigidity with softness. The traditional forms of gongs and drums are divided into long-line sets and brand sets. Long-line sleeves are often used in festivals, grand events, parades and other big scenes; Brand sets are born out of Qupai gongs and drums in orthographic drama. At first, it was mainly used to express the plot of drama, which was composed of several brands. * * * Up to 18 sets, including nothing and martial arts. Wen Tao Wen Tao is gentle and quiet, and is good at expressing emotions and feelings between men and women, such as "Fishing with a Net" and "Throw Hairpins". "Wu Tao" is magnificent and magnificent, which is suitable for showing the battle scenes in ancient battlefields, such as Guan Gong passing through five customs and Xue Gang offering sacrifices to graves.

In order to enrich the repertoire, various gongs and drums halls are scrambling to hire musicians from orthographic classes to teach music, so they have absorbed some instruments used by China traditional opera bands, together with the small suona, Su Gong, deep wave and some commonly used stringed instruments, and gradually formed a comprehensive percussion band that now combines blowing, beating, pulling and playing.

Wind instruments include big suona, small suona, big flute (horizontal flute), small flute (commonly known as flute), flute, etc. Percussion instruments include big drums, Su drums, middle drums, big drums, Su gongs, deep waves, fighting gongs, clanging gongs, moon gongs, big cymbals, small cymbals, bronze bells and cloud gongs. String instruments include the first string, the second string, the coconut tree, the erhu and the Hu string. There are three kinds of stringed instruments: the small three-stringed instrument, the big three-stringed instrument, the pipa, the Qin Yue and the dulcimer.

The founders of Chaozhou gongs and drums were Ou Xinu, Xie Nvzai and Wu Derun, among whom Ou Xinu made the greatest contribution. Ou Xinu was originally the head of Heqi Ancient Pavilion in Chaoan Town. He is familiar with orthographic opera music. At the age of 24, he was invited by the Gong and Drum Hall to spread art and provided a lot of orthographic opera music. Most of the existing 18 sets of tracks are orthographic music ensembles.

Small gongs and big drums are a form of ensemble derived from big gongs and big drums, which are light, clear and distinctive, such as thrush jumping.

Paixiao and gongs and drums are popular in Chaoyang District, Shantou City. It is characterized by high-pitched, quiet, gentle and simple, dominated by big horizontal flutes (4-8 flutes), supplemented by sheng, Xiao and wind music. Su gongs and drums are named after Su gongs and drums. Originally born out of the accompaniment of Waijiang Opera. In addition, there are eight tones, ten tones, lanterns and drums.

Flute setting ancient music

Popular in Chaoyang Cotton City.

Chaoyang Miancheng is popular with flute sets and ancient music. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Wu Bing, a court musician of the Song Dynasty, came to Chaoyang with his teacher. After the death of Song Dynasty, Wu Bing settled in Chaoyang Cotton City, and the seeds of court music were sown in Chaoyang. After the enrichment and development of musicians in past dynasties, Chaoyang flute suite has formed a simple and elegant style and strong local characteristics.

As far as its manifestations are concerned, Chaoyang flute music can be divided into flute music and flute gongs and drums. Flute divertimento includes flute divertimento ancient music (that is, traditional flute divertimento) and flute divertimento after fusion and evolution. Ancient Music of Flute Collection retains the charm of ancient court music from musical structure to melody. Its style is simple, solemn, elegant, quiet, beautiful and melodious, with strong traditional Chinese color. Diji gongs and drums include Diji small gongs and drums, Diji big gongs and drums and Diji Su gongs and drums. Flute set small gongs and drums refers to flute set music with exquisite gongs and drums, and flute set big gongs and drums refers to flute set music with Su gongs and drums.

As far as its nature is concerned, Chaoyang flute divertimento is a kind of divertimento. It takes flute, pipe, sheng and Xiao as the main musical instruments, and is led by a big horizontal flute. The style is simple and elegant, with the flavor of court music. Legend has it that it was introduced from the Central Plains at the end of the Song Dynasty or in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Each divertimento is composed of several pieces of music. For example, the four scenes are composed of scattered board, introduction and overture (the first board is 8/4 slow), Liu Yijing (the first board, the second board to the third board), Golden Lion (the first board, the second board to the third board), Lantern Festival (the first board, the second board to the third board) and Liuqingniang (the fourth board). From slow to fast, each paragraph is also divided into slow, medium and fast, and the chapters and paragraphs are clear, which is similar to the form of scattered sequence, beat sequence and broken song of Tang and Song Daqu. As far as its personality is concerned, Chaoyang flute suite is different from other places in the way of playing big flute and the timbre of playing, which constitutes an important factor of Chaoyang flute suite's local characteristics-Chaoyang flavor. In terms of playing methods, Chaoyang flute suite is a traditional (court-style) guide, and the big flute (horizontal flute) of the instrument is 28 gongs and drums.

Due to historical and economic reasons, Chaozhou music gradually declined. The scattered historical materials and the aging of artistic talents restrict the inheritance and development of Chaozhou music. Therefore, relevant parties need to further strengthen protection.

Chord music Chaozhou chord music is a kind of folk music of silk and bamboo. "String Poetry Music" originally refers to the performance of Chaozhou ancient music poetry score, and gradually becomes the general name of solo, ensemble and ensemble performance forms of Chaozhou folk stringed instruments, bagpipes and plucked instruments. Because people who study string poem music must start from reading string poems (referring to music scores), it is called "string poem music", which is an important part of Chaozhou music and the most popular one. However, it spread in Longyan and Longxi areas in southern Fujian, Hakka Wuhua, Dapu and Xingning in Guangdong, Lufeng and Haifeng counties in the south and overseas Southeast Asia, Thailand, Vietnam and Malaya, with a broad and profound mass base.

Xianshi Music, named after Chaozhou folk plucked instruments playing ancient poetry scores, is the most popular form of performance. Musical instrument combinations can be large or small. The largest has more than ten kinds of musical instruments ensemble, and the smallest has a group of three or five kinds of musical instruments. Chaozhou Shixian Music first replaced the ancient guqin with beautiful music played by three musical instruments: bamboo silk, flute and moon silk. In the past 300 years, it has become a high-pitched two-stringed instrument. Other stringed instruments include coconut silk, bamboo silk, erhu and dahuxian; There are three kinds of stringed instruments: Qin Yue, Qin Qin, Piqin, Huluqin and dulcimer, and wind instruments include Xiaodi, Dadi, Dong Xiao, Xiaosuona and Dasuona. Percussion instruments include small drums, China wooden fish, small wooden fish and wooden boards. Among them, the small horizontal flute, the big horizontal seedling, the small suona and the big suona can also be used as the main musical instruments respectively, while the three-stringed instrument, the pipa and the Zheng are the commonly used combination forms of indoor fine music and can also be used for solo respectively.

String poetry music generally uses a board to beat knots. The rhythm of the chessboard is flexible and changeable. The traditional playing habit is to advance from slow to fast, step by step, and adopt the variation technique of three variable warp speeds, that is, starting from the first board, then following the second board, copying the beat and copying the third board until the climax is over. At the same time, on the basis of changing the board, the conventional single-urging, double-urging, double-overlapping urging and other variants are used to express the artistic conception of the music incisively and vividly. What is particularly fascinating is that the subtle change of melody pitch often makes Gongdiao produce an artistic effect that seems to turn rather than turn, giving music a special charm and interest.

Chaozhou string poems can be divided into Confucian music and tent top music according to different application occasions and performance styles. Performers of Confucian music-one is a band sponsored by the upper class, the other is a spontaneous free gathering organization of the masses. Its performance style is slim, elegant and verve-oriented, which is mostly used for folk weddings, funerals and celebrations. Rooftop music is mainly used in the stage of Chinese opera, serving noisy plots and playing independently. Its style is simple and rude. Nowadays, most of the string poetry music circulating among the people is in the style of Confucian music.

Traditional Chaozhou Opera strings are played with ancient Si Er music scores, and their playing characteristics can learn from various modes of Si Er music scores. Light 36, heavy 36, light 36, contrast and lively five are transformed and changed, so as to achieve the continuous change and development of melody color. The characteristics of light three-six tone type are light and clear melody; The emphasis on the three-six modes is deep and implicit; The contrast is as light as three or six, but the melody is four degrees higher; Living in the five modes is the most valuable and good at expressing sadness or indignation. When changing a color-changing song with different modes, the general rules are as follows: light 36 songs can be changed into heavy 36, light 36 and anti-line; Heavy music can be changed into five kinds: light, light, anti-line and lively; The live five music can be changed to focus on three six and light three six.

Another feature of Chaozhou string poems in performance is the three-variable beat. That is to say, for each string poem suite, its structure or melody variation is basically in the form of headboard, clapping hands and three boards as a relatively fixed program. The introduction of music is mostly pine board; The head board (or the second board is slow) is 4/4 beats, which is the main part of music, and generally does not change much when it is not repeated or repeated; Copying beat is 1/4 beat, which is the variation of adagio melody in rhythm and beat. Its main feature is that it uses the second half beat more to form the melody feature of the pile sentence. The third board is 1/4 (or 2/4) beat, which is also the variation of adagio melody in beat and rhythm. It is characterized by repeatedly changing the law of travel through various urging methods, gradually speeding up the speed and completing the whole song in the climax.

The traditional music of Chaozhou string poems mostly follows the ancient tune of Zhongzhou. In the long historical development process, it has accumulated folk tunes such as Waijiang tune, Zhengzi tune and Cantonese tune, Buddhist songs, flute sets and folk opera music, and sometimes even absorbed folk songs and minor tunes brought back by folk artists from Southeast Asian countries. The top ten masterpieces of Chaozhou string poems are Zhao Jun's resentment, Xiao Taohong, the western Western jackdaw's splashing water, the words of the Yellow Calendar and the moon's height, all of which are three or six. The above five capitals are light music, such as Osaka, Pingsha Wild Goose, Wind Seeking Phoenix and Five Rings, which are icing on the cake. Other popular music include Liu Qingniang, Langtaosha, Lion Playing with Ball, Thousand Lights, Pink Butterfly Picking Flowers, Red Plum Head, Pink Lotus, Thrushcross Jumping, Deep funeral march and so on.

Famous performers of Chaozhou string poems include Lin Yubo, Zhang Hanzhai, Su Wenxian and Lin Maogen. Chaozhou Waijiang music refers to the music spread to Chaozhou from the Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Huaihe river basins. Drama is called Waijiang Opera, music is called Waijiang Music, gongs and drums are called Waijiang gongs and drums or Su gongs and drums, and Buddha music is called Waijiang Pan Buddha Music. The spread of music from Waijiang to Chaozhou was not caused by a certain era or a certain historical event, but a long-term cultural migration event. It should have started in the Southern Song Dynasty.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, with the development of economy, zaju, folk opera and folk music also developed. The rich coastal areas of Fujian and Guangdong were the rear areas of the Southern Song Dynasty and developed with the development of Suzhou and Hangzhou. Naturally, political, economic and cultural exchanges are more convenient and frequent than in the Northern Song Dynasty. Southern Opera originated in Wenzhou in the Northern Song Dynasty, and prevailed in Lin 'an and other cities in the Southern Song Dynasty, and spread to the south. According to the Records of Zhangzhou County, in the Southern Song Dynasty, Chen Chun (1153-1217), one of Zhu's favorite students, wrote to Fu Bocheng, the magistrate of Zhangzhou, suggesting that local farmers should be prohibited from performing. This letter not only explained the unprecedented development of the Southern Opera at that time, but also provided strong evidence for the Southern Opera to go south from Suzhou and Hangzhou via Fuzhou in the Southern Song Dynasty.

Waijiang Opera and Waijiang Music were very popular in Chaozhou in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, but they gradually declined in the 1950s.

Apart from the existence of Waijiang music in some places, most of Waijiang music has been dissolved in various forms of Chaozhou music.