Why can't the Ming dynasty handle Mongolia, but the Qing dynasty can completely surrender Mongolia?

If the Central Plains Dynasty wanted to subdue the nomadic people, it needed to meet three conditions at the same time.

First of all, break up and defeat opponents militarily, so that nomads cannot exist as a whole. This is difficult because nomads are mobile and can run far. To accomplish this condition, the Central Plains dynasty should have a persistent military strike attitude.

Second, after being dispersed, nomadic people should delimit a range and conduct effective management, and they should not be separated from the monitoring and control of the central government. Want to complete this condition, also need the central plains dynasty has a persistent attitude.

The third is timing. Self-effort is very important, but timing and luck are also indispensable.

For example, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, warlords in the Central Plains scuffled, which was a good opportunity for the southern Xiongnu to break away from the control of the Central Plains regime. However, at that time, there was a Xianbei tribal alliance far stronger than the South Xiongnu in the Monan Dynasty, which threatened the South Xiongnu from time to time and forced the South Xiongnu to be attached to the Central Plains Dynasty. Therefore, when the Three Kingdoms scuffled at the end of the Han Dynasty, the southern Xiongnu was honest and did not dare to make a move.

During the Western Jin Dynasty, the Central Plains was still in chaos, but the grassland was already divided. Are small tribes. At this time, the southern Xiongnu had a dishonest opportunity.

So what did the Ming Dynasty satisfy the above three points?

Unfortunately, no.

The Hongwu and Yongle Dynasties of the Ming Dynasty attacked Mongolia more than ten times. But the impact effect is not ideal. The Ming army only scattered Mongolia, but did not defeat it.

Later, during the periods of Emperor Renzong, Emperor Xuanzong and Ming Yingzong, due to various reasons, the scale of the Northern Expedition became smaller and smaller, and the confidence of the Ming Dynasty in conquering Mongolia became smaller and smaller.

In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, although Wang Zhi was not far away, Wan Li came to Wang Ting, Mongolia, and killed the legendary Mongolian hero Man Duhai. The operation of Ma Fangli's attack on Mongolian camp. However, these are small-scale attacks, and the blow is not strong.

It is worth mentioning that in the Ming Wuzong period, in order to counter the invasion of Dayan Khan, Ming Wuzong personally signed. However, his move was not only strongly opposed by civil and military officials in the Qing Dynasty at that time, but even after his death, he was labeled as nonsense by historians.

Look, even the emperor launched a slightly larger Northern Expedition, which can be said to be doing nothing. The ruling group is so conservative, how did the Ming Dynasty defeat the Mongols?

Generally speaking. In the middle of Ming Dynasty, the strategy of conquering Mongolia was actually abandoned. Both bureaucrats and ordinary people hold a negative attitude towards conquering Mongolia, believing that it is a waste of manpower and financial resources.

Therefore, it can be said that once in the Ming Dynasty, the Ming army never completely defeated the Mongols militarily.

It is impossible to defeat your opponent militarily, nor to achieve political and economic control.

In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang and Judy disintegrated the Mongolian forces through marriage, conferring titles and other inducements.

However, the inducements policy of the Ming Dynasty, like military strikes, was not carried out to the end and was very unsuccessful.

Here is a question: Why were all the enterprising policies in the early Ming Dynasty overthrown in the middle and late Ming Dynasty?

Is it because of the emperor's inaction? Is it because of the money problem?

There are indeed these two factors. However, judging from the opposition of civil and military officials in the Qing Dynasty to Ming Wuzong's crusade against Dayan Khan and the attack of Wanli on the three major levies, these are not the main reasons.

The real reason is that after the change of the civil fort, the civilian group came to the top. Therefore, the Ming Dynasty, like the Song Dynasty, valued literature over martial arts.

Why does valuing literature over martial arts lead to the lack of enterprise in feudal dynasties?

This is because, if the status of military personnel is not high, then military commanders are not qualified to take charge of one party, but can only do some simple military work. If you cut off a person's head to save the military, please get up slowly.

In this way, it is impossible for a military commander to cultivate a commander with a high strategic vision.

We can understand this by looking at the list of generals in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. Compared with Xu Da, Chang Yuchun, Aquamarine, Li Wenzhong and others in the early period, the generals in the middle and late Ming Dynasty generally lacked the experience of large-scale corps and the ability to be independent.

This is not that people's quality is not good, but that times have changed. Military commanders are suppressed by literati, and it is difficult to be a handsome talent.

As for the literati, let them govern the country. But expect them to conquer Mongolia; After defeating the Mongols, it is impossible for them to stay in the grassland to manage herders.

It is worth mentioning that most of the civil servants in the middle and late Ming Dynasty were born in the south.

For example, in the Twelve Records of Jiajing, except Mao Qi, Zhai Luan and Shi Li, the other nine people, such as Xia Yan, Yan Song and Yang Yiqing, are all southerners.

Scholars are in power, and most of them are southern scholars. This kind of staffing was disastrous for the implementation of the policy of conquering Mongolia in Ming Dynasty.

This is the same reason that the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty did not reuse Confucian scholars, but appointed Mongols and Semu people as great scholars to govern the Central Plains, which was a mess.

Not that piece of material. On the hard top, it must have backfired and made a mess.

In fact, all the decisions made by the Ming Dynasty towards Mongolia were not without a coup, and effective strategies were not without them. But on the whole, many policies are short-lived, abolished in the middle and late stages, and have not been implemented from beginning to end.

Finally, the weather.

During the Ming Dynasty, there was no time. This can be clearly seen from a global perspective.

1416th century nomads, although they are no longer as brave as Genghis Khan. However, nomadic tribes scattered in Eurasia still have great strength.

For example, the war between Russia and the Crimean khanate, the war between the Ottoman Empire and the Timur Empire. It's all bloody battles. It was not easy for Russia and the Ottoman Empire to win.

Moreover, Mongolians still have considerable room for activities.

They can't fight, they can run. Run where the enemy can't catch up.

It can be said that in the world of the Ming Dynasty, it is not only the Ming Dynasty that cannot completely deal with Mongols. Other ethnic groups that have conflicts with nomadic people can't handle it well.

The Ming dynasty did not occupy it at all, nor did it manage Mongolia. What about the Qing dynasty?

By the Qing Dynasty, all three conditions were met, and Mongolia finally settled down.

In terms of military strikes, the Qing Dynasty launched a century-long fierce attack on the divided Mongolian ministries on the basis of the Ming Dynasty.

The first is Huang taiji. 1635, after wooing Horqin and other tribes, Huang taiji defeated Ligudan Khan, the nominal leader of Mongolia, and unified southern Mongolia. Become a great Khan of Mongols. (1) Later Jin Khan and Mongolian Khan. After he proclaimed himself emperor, he became emperor of Qing Dynasty and Mongolian Khan)

Followed by Kangxi. 1688, Kangxi pushed his way through the crowd. While Junggar attacked Khalkha Mongolia, he insisted on absorbing Khalkha Mongolia who surrendered voluntarily and went to war with galdan. Finally, with luck and force, Galdin was defeated and the outer Mongolia was firmly controlled.

After the Qing dynasty entered the customs, influenced by the traditional thought of the Central Plains, the Qing court's strategy of eliminating Mongolia was shaken many times. It means to coexist with Junggar. This situation influenced the formulation of ethnic policies in Yongzheng and Qianlong periods.

Fortunately, in 1755, under the pressure of opposition from the Manchu army and civilians, Qianlong sent troops to Yili during the civil strife in Junggar. Finally defeated Dawaqi and Amursa, annexed Junggar Khanate, and ended the hundred-year war between Qing Dynasty and Mongolian ministries.

It is worth mentioning that Huang Taiji's title of Mongolian Great Khan is not his self-styled. However, the son of Li Dan Khan, Ezhe, led a group of Mongolian princes to the stage together and willingly gave the title of Mongolian Khan to Huang Taiji.

This shows that Monan Mongolia was really conquered by the Qing Dynasty. Otherwise, Mongols can't ask a jurchen to be the great Khan of their own nation.

Because Mongolia was surrendered by the Qing dynasty, the Qing dynasty conducted in-depth management of Mongolia.

On the one hand, the Qing dynasty used the Zasak system (an official system, which means consul in Mongolian) to divide all parts of Mongolia into more than 200 flags, and appointed Mongolian princes and nobles as consuls, allowing them to manage their own territory.

This move is similar to the decree of the Western Han Dynasty, which is intended to "share the power of various buildings." Mongolia, which was originally divided into more than 10 plates, was successfully divided into more than 200 small plates.

After the wide implementation of the Zasak system in Mongolia, there is no relationship between the flags, and there is no connection between them. Herdsmen can only graze on their own land, and it is strictly forbidden to cross the border. As long as herders can't run around, they are strictly confined to a small circle. Management is not that difficult.

On the other hand, the Qing Dynasty supervised the Mongolian prince who served as Zasak through Fan Liyuan and generals (such as General Ulyasutai and General Yili).

In the Qing dynasty, not to mention that herders could not run around, even Mongolian princes and nobles could not run around. If a prince wants to cross the region, or go to Beijing, or go to the Central Plains, he must apply to Fan Liyuan and register for the record.

In this way, even if a Mongolian upper-class maharaja refuses to obey the rule of the Qing Dynasty and wants to rebel, he can't get up.

On the other hand, the emperors of Qing Dynasty also believed in Yellow Religion, and vigorously advocated Yellow Religion in Mongolian grasslands. Even the emperor of the Qing Dynasty raised the Yellow Religion to the state religion, and gave the Mongolian Lama a very high courtesy. For example, when they become lamas, they don't have to serve, pay taxes, work, eat and drink. In this way, we can win over the followers of Yellow Sect in Mongolia.

According to incomplete statistics, by the end of Qing Dynasty, there were more than 2,000 temples of Yellow Sect in Mongolia. On average, each flag has more than ten temples.

With so many temples, there are naturally many believers.

When the Mongols widely believed in Tibetan Buddhism, the brave Mongols were domesticated into soft lambs.

In Qianlong's words, this move is to train Mongols with Yellow Religion, above China!

Splitting+restricting movement+promoting Tibetan Buddhism, the combination of these three moves, the originally unruly and full of fighting spirit Mongolians were tamed by the Qing Dynasty.

Finally, the weather.

Although the Mongols in the Ming Dynasty were not brilliant, they were still able to fight back and forth with other ethnic groups in Eurasia.

But when time entered the18th century, the times changed.

Russians who were originally rubbed by Mongols on the ground, in turn, rubbed Mongols on the ground.

Uzbeks and Kazakhs who were originally rubbed on the ground, in turn, rubbed the Mongols on the ground.

It can be said that when time came to the eighteenth century, the glorious Mongols were gone. To the west, we can't beat Russia and Ottoman Turkey, and to the south, we can't beat the nomadic people in Central Asia. Only the descendants of Timur, in desperate circumstances, defeated the Indian aborigines and opened up a new world in the South Asian subcontinent.

In this case, the Mongolians are squeezed by various forces, and the space for activities is restricted, and there is nowhere to escape. If the Qing dynasty can't solve Mongolia, it can only show that the level of the Qing dynasty is really not good.

And the level of the Qing dynasty, obviously no slag to the same level as the Indians. Therefore, the capture of Mongolia in Qing Dynasty is an inevitable trend of historical development.

If we reverse the time of Ming and Qing Dynasties. There was the Qing Dynasty first, and then the Ming Dynasty. With the Qing dynasty as a cushion, it is estimated that the Ming dynasty can also surrender to Mongolia.

Many people in modern times like to oppose Ming and Qing Dynasties, as if Ming is Ming and Qing is Qing. But in fact, the Qing dynasty inherited the system of the Ming dynasty and further developed it on the basis of the Ming dynasty. Therefore, the surrender of the Qing Dynasty to Mongolia was actually inseparable from that of the Ming Dynasty.