What kinds of plays are there in China? And the cultural history of China opera?

1. development

China's opera originated from the song and dance in primitive society, and only after the Han, Tang, Song and Jin Dynasties did it form a relatively complete opera art, which was mainly composed of three different art forms: folk song and dance, rap and burlesque.

seed

In primitive society, primitive songs and dances were produced in villages where clans lived together. With the gradual growth of clans, songs and dances also gradually developed and improved. For example, in many ancient rural areas, there is still a long tradition of singing and dancing, such as "Nuo Opera"; At the same time, some new songs and dances, such as "Shehuo" and "Yangko", came into being to meet people's spiritual needs. It is these song and dance performances that have created a group of skilled folk artists and made some progress in the direction of opera.

Prosperous

From the middle of12nd century to the beginning of13rd century, professional art and commercial performance groups such as Song Zaju and Jin emerged gradually, such as Yuan created by Guan Hanqing, Autumn of the Han Palace created by Ma Zhiyuan, Revenge of the Zhao Orphan, etc. This period is the prosperous period of China traditional opera stage.

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/kloc-In the mid-Ming Dynasty in the 6th century, Kunqu Opera rose in the south of the Yangtze River, and many operas such as Fifteen Passes and Zhan Huakui emerged. The opera popular with farmers in this period was Yiyang Opera, which originated in Anhui and Jiangxi, and Kunqu Opera was popular with feudal elites.

Prosperous

Most of the works in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties describe people's heroes, such as Mu and Tao Sanchun. At this time, local operas mainly included northern Bangzi and southern Pihuang. Peking Opera was produced on the basis of the high prosperity of local operas in Qing Dynasty. During the reign of Tongzhi and Guangxu, the first generation of Peking Opera actors and masters of different schools appeared, which marked the maturity and prosperity of Peking Opera. Soon, Beijing opera developed all over the country, especially in Shanghai and Tianjin. Peking Opera has become a widely influential drama, which has pushed China's traditional opera art to a new height.

2. Features

China's traditional opera, Greek tragedy and comedy, and Indian Sanskrit drama are called the three ancient drama cultures in the world.

The first person who used the word "opera" in history was Song (1240- 13 19), who proposed "Yongjia Opera" in The Biography of the Poet Wu. What he said was "Southern Opera", "Drama" and "Yongjia Opera". Since modern Wang Guowei, "drama" has been used as the general name of traditional drama culture in China.

China's traditional opera is a comprehensive art, a combination of time art and space art, which is possessed by the drama culture of all countries in the world, especially China's opera.

China Opera is a form of drama centered on the comprehensive performance of singing, reading, doing and playing. It is rich in artistic means of expression, and its comprehensive combination with the performing arts makes China opera full of special charm. It integrates the beauty of lyrics, music, art and performance, controls a play with rhythm, achieves harmony and unity, fully mobilizes the appeal of various artistic means, and forms a unique rhythmic performance art in China.

The most important feature of China's traditional operas is virtuality. Stage art does not simply imitate life, but selects, refines, exaggerates and beautifies the prototype of life, bringing the audience directly into the palace of art.

Another artistic feature of China opera is stylization, such as closing the door, getting on the horse, taking a boat and so on. The program in traditional Chinese opera is both normative and flexible, so the art of traditional Chinese opera is properly called regular free action.

Synthesis, virtuality and formality are the main artistic features of China traditional operas. These characteristics, which condensed the essence of China's traditional culture, formed a unique view of drama, and made China's operas shine with unique artistic brilliance on the stage of world drama culture.

China opera originated from primitive song and dance, which is a comprehensive stage art form with a long history. It is composed of literature, music, dance, fine arts, martial arts, acrobatics and performing arts, with about 360 categories. It is characterized by the collection of various art forms in a standard, which embodies their respective personalities in the same nature. The famous operas are: Beijing Opera, Kunqu Opera, Yue Opera, Henan Opera, Guangdong Opera, Sichuan Opera, Qin Opera, Pingju Opera, Shanxi Opera, Han Opera, Hebei Bangzi, xiang opera, Huangmei Opera and Hunan Ancient Painting Opera.

Kunqu Opera, also known as "Kunqu Opera" and "Kunqu Opera", is an ancient opera. Originated in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, it became popular after the middle of Ming Dynasty. Kunqu Opera, with its beautiful style, gentle and delicate expression of Sui Dynasty, singing and dancing, is the representative of China classical opera. 200 1, Kunqu opera is listed as "oral and intangible cultural heritage of mankind" by UNESCO. Masterpieces: Fifteen Passes, Xia Hong, etc.

Yue Opera: A local opera popular in Zhejiang Province, mainly composed of actresses. After 1938, use the name "Yue Opera". From 65438 to 0942, the actress of Yue Opera, represented by Yuan Xuefen, reformed the performance and singing of Yue Opera, absorbed the advantages of drama and Kunqu Opera, and formed a gentle and delicate performance style. A Dream of Red Mansions, Butterfly Lovers, Sister Xianglin and other masterpieces.

Henan Opera: Also known as "Henan Bangzi". Shaanxi Bangzi, which was introduced to Henan in the late Ming Dynasty, was developed by combining Henan dialect and folk tunes, and is now popular in Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong and other provinces. The singing is high and smooth, and the performance style is simple. Mulan's masterpiece Mu et al.

Cantonese Opera: Popular in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Southeast Asia and other Cantonese-speaking areas. Formed in the early Qing Dynasty, it was a combination of high-pitched tune, Kunqu opera, yellow skin and bangzi imported from other places and local folk music. Music is both a board cavity and a musical style. Lotus Lantern, Guan Hanqing and other masterpieces.

Shaanxi Opera: Shaanxi local opera, also known as "Shaanxi Bangzi", is the earliest Bangzi opera, which was formed in the middle of Ming Dynasty. His performance is rough and simple, his singing is high and exciting, and he is good at expressing tragic plots. The repertoires include Butterfly Cup, You Gui Shan, Three Drops of Blood and so on.

Pingju: In the late Qing Dynasty, it was formed on the basis of the ditty "Opposite Lotus Falls" in Luanxian County, Hebei Province. It was first popular in rural areas of Hebei province, and then entered Tangshan, and was called "Tangshan Xiazi". Popular in Northeast China around the 1920s, there are colloquial singing methods, such as Liu Qiaoer, Flowers as Media, Yang Sanjie's Complaints and so on.

Jin Opera: Also known as "Middle Road Bangzi", it developed from Shanshan Bangzi at the junction of Shanxi and Shaanxi to Shanxi, and was formed by combining the characteristics of Shanxi language. Now it is popular in central Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Hebei. The musical style is not only high-pitched, but also soft and delicate. The performance is simple and popular. Famous repertoires include "Playing Golden Branches", "Little Banquet" and "Selling Paintings to Break the Door".

Huangmei Opera: Originated in Anhui, it is popular in Anhui, Jiangxi and Hubei. Its predecessor was the tea-picking tune in Huangmei area. After the middle of Qing Dynasty, a folk opera called "Huangmei tune" was formed, which was sung in Anqing dialect. In 1950s, under the reform of Yan Fengying and others, Anhui Opera became more and more mature and developed into an Anhui local opera. Famous plays include The Fairy Match, The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl, The Woman Xu and so on.

Han Opera: generally refers to operas popular in Hubei, Henan, Shaanxi and other places. It originated in Hubei and was originally called "Chu tune" or "Han tune". The main melody is Xipi tune, and Huang Er tune is also sung. It has a history of nearly 300 years. The main plays are Frontline of the Universe, Two Plums, Shen Tao University, etc. In addition, there are Han operas in Changde, Hunan and Guangdong, all of which are multi-cavity operas, which are very different from those in Hubei.

Xiang opera: Hunan local opera, popular in Changsha and Xiangtan, originated from Yiyang Opera in Ming Dynasty, and later absorbed Kunqu Opera and Pihuang Opera, forming a multi-cavity opera including high-pitched, low-pitched, Kunqu Opera and random play. Plays are mainly high-pitched and casual, such as Pipa, White Rabbit and Yue Bai.

Hunan ancient painting drama: it is the general name of Hunan ancient painting and lantern drama, including Changsha ancient painting, Yueyang ancient painting, Changde ancient painting, Hengyang ancient painting and Shaoyang ancient painting. They have different stage languages and formed their own styles. The performances of ancient paintings and operas are simple, cheerful and lively, with xiaosheng, Xiao Dan and clowns as the main businesses. Plays include Shooting Birds and Chopping firewood with bangs.

Sichuan Opera: A local opera in Sichuan Province, which is popular in Sichuan and its surrounding areas. It consists of Kunqu Opera, Gaoqiang Opera, Huqin Opera, Tanxi Opera and Dengxi Opera, each with its own repertoire. Sichuan opera has a high-pitched and exciting singing voice, humorous performances and a strong flavor of life. The main repertoires are traditional repertoires, The Story of Liu Yin, The Capture of Wang Kui, etc. And the newly directed plays "Dead Water" and "FACE/OFF Gold".

Hebei Bangzi: Bangzi opera, popular in Hebei and Beijing, originated from Shanshan Bangzi at the junction of Shanshan and Shaanxi, and was introduced to Hebei via Shanxi, and was formed by combining Hebei dialect and Beijing dialect. Singing loudly and violently, he is good at performing tragic plots. Hebei Bangzi's famous dramas include Butterfly Cup, Yuanmen Chop and Du Shiniang.

Gaoqiang: It is the general name of China traditional opera vocal system. Because it originated in Yiyang, Jiangxi, it was originally named "Yiyang Opera" or "Yi Opera". It is characterized by simple performance, popular lyrics, high-pitched and exciting singing, one person singing while everyone is in harmony, and only golden drums are used to play festivals without orchestral accompaniment. Since the middle of the Ming Dynasty, it has spread from Jiangxi to all parts of the country, and has formed high-pitched operas in different styles, such as Sichuan Opera, xiang opera Opera and Gan Opera.

Bangzi opera: it is a general term for the vocal cavity system of traditional Chinese opera. It originated from "Shaanxi Bangzi" at the junction of Shanxi and Shaanxi, and is characterized by high-pitched and powerful singing and high-five with wooden bangzi. Then it developed eastward and southward, forming different forms of Bangzi cavity in different areas, such as Shanxi Bangzi, Hebei Bangzi, Henan Bangzi and Shandong Bangzi.

Pu Opera: Also known as "Zhou Pu Bangzi", it was developed from Shanshan Bangzi, the first Shanshan Bangzi. Now it is popular in the southwest of Shanxi, Shaanxi and Henan, with a similar accent and Shaanxi dialect. Famous dramas include hanging pictures, killing dogs and killing post stations.

Shangdang Bangzi: One of the four major Bangzi in Shanxi, developed from Zhou Pu Bangzi in southwest Shanxi, is popular in Shangdang area in southeast Shanxi. Besides Bangzi, it also sings Kunqu Opera, Pihuang Opera and Luoluo Opera. Plays include "Three Customs Banquet" and "East Gate Meeting".

Yan Opera: Also known as "North Road Bangzi", it developed from "Zhou Pu Bangzi" and is popular in the northwest of the mountain, Zhangjiakou, Hebei and Inner Mongolia. It is said that it has a great influence on the formation of Hebei Bangzi. Dramas include Bloody Handprints and Jinshui Bridge.

Shaanxi Opera: Shaanxi local opera, also known as "Shaanxi Bangzi", is the earliest Bangzi opera, which was formed in the middle of Ming Dynasty. His performance is rough and simple, his singing is loud and exciting, his voice is like a roar, and he is good at expressing tragic plots. The repertoires include Butterfly Cup, You Gui Shan, Three Drops of Blood and so on.

Errentai: a kind of traditional Chinese opera popular in Inner Mongolia, Shanxi and Zhangjiakou, Hebei, which was formed on the basis of Inner Mongolia folk songs and Shanxi folk tunes, and then gradually matured by absorbing the performance elements of Shanxi opera. The performance is full of life and the lyrics are well-known. Most of the dramas are small dramas that show rural life, such as "Walking West" and "Five Brothers Grazing Sheep".

Auspicious Opera: A traditional opera popular in Jilin Province. Developed in the 1950s on the basis of the "Errenzhuan" in Northeast China, the tune is light, the words and expressions are popular, the performances are simple and popular, and there are plays such as selling lines in Yan Qing and Bao Gong's Compensation.

Longjiang Opera: Popular in Heilongjiang Province, it was formed in 1950s, based on "Errenzhuan", Latin Opera, Shadow Play and Northeast local folk songs. Its performance is relaxed and humorous, and its lyrics are well-known. Plays include Shuang Suoshan and the absurd Baoyu.

Yue Diao: Henan local opera, popular in Henan and northern Hubei, is also called "four twisted strings" because it is the main accompaniment instrument. Music is dominated by banqiang, and qupai is also sung. Famous actors include Shen et al. Plays include Jiang Wei, Li Tianbao's Wedding Clothes, Zhuge Liang's Funeral and so on.

Henan Quju: Henan local opera popular in Henan province and northwest Hubei province, developed from Quyi "Henan Quzi". Singing softly and tactfully, he is good at tragic content. Plays include Tong, Chen Sanliang and Hua Tinghui.

Shandong Bangzi: a local opera in Shandong Province, popular in Heze, Shandong Province. Because of its ancient name "Cao Zhou", it is also called "Cao Zhou Bangzi". This bangzi system was formed after Shanshan Bangzi was introduced to Shandong via Henan. The main play is The Story of the Wall.

Shandong Opera: A local opera in Shandong Province, which is popular in central Shandong, Jiangsu and Henan. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was developed from the folk rap art "Shandong", and 1950 was named "Lu Opera". Lu opera performance is full of life, popular and simple, simple singing, easy to learn and sing. Therefore, Lu Opera has a great influence in the vast rural areas. Dramas include The Borrowing of the King, Sister Xian and The Remarriage of Li Ernian.

Huai Opera: Jiangsu local opera, popular in Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and other places. It originated from Jiangsu folk drama, and then absorbed the artistic factors of Huizhou opera, and gradually developed and matured. His performance was crude and simple. The repertoire includes the traditional repertoire "Woman Judge", "Three Women Grab the Board" and the new drama "Golden Dragon and the Ephemera".

Shanghai Opera: a local opera popular in Shanghai, which originated from the folk songs in Pudong, Shanghai, and later formed the Shanghai Beach Spring Tune, and was influenced by Suzhou Beach Spring. In 1930s, it was performed in Shanghai in the form of civilized drama, and it was named Shanghai Opera. Most of the plays are modern themes, such as laughing and crying, marriage, arhat money and Lu Danghuo.

Burlesque: A traditional China drama popular in Jiangsu, Shanghai and Zhejiang. "One-man show" originated in Shanghai, and later developed into a farce with complicated tunes and funny performances. The main repertoires are "San Mao's Student Thought" and "One Two Three March".

Wu Opera: A local opera popular in Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, also known as Jinhua Opera. This is a multi-part opera. Its vocal cavity is composed of Gao Qiang, Kunqu Opera, Tan Chun and Hui Diao, each with its own repertoire and performance characteristics. Plays include Monks and nuns' Meeting, Peony Going to Class, Broken Bridge, etc.

Shao Opera: a local opera popular in Shaoxing and Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, which was formed in the late Ming Dynasty. With "357" and "Fan Er" as the main vocal cavity, he is good at martial arts in performance, and his style is rough and simple. Plays include Monkey King Thrice Defeats the Skeleton Demon, Long Hudou and the suspense.

Anhui Opera: A traditional China opera popular in Anhui and Jiangsu provinces, which was formed in the middle of Qing Dynasty. It is a kind of multi-part opera. The main voices are bazi, Chuiqiang and Huang Er. It also sings Kunqu Opera, Gaoqiang and Xipi. 1790, Huiban went to Beijing to celebrate Qianlong's birthday, which later evolved into Peking Opera. Most of the plays are historical themes, such as Seven Armies under Water, which is adapted from Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

Fujian Opera: A traditional opera popular in Fujian. It rose in the middle of Ming dynasty and basically took shape in Qing dynasty, but on a smaller scale. At the beginning of the 20th century, influenced by Peking Opera, its scale gradually increased, and its vocal cavity was basically complete, including five kinds: comic cavity, foreign music, Jianghu, minor and bango. Plays include Lian Yin and Swan Banquet.

Puxian Opera: Fujian local opera, formerly known as "Xinghua Opera", fully matured in the mid-Ming Dynasty and was popular in Putian and Xianyou. The music is Qupai style, and the performance is quite quaint and lyrical. Plays include Zhang Xie's No.1 Scholar, After Reunion, Spring Grass Running to the Moon Hall and so on.

Liyuan Opera: a kind of opera with a long history, which can be regarded as a "living fossil" of opera. Many southern operas in the Song and Yuan Dynasties have been preserved, such as ghosts, Jing, Liu, worship and killing in Zhu Wen. After 1950s, Dong Sheng, Shi Li and Yin Jiefu directed and performed.

Gaojia Opera: Popular in Jinjiang and Longxi areas of Fujian, it originated in the middle of Qing Dynasty, and then absorbed the performance factors and repertoire of Liyuan Opera, and gradually became large-scale. In the 1920s, influenced by Peking Opera, it gradually matured. Its main business is clowns, and its performances are like puppets, which are very distinctive. The plays include "Continuously Ascending to Level 3" and "Jin Kuixing".

Gan Opera: A kind of opera popular in northeast Jiangxi, which developed from Yiyang Opera in Ming Dynasty and consists of Yiyang Opera, Qingyang Opera, Kunqu Opera, and Luantan Opera. Plays include Yuan, Chai Jingjing, Princess Huanzhu and Rebirth.

Tea-picking opera: a kind of opera popular in Jiangxi, which is mainly developed from the songs and songs sung by local tea farmers when picking tea, combined with folk songs and dances. Jiangxi Tea-picking Opera is divided into East, South, West, North and China, and has its own characteristics in performance. Plays include Sun Cheng Da Jiu and so on.

Qi Opera: Also known as "Qiyang Opera", it is popular in Qiyang and Shaoyang areas of Hunan. Originated from Yiyang Opera in Ming Dynasty, its vocal cavity is dominated by high notes, and it also sings Kunqu Opera and Tan Qiang Opera. The repertoires include Biography of Mu Lian, Biography of Zhongjing, Master Play, Guanyin Play, etc.

Chaozhou Opera: Popular in Shantou, southern Fujian and Taiwan Province Province. It was mainly influenced by Yang, Kunqu Opera and Han tunes imported from other places, and was formed in the middle of Ming Dynasty. Many works of Song and Yuan Dynasties were preserved in the repertoire, such as Chen Sanwu Niang, Sweeping the Window, Lulin Hui and so on.

Guangxi Opera: Popular in northeast Guangxi and southern Hunan, it was formed in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Its singing method is mainly Pihuang, and it also sings Kunqu opera, Gao Qiang and Chuiqiang. Plays include grabbing umbrellas, picking up jade bracelets, cabinets and so on.

Tone: Formerly known as "tune" or "tea picking", it is popular in Guangxi. Formed on the basis of local folk songs and dances, it has a history of nearly 200 years. 1955 was named "Caidiao". Its performance is free and lively, full of life. The most famous play is Third Sister Liu.

Zhuang drama: a kind of drama popular in Guangxi, Yunnan and other Zhuang areas, which is divided into two factions: South Road and North Road. The former originated from the local "bench play", and its main plays are Long Wen and Xiao Ni. The latter originated from "Double Spring Opera", and its main play is "Treasure Hulu".

Guizhou Opera: a local opera popular in Guizhou Province, developed from the folk art "Qin Wen", with dulcimer as the accompaniment instrument and strong local characteristics. Plays include Zhu Niang Lang Mei and Mrs. Luxury Fragrance.

Yunnan Opera: a local opera popular in Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou, which was formed in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. It consists of three parts: foreign Sixian, Xiangyang and Huqin Opera, with Sixian as the main part. The play includes Niu Hao's deception and breaking into the palace.

Dai Opera: Popular in the Dai inhabited areas of Yunnan Province, it was formed in the middle of Qing Dynasty, originated from local folk songs and dances, and absorbed the artistic nutrition of Beijing Opera and Yunnan Opera. With erhu as the main accompaniment instrument, the performance is simple, singing and dancing. Plays include E and luo sang.

Tibetan opera: a kind of opera popular in Tibet, Qinghai and other Tibetan areas and sung in Tibetan. Formed in the17th century, mainly represented by Buddhist stories and folklore. Actors wear masks when performing. The performance is divided into three parts, the first part is the opening, named "Dun"; The second is a drama called "Bear"; The third part is the blessing at the end, called "Tashi". The most famous play is Princess Wencheng.

Shadow play: also known as "shadow play", "light shadow play" and "local shadow play". The drama of the story is expressed by illuminating the outline of the characters carved from animal skin or cardboard with lights. Traditional Chinese opera and aria mostly interact with local operas, which are manipulated by artists and sung with music. China movies have a history of 1000 years. Due to the differences in popular areas, vocals and silhouette materials, many categories and operas have been formed, among which the donkey shadow play in Tangshan, Hebei Province and the cowhide shadow play in Northwest China are the most famous. Among them, Tangshan shadow play has developed into a comprehensive art with exquisite carving skills, dexterous manipulation skills and lyrical singing music.

Drama schools: Huang Er, Errentai, Shangdang Huang Er, Shangdang Bangzi, Shaanxi Bangzi, Shandong Bangzi, Sichuan Opera, Triangle Opera, Yiwu Opera, Yiyang Opera, Guangdong Han Opera, Yunnan Zhuang Opera, Yunnan Lantern Opera, Dan Opera, Puppet Opera, Baling Opera, Wuyin Opera and Wennan Ci. Han Opera, Ninghe Opera, Leping Opera, Zhengzi Opera, Siping Opera, Four-stringed Opera, Right-handed Nanjian Opera, Xipi Opera, Xiqin Opera, West Road Huagu Opera, West Road Opera, West Road Pingju Opera, Zhuang Opera, Zhuang Sha Opera, Mi Opera, Ji Opera, Lu Opera, Opera, the old tune Bangzi, Lu Opera, Cooking. Beijing Opera, Beijing Opera, Qingyang Opera, Qinghai Pingxian Opera, Wu 'an Luozi Opera, Hangbang Opera, Yangopera, Kunqiang Opera, Long Opera, Qiang Mao Opera, Shao Opera, Ou Opera, Dong Opera, Yihuang Opera, Tea Picking Opera, Sizhou Opera, Xiansuo Opera, Guaizi Opera, Shaanxi Laoqiang Opera, Liu Qiang Opera, Liuqin Opera, Fujian Opera, and Western Fujian Opera. Yong Opera, Puxian Opera, Haiyan Opera, Haimen Mountain Opera, Haicheng Jiao Opera, Laiwu Bangzi, Huguan Yangko Opera, Huai Opera, Huaihong Opera, Huangmei Opera, Huanglong Opera, Huangxiaohuagu Opera, Qing Opera, Yin Qing Opera, Cantonese Opera, Wu Opera, Chu Opera, Tui Opera, Liyuan Opera and Bangzi Opera. Wan Wan Qiang Opera, Ruihe Opera, Xinjiang Quzi Opera, Cisse Opera, Taiwanese Opera, Tongzi Opera, Yuxian Yangko Opera, Manhan Opera, Chaozhou Opera, Huizhou Opera, Shadow Play, Guizhou Opera, Henan Opera, Xiangyang Opera, Wu Xiang Yangko Opera, Tibetan Opera, Gan Opera and Yi Opera.