Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Almanac inquiry - How many years have passed in the history of China?
How many years have passed in the history of China?
There is no reliable written record of the beginning and end of the Xia Dynasty. Data show that * * * existed for more than 400 years from about 2 100 BC to 1760 BC.
The starting and ending time of Shang Dynasty is not clear, it is about 1760 BC to 120 BC, and * * * has existed for more than 600 years.
The Zhou Dynasty was divided into several stages. The first period, called the Western Zhou Dynasty, lasted about 350 years from 1 120 BC to 77 1 year BC. Then came the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, which lasted 522 years from 770 BC to 249 BC. Among them, the first 360 years was the reign of princes, which was called the Spring and Autumn Period, and the last 180 years was called the Warring States Period (the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was extinct in the last 28 years of the Warring States Period).
The Qin Dynasty lasted only fifteen years from the unification of China in 22 1 BC to its demise in 207 BC.
The early Han Dynasty was called the Western Han Dynasty, which lasted from 206 BC to 8 AD, * * * 2 14 years. Later known as the Eastern Han Dynasty, from 25 to 220 AD, 196 (from the Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wang Mang proclaimed himself emperor, etc. ).
After the Eastern Han Dynasty and before the unification of the Western Jin Dynasty, there was a division in Chinese history. Wei, Shu and Wu are divided into three kingdoms, which is called the Three Kingdoms Period, from 220 to 280, * * * 6 1 year.
The Jin Dynasty was also divided into two stages: Xipu and Jin Dong. Xipu from 265 to 3 16 years, 52 years. The Eastern Jin Dynasty lasted from 3 17 to 420, * * * 104.
The period from the demise of the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the reunification of the Sui Dynasty is historically called the Southern and Northern Dynasties, with a total length of 170 years.
The Sui Dynasty lasted for 30 years from the unification of China in 539 to 6 18.
The Tang Dynasty lasted from 6 18 to 907, * * * 290.
After the Tang Dynasty, there was a split in Chinese history. This period is called the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, which lasted for seven years from 907 to 979.
The Song Dynasty was also divided into two stages. The previous stage was called Northern Song Dynasty, from 960 to 1 127 years, 168 years. The latter stage is called Southern Song Dynasty, from 1 127 to 1279, * * * 153.
The Yuan Dynasty 1279 destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty, and ended in 1368, * * * 90 years.
From 1368 to 1644, the Ming dynasty was * * * 277.
The Qing Dynasty entered the customs from 1644 to the overthrow of the Revolution of 1911, a total of 268 years.
When did the modern history of China begin?
The modern history of our country began in 1840. Before that, China was a feudal society; After that, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The most important reason for this change is that imperialism invaded China.
1840, Britain launched the Opium War to invade China. Since then, imperialist countries have launched many wars of aggression against China. These invaders defeated China through war, and then forced China to conclude an unequal treaty, occupying many territories of China and gaining many economic, political, military and cultural privileges. They stationed troops at will in China, set up factories and banks, controlled customs, foreign trade and trade ports in China, preached at will in China, and ran newspapers and schools for other cultural aggression. In order to suppress the resistance of the people in China, the invaders colluded with the reactionary feudal rulers in China, making the feudal landlord class in China the main body of their rule in China. In this way, China gradually changed from an independent country to a semi-colonial country.
On the other hand, the invasion of imperialism and foreign capitalism also destroyed China's feudal economy. A large number of farmers and craftsmen went bankrupt, the commodity economy developed gradually, and a new capitalist production relationship appeared. In China society, in addition to the original landlord class and peasant class, two new classes have emerged: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. China society is no longer a complete feudal society, but a semi-feudal society.
In this way, after the Opium War, China was transformed from an independent feudal country into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country under the rule of imperialism and its lackeys-China feudal forces, and increasingly embarked on the road of colonization.
However, the people of China have a glorious revolutionary tradition, and they will never be reconciled to imperialism and its lackeys' dark anti-rule. From the time when foreign invaders attacked our country, the people of China also started the struggle against foreign invaders and their lackeys. The modern history of China is a glorious history of China people's indomitable resistance to imperialist aggression and feudal rule. (Feng Ru)
Lin Zexu and Humen's Smoking Ban
1840 Before the Opium War, under the feudal dictatorship of the Qing Dynasty, China suffered from political corruption, lax armament, financial difficulties, land annexation violence and frequent peasant uprisings. The Qing dynasty is like a building about to collapse, crumbling. At this time, western countries have developed to the advanced stage of capitalism, especially Britain, which is known as the "factory of the world" and "overlord of the sea". It urgently needs to develop a broader commodity market. China, with its vast territory and large population, has become a piece of fat in its eyes. In order to open the door to China, it even used opium as a tool of aggression and transported opium in large quantities to China for dumping.
The evil opium trade has brought great disaster to the people of China. Tobacco poisoning soon spread to the whole country. From officials to soldiers, there are as many as 2 million drug addicts in China, which has seriously affected the fighting capacity of the Qing army. The opium trade also caused a large outflow of silver from China, and the silver level rose. Farmers get copper coins when they sell their products, but they have to convert them into a lot of silver when they pay taxes. As a result, the burden of the working people increased greatly, and the treasury of the Qing government became increasingly empty.
The broad masses of people strongly demanded the prohibition of opium, and some politically sensitive and enlightened officials in the Qing government also put forward the idea of banning smoking, among which Lin Zexu, governor of Huguang, was the most famous representative. 1838, Lin zexu wrote a letter to Daoguang, bitterly pointing out that if opium is not strictly prohibited, the country will not only have no soldiers, but also have no money to maintain its financial expenditure in the future. Lin Zexu's justice thought won the hearts of the people, and Daoguang had to consider that his throne would be washed away by opium if smoking was not banned. So he adopted the idea of banning smoking and sent Lin Zexu as an imperial envoy to Guangzhou, the center of drug trafficking activities, to ban opium.
1When he arrived in Guangzhou in March, 839, Lin Zexu made it clear that opium could not be eradicated until he returned to Beijing. Then, he confiscated opium, arrested traitors, severely punished corrupt officials, and arrested British tobacco dealers who broke the ban on smoking. With the vigorous anti-smoking campaign, British and American opium dealers were forced to hand over more than 20,000 boxes of opium, * * * 2.37 million Jin.
1On June 3, 839, Lin Zexu presided over the world-famous opium destruction operation in Humen town on the beach in front of Humen town. On this day, Humen was crowded with people and three shots were fired. Soldiers and warriors put water into a smokeless pool, add salt to make strong brine, then throw opium in for a long time, and then put lime in it. Suddenly, the pool was boiling, the smoke in Humen Beach was soaring, and boxes of opium were turned into slag foam. By June 25th, more than 2 million Jin of opium had been sold out.
The destruction of opium in Humen is an earth-shattering feat, which shows the world the strong will of the Chinese nation not to be afraid of violence. Since then, the prelude to the great struggle against feudalism of modern China people has been opened. (Zhang Linna)
The First Unequal Treaty in China's Modern History —— treaty of nanking
The news that Humen destroyed opium reached Britain, which caused a great shock. The British government decided to wage war on China. 1840 in June, Britain sent 4,000 invading troops (later increased to15,000), carrying more than 500 cannons. He led 48 warships, led by George Elliott, and invaded the Guangzhou Sea. The first opium war broke out.
Under the personal command of Lin Zexu, there was no marine corps in Guangdong, which made the British invaders get nothing cheap. But to invade Fujian and be bashed head-on by Deng Tingzhen, governor of Fujian and Zhejiang. However, the corrupt Qing government did not make any preparations to defend against the enemy in other ports, which led the British army to capture Dinghai, Zhejiang Province, and then invaded Dagukou along the coast, directly threatening Tianjin. Daoguang lost his mind, immediately turned to the position of capitulators, reprimanded Lin Zexu for "being greedy for merits and causing trouble" and "making mistakes in the country and causing illness", and sent the governor of Zhili, Qishan, to make peace with the invaders.
After Qishan arrived in Guangdong, he dismantled the coastal fortifications, dissolved the conscripted Ding Yong, concluded a "draft convention on nasal piercing" with Britain, and promised to cede Hong Kong forever, compensate the price of cigarettes, open Guangzhou and other harsh conditions. At the same time, Daoguang dismissed Lin Zexu and Deng Tingzhen and expelled them from the army, hoping to solve the invaders' hatred of burning cigarettes.
But the British government is not satisfied,
Further expand the war of aggression against China and successively capture Xiamen, Zhenhai and Ningbo. Daoguang emperor was frightened and sent Yingjie, the general of Shengjing, as an imperial envoy to Zhejiang to make peace with Hebrew, the governor of Liangjiang. Relying on the advantage of winning the Zhang War, Britain ignored the demands of the Qing court for peace and continued to capture Wusongkou and Zhenjiang, and the British ship pushed Nanjing at the gates. Daoguang was very scared. He issued an imperial edict to the invaders, which made Chi Ying and others dare to betray the country. 1August 840 19, the old citizens and other British invaders signed the Sino-British treaty of nanking, which betrayed the rights and interests of the Chinese nation. Second, compensation of twenty-one million silver dollars; Third, open the five ports of Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai to trade; Fourth, British businessmen can trade freely with China businessmen; Five, China Customs import and export goods tax should be agreed with the British side, shall not be arbitrarily changed.
After the signing of treaty of nanking, the United States and France followed suit, coercing the Qing court to sign the Sino-American Wang Xia Treaty and the Sino-French Huangpu Treaty, stipulating that the United States and France enjoyed all the privileges in treaty of nanking except land cession and compensation. Later, Russia, Portugal, the Netherlands and other countries also scrambled to demand various privileges. Later, Russia, Portugal, the Netherlands and other countries also scrambled for various privileges, which were granted by the Qing court.
Treaty of nanking is the first unequal treaty in China's modern history, marking the beginning of foreign capitalism's enslavement of China. Since then, China has gradually become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. (Zhang Linna)
jintian uprising
After the Opium War, feudal oppression and foreign capitalist aggression pushed the people of China into a more tragic abyss. The people had no choice but to rise up and resist. From 1844 to 1849, peasant uprisings broke out all over the country, and finally a revolution led by Hong Xiuquan broke out in 185 1 year.
Hong Xiuquan, Lv Buwei, an official in Huaxian County, Guangdong Province, was born in a peasant family and worked as a teacher in a rural private school, dreaming of becoming famous through the imperial examination. He failed in the exam four times, thus gradually seeing the decay of the imperial examination system and the darkness of feudal society. The failure of the Opium War further stimulated Hong Xiuquan's revolutionary passion. 1843, he established a revolutionary group in the form of western Christianity-the meeting of worshippers of God. At the beginning of the following year, Hong Xiuquan and Feng Yunshan, the earliest worshipper, traveled from Guangdong to Guangxi to publicize the revolution and mobilize the masses. At first, the effect was not great, and Hong Xiuquan returned to Hua County to engage in theoretical writing. Feng Yunshan entered the Bauhinia Mountain area to carry out arduous revolutionary organization work.
Amethyst Mountain is near Jintian Village, Guangxiping County, with deep mountains and dense forests and dangerous terrain. Most residents are poor farmers who grow mountains and burn charcoal. After entering the mountainous area, Feng Yunshan made friends with many suffering people. After arduous activities, the worship organization was established and developed among the masses, and Zijingshan became a revolutionary uprising.
Base area
1847, Hong Xiuquan finished his theoretical writings and came to Bauhinia Mountain. At this time, the worship of God has grown to more than 3,000 people. Hong Xiuquan told the masses about his three revolutionary documents, such as "The Way to Salvation", while leading the masses to destroy temples and shock the landlord class. During the struggle, the core of revolutionary leadership led by Hong Xiuquan, Feng Yunshan, Yang, Xiao Chaogui, Wei Changhui and Shi Dakai gradually formed, and the worship of God also developed rapidly, extending from Bauhinia Mountain area to surrounding counties and all parts of Guangdong.
The struggle between the cult of God and the landlord group became more and more fierce, which attracted the attention of the Qing government. The two sides were at daggers drawn, and Jintian Village became a revolutionary volcano on the verge of explosion. Hong Xiuquan and Feng Yunshan stepped up their efforts to make weapons, and at the same time issued a general mobilization order, calling on all local congregations to quickly gather in Jintian to prepare for the uprising. Countless trickles have finally converged into a surging revolutionary torrent. 185 1 year 1 month 1 1 day, Hong Xiuquan solemnly announced the Jintian village uprising, which shocked the world with the outbreak of the peasant revolution.
Jintian uprising was named Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Banner of Righteousness spread all over 18 provinces and struggled for 18 years, reaching the peak of the old peasant revolution in China. (Zhang Linna)
The Second Opium War and Burning Yuanmingyuan
There is a ruin near Tsinghua University in northwest Beijing, called Yuanmingyuan. More than a hundred years ago, this was an extremely beautiful garden of the Ming Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, much more beautiful than the Summer Palace. There are palaces, temples, pavilions, exquisite sculptures combining Chinese and Western cultures, and priceless cultural relics. It took the Qing emperor nearly 200 years to build this magnificent palace, which is rare in the world, but it was burned down by the British and French invaders in 1860.
1853, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom made Tianjing (Nanjing) its capital, which not only hit the Qing Dynasty, but also caused extreme panic in Britain, France and the United States. They began to call themselves "neutral" and sent envoys to Tianjin to induce the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom to recognize their privileges in China. After being sternly rejected by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, they used the government emergency to tame the Qing government by force, and then helped the Qing government to stifle the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom revolution in order to expand their rights and interests gained in the First Opium War.
1856, Britain insulted the British flag by arresting a water thief on a China smuggling ship named Arrow under the pretext of the China navy. The French also used the murder of a missionary in the inland of Guangxi as an excuse, and the two countries provoked the Second Opium War with China. This action was supported by the United States and Russia.
18571February, the British and French invaders captured Guangzhou, captured Ye, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi in the Qing Dynasty, and then marched northward to Tianjin. Emperor Xianfeng panicked and had to beg for mercy and surrender. He accepted all the eastern and western conditions put forward by the invaders: paying reparations to Britain and France, opening Nanjing, Hankou and Jiujiang as trading ports, allowing foreign missionaries to preach freely in the mainland and sending envoys from various countries to Beijing. This is the Tianjin Treaty.
1June, 859, British and French envoys went to Beijing to exchange treaties. The Qing government asked them to land in Beijing from Beitang, but they forcibly led warships into Dagukou, where they were beaten up by China defenders and returned to the south. 1August 860, the British and French invaders rallied and went north again, occupying Dagukou and Tianjin and reaching Beijing. In October, Emperor Xianfeng fled to Jehol in a hurry. They were all robbed. In order to cover up this evil and barbaric act, the bandit leader ordered the whole garden to be burned down. At that time, smoke billowed and the fire did not go out for three days and nights. A world-famous garden was razed to the ground under the brutal plunder of the invaders. This is an inestimable loss in the cultural history of the motherland and human culture. .
Under the threat of the enemy, the Qing government bowed its knees again and signed the Beijing Treaty with Britain and France. In addition to fully recognizing the Tianjin Treaty, it also paid 8 million yuan to Britain and France, opened Tianjin as a commercial port, and cut Kowloon to Britain. China has lost more sovereignty since then. .
The Pacific repelled foreign artillery fire.
After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom made Tianjing its capital, it won a great victory in the Western Expedition and Northern Expedition. 1860 continued to March into Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and the soldiers pointed directly at Shanghai. At this time, Shanghai has become a trading port, where foreign invaders set up concessions. Many bureaucratic landlords in the Qing Dynasty fled to Shanghai. Faced with the fierce offensive of Taiping Army, they were extremely frightened and urged foreign invaders to send troops to intervene, so foreign invaders threatened Taiping Army with force "don't attack Shanghai, or attack".
In August, the Taiping Army attacked Songjiang. Wall led the foreign gun team to fight and was beaten out of the water. Wall was also shot five times and fled back to Shanghai. The Taiping army pursued the victory and reached the suburbs. At this time, the British and French aggressors had to go to war openly. Due to the disparity between the enemy and ourselves, the Taiping Army was forced to retreat.
At the beginning of 1862, the Taiping army divided into five roads and marched into Shanghai again. Wall's foreign gun team changed to China as a soldier, and foreigners became officials. This number increased to 5000, plus 4000 British and French invaders and 10000 Qing army. They cooperated with each other and fought back against Taiping rebels in Gao Qiao, a suburb of Shanghai. Taiping rebels fought back, wounding Bai Jiwen, vice captain of foreign guns team, and British Navy prefect Wall and James Hope were almost captured alive. Taiping Army had to leave Gao Qiao because of the heavy bombardment of foreign guns and foreign invaders' artillery. To this end, the Qing government put a high hat on Hua 'er Sanpin and renamed the foreign gun team "Chang" team. Yang Fang, the Shanghai comprador, shamelessly married his daughter to Wall.
1In May of 862, Taiping Army marched into Shanghai for the third time, conquered Jiading and marched into Qingpu. Wall lodge quickly sent a letter of "Chang". On the way to the rescue, he was hit head-on, and Fang Hongzhian, the deputy leader of "Chang", was captured by the Taiping Army. Taiping Army fought continuously, seized the opportunity to attack and conquered all counties near Shanghai except Songjiang. "Chang" became a regular defeated army. Huaer was finally killed by Taiping rebels in the battle of Cixi, Zhejiang. The guilty robber finally got what he deserved. (Xiaolan Shen)
Zhennanguan triumph
On the border between Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Vietnam, there is a dangerous pass called Friendship Pass, which used to be called Zhennanguan. In the Sino-French War of 1884, it was once an important battlefield of China.
1883, France invaded Vietnam and launched a war of aggression against China with Vietnam as a springboard. Under the influence of the surrender route of the Qing government, the Qing army at the front line in Guangxi was scattered and disintegrated, and the town south gate was occupied by the French army. Nigri, commander-in-chief of the French army, sent someone to set up a sign on the ruins and wrote proudly: "The gateway to Guangxi no longer exists!" China people around the south gate of Zhennan were tit for tat, and closed their books one after another: "We want to rebuild our portal with the heads of French people!" Encouraged by the people's anti-aggression upsurge, the patriotic Qing army headed by Feng Zicai actively launched the anti-French struggle.
Feng Zicai, a native of Qinzhou, Guangdong Province, took part in the peasant uprising in his early years, surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, and became the magistrate of Guangxi. 1882, he returned to his hometown because of his old age and illness. France's rampant aggression inspired his national feelings, and he took the initiative to return to the front and rose up against the law.
Feng Zicai arrived at the front line, gathered the routed troops and stabilized the morale; At the same time, Ding Yong was recruited, actively joined with other border guards, and encouraged the military and civilians to defend their country. At Guanqian Pass, ten miles away from Nanguan Town, a wall more than three miles long was built along the foothills, and a long trench was dug for offensive and defensive purposes.
1On March 23rd, 885, the French invading army invaded on a large scale, and Feng Zicai led his troops to take up the battle calmly, constantly repelling the enemy's attack all day and fighting fiercely. The next morning, the fog was thick, and the French army, under the cover of overwhelming artillery fire, divided into three ways and pounced on the long wall. Gunfire shook the valley, bullets rained down, and the long wall was almost broken. The situation was extremely critical. At this critical juncture, 70-year-old Feng Zicai jumped out with a handkerchief in his hand, sandals on his feet and a spear in his hand, and all the soldiers rushed into the enemy line together. Everyone fought bravely for the first place, and the flag of the French aggressor army was in a mess. At this time, more than 0/000 Chinese and Vietnamese people rushed over, killing people, and the French invaders fled in flight. Feng Zicai led the army to pursue the 56-point attack, killing more than 0/000 enemy officers and soldiers/KLOC, and nigri, commander-in-chief of the French army, was seriously injured. The Qing army in Zhennan County won a total victory, which is rare in the modern history of China.
The news of the defeat of the French army reached Paris, and the cabinet of the French mushroom crossing was forced to step down. The newly formed cabinet was eager to compromise with the Qing government. The Qing government, headed by Empress Dowager Cixi, was afraid that the continuation of the war would destroy their happy life and wanted to win the battle and make peace, so it sent people to sign the unequal Sino-French Peace Treaty with France. Surrender after winning the battle is an anecdote throughout the ages, which fully reflects the ugly face of the Qing government in surrendering and betraying the country. (Xiaolan Shen)
Russia has occupied a large part of our territory.
As early as 1930s and 1940s, Russia stepped up its aggression against the Heilongjiang River Basin in northeast China. After the First Opium War, Tsar Nicholas I appointed Muraviev as the Governor of Eastern Siberia, instructing him to step up the deployment of the military action to annex Heilongjiang. 1850, Newels coy, a navy colonel sent by muovilia, occupied temple street at the entrance of Heilongjiang, and 1854 occupied Sakhalin Island, the territory of China. 1854 to 1857, Russian invaders invaded Heilongjiang on a large scale, occupied Hainan pao and other places, set up outposts and built forts in an attempt to occupy it for a long time.
During the Second Opium War, Muraviev led a warship to invade Aihui, Heilongjiang, and forced it to sign a pre-drawn treaty with the troops when the British and French invaders invaded Tianjin and threatened Beijing. This is the so-called Sino-Russian Egyptian Treaty. According to the treaty, Russia occupied more than 600,000 square kilometers of China territory north of Heilongjiang and south of the outer Xing 'an Mountains.
1860, taking advantage of the British and French invaders' occupation of Beijing, Russia took advantage of the fish in troubled waters and forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty, forcibly occupying about 400,000 square kilometers of China territory east of the Wusuli River, including Sakhalin Island.
1864, Russia held talks with the Qing government in Xinjiang, and demarcated the western boundary according to the "direction" of the western boundary unilaterally drawn up by the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty. During the negotiations, Russia threatened to force the Qing government to sign the Sino-Russian Northwest Border Treaty.
China's three major lakes-Balkhash Lake, Zhaisan Lake and Isei Lake, together with the surrounding area of more than 440,000 square kilometers, were all occupied.
From the Huihui Treaty to the Delimitation of the Northwest Border between China and China, Russia occupied more than1440,000 square kilometers of land from, which was the country that occupied the most territory of China and the most brutal executioner who enslaved and suppressed the Russian people's revolution. (Xiaolan Shen)
Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895
The Sino-Japanese War, which took place in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, was a Japanese invasion of China.
Japan was once a closed-door feudal country. 1868 After the Meiji Restoration, the joint dictatorship of the landlords and the bourgeoisie was established and the policy of expansion and aggression was vigorously pursued. Its aggression first pointed to North Korea and northeast China.
1894, a peasant uprising broke out in North Korea, and the feudal dynasty of North Korea asked the Qing government for help. Japan tried to persuade the Qing government to send troops, and at the same time, under the pretext of defending overseas Chinese, it sent a large number of troops to North Korea. After the Korean peasant uprising was suppressed, the Qing government proposed to Japan that both sides immediately withdraw their troops from North Korea. Instead of retreating, the Japanese army increased its troops in large numbers, launched a surprise attack on the Qing army stationed in North Korea, and provoked war.
At this time, Empress Dowager Cixi was preparing to celebrate her 60th birthday and did not actively prepare for it. She fantasized that western countries could come forward to mediate and compromise. The Qing army on the front line of North Korea was unprepared for this battle. The Japanese attacked and retreated, and the war soon reached the border of China.
At the same time, the Japanese navy also provoked naval battles against China and beiyang fleet in the Yellow Sea. The Chinese fleet is unprepared and completely at a disadvantage. The capital ship Dingyuan was first hit by a Japanese warship shell and caught fire. Deng Shichang, the captain of another warship Zhiyuan, ordered the sailors to launch a desperate charge and sank the enemy's capital ship Yoshino to disrupt the lineup of Japanese warships. Japanese ship officers and soldiers hurriedly fired mines and hit Zhiyuan ship. Deng Shichang and more than 200 officers and men of the whole ship died heroically. Only the Jingyuan was left, and the ammunition depot was also hit by a Japanese ship, and the ship was in flames. In the face of danger, Lin Yongsheng, the captain of this ship, was fearless. He ordered to attack Japanese ships with full horsepower. Finally, the officers and men of the whole ship died heroically. In this naval battle, beiyang fleet's officers and men fully demonstrated their lofty patriotic integrity. Due to their heroic counterattack, the Japanese fleet also suffered heavy losses.
Shortly after the end of the Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese army invaded China in two ways: all the way across the Yalu River; The other way landed in Rongcheng, Shandong Province, surrounded Ahava and defeated the remaining beiyang fleet in China. The ruling clique of the Qing Dynasty was in a panic, so they had to send Li Hongzhang to Shimonoseki, Japan, to sign the treaty of shimonoseki. The main contents were: ceding Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and all the affiliated islands and Penghu Islands; Compensation for military expenses of twenty-two thousand; Open Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou as trading ports; Allow Japan to set up various factories at trading ports; Default Japan's control over North Korea.
Treaty of shimonoseki marks a new stage of foreign capitalist aggression against China, and the degree of semi-colonization of China society has greatly deepened. (Xiaolan Shen)
Reform Movement of 1898
1in April, 895, the Qing government prepared to sign the treaty of shimonoseki with Japan. People were very angry when the news came. Juren from all provinces in Beijing flocked to Douchayuan, insisting on refusing peace. Kang Youwei, a Guangdong juren, had long been determined to reform the corrupt politics of the Qing Dynasty, and wrote to Emperor Guangxu asking for political reform. Now, seeing that "morale is available", he and his disciple Liang Qichao called a group of people from all provinces to hold a meeting to discuss, and rushed to write a letter to the emperor overnight, making a declamatory statement and putting forward the idea of "refusing the contract, moving the capital and reforming the country." More than 1300 juren signed the emperor's book. This is the famous "writing on the bus" incident in China's modern history (people recommended by the Han Dynasty went to Beijing, and the government prepared a car to pick them up. Later, I used "bus" to refer to the juren who went to Beijing to try. Although the Book of the Court was not delivered to the emperor, it was widely copied and disseminated, which had a great influence.
On the second day of "writing on the bus", we will try to publish the list. Kang Youwei passed the Jinshi examination and was awarded the post of director of the Ministry of Industry. However, he did not take office, but continued to be busy with political reform activities and actively promoted reform ideas. 1In April, 898, Kang Youwei initiated the establishment of the "National Congress for Protecting the Country, Protecting the Species (Ethnic Groups) and Protecting Education (Confucianism)". The growing of Bao National Assembly attracted the attention of Emperor Guangxu and aroused the hatred of feudal diehard forces.
After a period of brewing and planning, Emperor Guangxu was determined to adopt the idea of political reform. He used some reformers, and on June/898 1 1 day (the Reform Movement of 1898), he issued an imperial edict to implement the new law. The main contents of the new law are: (1) removing and merging idle yamen; Open the door for officials and people to write and speak; Reduce the number of people in green camp; Abolish stereotyped writing; Set up schools and advocate western learning; Newspapers are allowed to circulate freely.
The New Deal was immediately opposed by the die-hards. Empress Dowager Cixi forced Emperor Guangxu to dismiss Weng Tonghe, a teacher who supported the reformists, and let him return to his original place to control the power of employing people in his own hands. When preparing for the autumn "military parade", a coup was launched to depose Emperor Guangxu.
Emperor Guangxu, having no soldiers and no power, felt that the situation was critical and ordered Kang Youwei to try to save it. The reformists had to turn to Yuan Shikai, the minister, and asked him to kill Rong Lu, a diehard in power, on the day of the "military parade" in order to continue the New Deal. As everyone knows, the sly Yuan Shikai promised in person, but secretly told the Queen Mother. On September 2 1 day, there was a sudden coup, Guangxu was imprisoned, Tan Sitong, Yang Rui, Liu Guangdi, Yang Shenxiu and Kang were killed, and Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao fled abroad. All the reformist reform measures were abolished.
The Reform Movement of 1898 failed, but it taught people a profound lesson: in China, where feudal forces were tenacious, it was impossible to win by relying on the emperor to carry out reforms from top to bottom. (clear)
The boxer fought bravely against Eight-Nation Alliance.
The Boxer Rebellion, also known as the Boxer Rebellion, was originally a tribe of the Northern Secret Anti-Qing Association. Its members learn boxing sticks and recite spells. 1899, the disaster in Shandong was so serious that people could not live, so they went there one after another. Zhu, the leader of the Boxer Rebellion, led the Boxer Rebellion in Gaotang, Qiping and Changqing. The Qing government sent troops to suppress it and was defeated by the Boxer Rebellion. Later, although Zhu was killed, the Boxer became more and more powerful. When Yu Xian, the governor of Shandong Province, saw that the hard pressure was not enough, he pretended to recognize the legitimate status of the Boxer Rebellion by deception, and the Boxer Rebellion also turned its struggle against imperialist aggression and put forward the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries".
Imperialist leaders were very dissatisfied with Yuxian's failure to suppress the Boxer Rebellion, and asked the Qing government to send Yuan Shikai instead of Yuxian. Yuan Shikai led thousands of "new troops" to Jinan, posted "Banning Boxers", killing and setting fires everywhere, and looting villages and towns. Yihequan developed rapidly from Zhili, Shandong (Hebei), and working people all over the country actively participated. 1900 In May and June, the Boxer Rebellion had spread to Tianjin and Beijing. They burned foreigners' halls, destroyed foreigners' railways and wires, and the momentum was getting bigger and bigger.
Seeing that the imperialist aggressor troops were hiding behind the scenes and could not destroy the Boxer Rebellion, they openly sent troops to carry out armed repression. On June 10, Britain, Germany, Russia, France, the United States, Japan, Italy and Austria, led by Seymour, a British vice admiral, invaded Beijing from Tianjin. Boxer heroes fought bravely with spears and broadswords. 18, the Boxer Rebellion and some patriotic Qing troops jointly launched an attack on the invading army stationed at Langfang Station, and won a great victory. Seymour was forced to lead the beaten army to escape. At the same time, the Boxer Rebellion in Beijing also surrounded the foreign embassy in Dongjiaominxiang and attacked the foreign church in Xishiku, because officials of foreign invaders shot and killed citizens.
Facing the powerful momentum of the Boxer Rebellion, the Qing government, fearing to be overthrown, played a double trick, while appeasing and bribing the Boxer Rebellion, calling them "righteous men", saying that it would fight the invading army with the Boxer Rebellion, and hypocritically declared war on imperialist countries on June 2 1 day. On the other hand, it secretly telegraphed diplomatic envoys abroad to "explain their difficulties" and "ask for understanding" to the imperialist countries where they were stationed. When Eight-Nation Alliance returned to Beijing, Empress Dowager Cixi fled to xi 'an in a hurry. Before leaving, she also ordered the officers and men of the Qing army to help the invading army "suppress the Boxer Rebellion". On July 14, Tianjin was captured by the invading army, and on August 14, Beijing was occupied. Empress Dowager Cixi once again sent Li Hongzhang to make peace with the enemy, so in 190 1, she signed a traitorous "Xin Chou Treaty".
Under the joint suppression of Chinese and foreign reactionaries, the Boxer Rebellion failed, but it dealt a heavy blow to imperialism and wrote a glorious page in the history of China people's struggle against China's aggression. (clear)
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