Green stone density

The density of greenstone is 2.50 ~ 2.90g/cm3.

1, the formation and distribution of Tian Huangshi

Tian Huangshi is a monolithic stone differentiated from some stone species in Shoushan Stone. After heavy rain and flash floods, it was buried in nearby sandy soil layers and depressions. Because of its extremely long storage life, it is influenced by the continuous action of air temperature, water temperature, humidity, oxidation and acid and alkali, mainly the physical action of sediment, water and geothermal energy and the chemical action of organic matter and related elements, forming a precious and rare product with precious gas, unusually warm texture, gorgeous color, distinctive features, different shapes and sizes, moderate hardness and easy knife cutting.

It is called Tian Huangshi because there were mountains, streams and fields in China thousands of years ago. It was first discovered in the fields in the late Ming Dynasty, and then it was excavated from the fields one after another. Local farmers call it Shi Tian because it is yellow, and it is also called Huang Tianshi. I don't know when it will be called Tuanhuang for short. After Qianlong proclaimed himself emperor in Qing Dynasty, he was named the Stone Emperor, so he was called the Stone King.

According to the geological age, human beings only appeared in Cenozoic and Quaternary. As far back as 1.6 million years ago, the topography of this area has been difficult to verify, but it may be moor, wetland or gully. The earliest batch or batches of Tianhuang original stone should be hidden under the sand layer in these places. Later, after a long period of landform changes, mountains and streams and paddy fields were formed in nature. The local area is often hit by strong winds, and it is a rainy area. There have been countless storms and flash floods in history. Therefore, the differentiated boulder was irregularly and unevenly buried in the basin where Shoushan River belongs now. Only a part of these monolithic stones, after a long period of storage, have formed relatively scattered Tianhuang original stones of different ages and sizes.

Tianhuang original stone is located in the upper, middle and lower reaches of Shoushan River and under the gravel layer in Xikou. Among them, the vast majority of monoliths were moved to the upstream area, with short distance and small scope. The so-called zone here refers to the fields and riverbeds on both sides of the Shoushan River.

It was suggested that Shoushan Creek be renamed Tianhuang Creek. This will make people mistakenly think that there is only Tianhuang original stone in an 8-kilometer-long stream. In fact, as mentioned above, there were boulders buried under the current streams and fields long before the streams formed. Tian Huang's original stone is only a part of the stream bed.

The variety, texture and color of Tian Huangshi are related to the actual storage location. According to the Shoushan River basin, it is divided into three sections: the upper section is from the source to Daban, the middle section is from Daban to Xiaban, and the lower plate is to Jiemen Beach. There is a certain reason and basis for the upstream division of Shangban and Zhongban. Because it has been confirmed by the excavation process over the years. Shoushan Creek was formed later than Tianhuang original stone, but it also went through a long process, and its river course also experienced changes. The upstream and downstream flow and velocity will change, and the water quality will be different. After migration, the differentiated rocks are buried under the sand layer. Velocity and velocity have little influence on the formation, texture and color of Tianhuang rough stone, but the complex composition of water will have a great influence on them after infiltration. Of course, it cannot be asserted that there is no difference between Sakamoto and Sakamoto, but it is not mainly determined by flow, speed and Sakamoto. Because its formation can not be separated from the fossil species of Shoushan stone, these stone species include: Gaoshan stone, Kengtouchang, Ducheng pit, Shanbo cave and Shuikeng frozen stone. In particular, the storage life and duration vary greatly; There are also great differences in soil fertility and physical and chemical functions, which are the main reasons for the differences in variety, texture and color of Tianhuang original stone.

This paper briefly analyzes the distribution of unearthed Huangshi in the field of collection and circulation. The excavation of Tian Huangshi is the product of individual workers, which lasted for hundreds of years and dozens of generations. Stone farmers have different understandings of it. Excavated fields and fields will communicate with each other and be announced to the public in a celebration way, but they will not be easily shown to others if they are large or special in variety.

Tian Huangshi is widely distributed in the field of collection and circulation, mainly in East China, Beijing, Zhang Tian, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guangdong, Hongkong, Taiwan Province and other places. Collections and private collections are the majority. Some of them are collected by people with innate knowledge such as Japan and Singapore. ① People in the industry who have joined for a short time have different perceptions of it. It is more difficult to check and confirm the excavation, collection and circulation of history, and to distinguish the original stones, varieties and carvings so as to evaluate their advantages and disadvantages. In the same section are Tian Huangshi, Hong Tianshi, Bai Tianshi and Kuroda. Different sections also have the same variety. For these reasons, the variety, texture and color of Tian Huangshi also include freezing, shape and size, so there is no need to emphasize the division by section or region, because only the stone farmers who dig by themselves are the first witnesses, and then it is difficult for most descendants of Tian Huangshi to determine the specific storage location of Tian Huangshi, so it is difficult to distinguish which section or region it belongs to, and its correctness can be imagined.

2, Tian Huangshi series varieties

Tianhuangshi series varieties are generally divided by color, storage location, freezing degree and individual weight.

( 1)

According to the color, it can be divided into eight categories: Tian Huangshi, Tian Huangdong Stone, Tian Hongshi, Baitian Stone, Kuroda Stone, Grey Datian Stone, Huatian Stone and Green Datian Stone. These varieties can be subdivided into the following varieties due to different colors: dark, light, thick and light:

Tian Huangshi: orange peel yellow, golden yellow, osmanthus yellow, loquat yellow, chicken oil yellow, ripe chestnut color, tung oil yellow, soap yellow, gold-coated silver field Huangshi.

Tianhuang frozen stone: it can be subdivided according to color and freezing degree.

Red Celestial Stone: Red Celestial Stone, Scalded Celestial Stone and Stewed Celestial Stone.

Baitianshi: Baitianshi and Jintianshi wrapped in silver.

Kuroda: Pure Kuroda, crow skin or frog skin.

Limestone: light gray rock and dark gray rock.

Huatianshi: variegated fields such as red, yellow and blue, and multicolored fields.

Green pastoral stone: light green pastoral stone and dark green pastoral stone.

Tian Huang frozen stone is pure in color, moist as jade and psychic, just like fresh egg yolk is the best in Tian Huangshi. According to legend, Zheng Hong Shi Tian is the unique best, and some people call him the king of kings. White field stone, black field stone and flower field stone are all limited in the world, especially green field stone.

(2) According to the specific storage location, it can be divided into: the upstream area, the middle area and the downstream river bed area of Shoushan River.

(3) According to the degree of freezing, it can be divided into transparent, translucent and slightly transparent fields of vision.

(4) It is divided into (unit: gram) 10 or less,11-50,51-51-250,2565438+. Generally speaking, it is Xiaotian yellow below 50g, Dahuang below 500- 1000g, and Dahuang above1001g.

In addition, the chromaticity of series varieties can be divided into strong, slightly strong, medium, light, clear, dark and heavy; High, medium and low color purity.

3. The connotation of Tian Huangshi

Mineral composition, physical chemistry and optical properties of (1) Tian Huangshi

The mineral composition of Tian Huangshi is mainly dickite and nacrite. The chemical molecular formula is A 14(si4 is O 10)(OH)8. The mineral composition and chemical composition of this series of varieties are not completely L-shaped. The density of Tian Huangshi is 2.50 ~ 2.90g/cm3. Mohs hardness is 2-3. Crystal water contains about 10%. Crystallization state with high temperature resistance not exceeding 60℃: crystalline aggregate. Gloss: earthy luster, and the polished surface is waxy luster or oily luster. Optical characteristics: heterogeneous aggregate. Cleavage: No. Shell fracture. The refractive index measured by point measurement method is 1.56. Magnification inspection: dense massive structure, aphanitic to fine-grained microstructure.

(2) the texture of Tian Huangshi

The texture of Tian Huangshi is mainly measured by six aspects: warmth, hardness, moistening, greasy, penetrating and gorgeous, which is called "Liu De". Now it has been used as the main criterion to identify texture.

Wen: after a long time, there will be treasures in the stones, and some of them will be red and yellow.

Knot: refers to the molecular structure of stone. The stone knot has a good luster at first, and it has a slippery feeling. The stone knot is not expensive. It is the basis of a series of advantages of stone.

Moisturizing: The surface of a stone feels moist, like a spring in a stone. Good stones can run, which is the premise of boredom.

Greasy: The stone surface is oily. If there is oil in the muscle. Boredom is a sign of high quality stone.

Permeability: the degree of freezing or transparency is the main basis for determining its dignity. A long time ago, the result of the final change of the specific environment.

Gorgeous: gorgeous. Monochrome or multicolor are beautiful. Full of color, colorful and bright, simple and bright, suitable for shades. Yellow is noble, red is gorgeous, white is elegant, black is solemn and green is pleasing to the eye.

In order to compare and identify with other stones, it is classified as "four degrees":

Temperature-containing precious gas, compact structure;

Moisture-unusually moist, moist and oily;

Cleanliness-the stone is fine, free of impurities and stains;

Brightness-the essence of stone has a long history and magnificent colors.

"Liu De" and "Four Degrees" are the same grading standards.

The internal grades of Tian Huangshi series varieties can be divided into: top grade, top grade, genuine product, intermediate product and defective product. For example, Tianhuang jelly is the best or top grade, gold Huangtian Huangshi is genuine, osmanthus Huangtian Huangshi is medium, and soap Huangtian Huangshi is inferior.

Compared with non-Tian Huangshi series, it can be divided into first-class products to tenth-class products. For example, the best, top grade and genuine products of Tian Huangshi series varieties are generally first-class products; Changhua bloodstone is the best second-class; Aloe jelly and topaz jelly are third-class; Hongdu Chengkeng is a fourth-class product; Qingtian Lamp Guangdong, Bai Furong and Chu Shi are five-level products.

Generally, the varieties of Tian Huangshi series can reach the standards of "Liu De" and "Four Degrees", while the best stones of non-Tian Huangshi series can only reach "Three Degrees" to "Five Degrees", "Two Degrees" and "Three Degrees".

(3) The color of Tian Huangshi

The color of Tian Huangshi can be divided into fresh, light and dark. Pure color, high chroma and best brightness. Generally determined by chemical composition, impurities and internal structure. Due to the intervention of impurities and trace metal elements and different proportions, especially the influence of trace elements such as chromium, iron, nickel and nickel, its color has changed. For example, chromium and nickel are green and iron is red.

Tian Huangshi is a dickite and a pearl pottery stone. Generally colorless. But some are grayish white, fleshy red, light brown and light green. As for the color diversity of Tian Huangshi series varieties, it is caused by various reasons as mentioned above.

Colors in nature can generally be divided into two categories: colored and achromatic. The former mainly refers to red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue and purple; The latter is black, white and gray. Tian Huangshi series varieties have full color and non-full color, but pure cyan and pure purple have never been seen. Now, the colorful field Huangshi is classified as a flower field stone.

(4) The proportion and freezing degree of Tian Huangshi.

The specific gravity of Tian Huangshi is different because of its chemical composition and internal structure. The closer the structure, the greater the specific gravity, and vice versa. The proportion of different varieties of Tian Huangshi is also slightly different, and its proportion is from

Between 2.50 and 2.90.

The freezing degree of Tian Huangshi, that is, transparency, is the degree of visible light transmission. Transparency depends not only on the chemical composition and internal structure of stone, but also on the purity, that is, the degree of defects such as impurities and cracks, and also on the processing shape, thickness and depth. Shoushan stone is called "one field, two freezes and three hibiscus", and its frozen stone also includes fish brain jelly, wormwood jelly and litchi jelly produced in puddles and mountain pits. Famous shops are rare things, and because of their high transparency, they are also loved by everyone.

(5) Hardness, toughness and brittleness of Tian Huangshi

The hardness of Tian Huangshi, that is, the degree of wear resistance, is a reflection of other objects' friction and scratches on it. It is also one of the important characteristics of Tian Huangshi. Because of its moderate hardness, neither high nor low, it is soft and easy to carve, making it the best variety of seal cutting materials. Its toughness and brittleness are properties that are not easily destroyed by external forces. These two properties of stone are a fly in the ointment, and Tian Huangshi is no exception, so it is necessary to prevent bumping when watching.

(6) Crystal water and temperature resistance of Tian Huangshi

The crystal water of Tian Huangshi is different according to different mineral types. Diatomite has a high content of crystal water, which is the molecular unit of frozen stone. This kind of water exists when it is generated inside the molecule, and it cannot be replenished the day after tomorrow.

The temperature tolerance of Tian Huangshi should not exceed 60℃, and the low temperature should be determined. Too high or too low temperature will damage the internal structure. It will make Tian Huangshi hard and brittle and lose its soft beauty. Tian Huangshi is also afraid of sunlight and ultraviolet rays, and can't contact strong acids and weak acids, so it can't be used for washing.

(7) Tian Huangshi's features such as grain, skin, lattice and defects.

These characteristics are of great significance to the identification of Tian Huangshi. It is also the performance of Tian Huangshi's attributes. Generally, it is formed by internal factors, external factors or a combination of internal and external factors. They have different shapes, different colors and are distributed in order. Their existence has both advantages and disadvantages, and it also has the duality of adding beauty and losing appearance.

Textures of Tian Huangshi:

According to the author of Yin Shi Debate, there are six basic forms: like texture H in radish cortex, like brown texture that won't melt, like reticulation, like texture inside radish, like water texture, basically no radish texture or various forms. In addition, according to the author's understanding, there are broken cotton wool, cotton yarn stripes, cloud wool, golden filaments, white bubble snowflake stripes, crystal lines and so on. Texture distribution is characterized by brightness, darkness, thickness and thinness. There is external infiltration, invisibility, discontinuity and dispersion. 1

Stone skin of Tian Huangshi:

Its cortex is thin or dense or slightly thin or slightly thick. There are single layer, double layer and triple layer. Skin color is yellow, black, white, green, yellow with green, yellow with black. The cortex is divided into coarse, medium and fine. Distribution of stone skin: total, partial and skinless.

Lattice crack of Tian Huangshi:

The formation of lattice cracks is well understood. The differentiated monolith itself has cracks or is destroyed during migration and invaded by related elements during storage. Therefore, the strata have different shapes and colors. After induction, its forms are: open grid type, dark grid type, cross type, thin and uniform type, thick and large type, intermittent type and inclined shallow type. Its colors are: brownish red, red, yellow, brownish yellow, ochre yellow, ochre red and so on.

There is a thick red grid in Huangshi, a skinless field, which is often used as a sign to identify Huangshi.

Tian Huangshi's defects:

They are distributed in superficial muscles and deep muscles. There are tiny black spots or white spots, spots, traces, sand spots, etc.

Its colors are brown, black cake, white cake, white bubble and gravel attached to the surface.

The above characteristics are more or less introduced in relevant literature and works. These characteristics can be seen in Tianhuang series varieties. However, this is not the case for individual Tian Huangshi. Some have stripes but no skin; Some have cracks but no flaws; Some have skin without crack; Others are flawed but the texture is not obvious. The actual Tian Huangshi is more complicated and disorderly.

In addition, it is also related to the size of Tian Huangshi, and the original stone is different from its carvings. Carving is generally flawless. Ota Huangshi can see these features at the same time. If you look at a piece of Ota Yellowstone from all angles, there may be one or more textures, and some can see stone skins, cracks and flaws. Because these features are not all over the original stone, their distribution is uneven.

Stone species other than Tian Huangshi series also have these similar characteristics. This makes it more difficult to identify Tian Huangshi, which will confuse people with the sense of north and south. The fine and even texture in Tian Huangshi can increase the aesthetic feeling of appearance, while the flaw will damage its image. There are stone skins that can be used to make the carvings fancy, and the red squares in the white fields are the most beautiful.

Some plants and minerals are textured, and even and neat textures appear on the internal organs of animals such as pig liver. The growing period of pigs, sheep and radishes is only 1-2 years. Their texture generation time is very short and there is no effect of water flow. Is it the result of heredity? Tian Huangshi has no such possibility. It can only be considered as the original whole caused by the inherent or repeated temperature difference and the internal changes of the structure caused by the extremely long storage period. This problem needs further study.

(8) The relationship between Tian Huangshi and quantifiers.

Tian Huangshi, like other stone species, has many meanings related to quantifiers in natural materials.

The latitude and longitude of the location is the only place in the world with Yellowstone National Park fields; The storage range includes length, width, height and depth; The environment includes temperature, humidity, pH and ultraviolet intensity; In terms of texture, color and freezing, there are density, hardness, warmth retention, oiliness, fineness, transparency, chromaticity, color purity, mechanical permeability and transparency. Why explain and summarize? Because these related data have a certain range of changes, and change with the change of time, place and conditions. Judging from the formation, distribution, classification, essence, attributes, grain, skin, lattice and defects of Tian Huangshi series varieties, they are diverse and comparable. It shows that there is not only one variety of Zhongtian Huangshi in Shoushan Stone, but there are more than 20 varieties after subdivision. There is not only one sculpture, but thousands of sculptures of different shapes and sizes. Presenting this diverse phenomenon is helpful to fully understand the connotation of Tian Huangshi and to choose its original stone, variety and sculpture.

The connotation of Tian Huangshi is the sum of essence and attributes. Generally can be summarized as follows. In addition, the thermal energy, radioactivity, medicinal properties, chemical stability, physical insulation, plasticity, texture and freezing formation introduced in related works are also the attributes of Tian Huangshi. Only by further in-depth study will there be a scientific explanation.

4. The comprehensive value of Tian Huangshi

Among the four famous Yin Shi in China, besides Shoushan Stone in Fujian, Qingtian Stone and Feldspar Stone in Zhejiang and Balin Stone in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. There are more than 600 varieties in these four Yin Shi, each with its own characteristics and numerous fine products. Among them, Tian Huangshi is famous at home and abroad, and it is a kind of stone that everyone loves.

Tian Huangshi is mainly used for carving handicrafts and making seals, stationery and inlaid jewelry. Specific products include seals, ornaments, pendants, animals, figures, Buddha statues and so on.

Zeng Ri, a number of experts in Chinese stone printing, said: Only high-quality materials, after exquisite carving, can show their unparalleled value; Exquisite carving, only with the help of superior materials, can we get the best works. Good stones are valuable, but works of art are priceless. Stone inscriptions are precious, and aragonite is handed down from generation to generation. If there are no accidents, words and stones will live the same life. ③

As far as Tian Huangshi seal is concerned, its value lies in people's understanding and seal cutting. Due to the artistic seal cutting with cultural connotation endowed by the sculptor, its taste and value are much higher than its original stone. From the minerals in nature to the best in the art world, it must be a treasure with a certain appearance and unlimited interest. For thousands of years, all kinds of seals, especially colored stone seals, have become an aristocratic culture as famous as books, poems, paintings and seals in China. In particular, it has become one of China's long-standing national quintessence, just like Peking Opera and Chinese medicine.

The ornaments and pendants made by Tianhuang stone carvings are the same as animals, figures and Buddha statues. After thin meaning, relief or garden carving, it becomes an artistic treasure. Add luster to the art world. Carving masters' ingenious skills and ingenious creativity express people's yearning for a happy life with their works of different styles. For example, "Autumn Rhyme" is carved by the thin meaning of gold field yellow frozen silver. Its theme shows the plot of Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu reading the West Chamber in A Dream of Red Mansions. By Jiang Yilin. 1997 made a stamp. It is one of the masterpieces of Tianhuang stone carving.

Tian Huangshi and his sculptures have been favored by emperors in feudal society since they came out. Tian Huangshi is a special tribute of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong in Qing Dynasty. As a symbol of imperial power, Tian Huang's seal is of unprecedented value, which is worth 100 mu of fertile land. Emperor Qianlong's Jade Seal, Tianhuang Triple Chain is a national treasure.

From the middle and late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, precious colored stone seals and sculptures, including Tian Huangshi, were collected by national and local museums. There are countless folk collections, and dignitaries, literati and wealthy businessmen have also joined the ranks of collection management. A celebrity seal composed of stone, Wen Jia, seal seal and ox, if made by Tian Huangshi, is more collectible and artistic in shape, height and size, and more expensive. The stone seals of Zhao, Wu Changshuo and Qi Baishi are also of high collection value. In history, people who exchanged colored stones or strange stones for luxury houses, precious porcelain and calligraphy and painting also happened from time to time.

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially after the 1980s, the number of people who joined the management of colored stone collection in China has greatly increased, and there are 65,438+10,000 troops in Fuzhou alone. More than 600 of them are like many small museums. Tian Huangshi's best is like the space before dawn, with dazzling pearls hanging; Its treasure seems to be blooming among thousands of flowers! 200 1 10 Shanghai APEC Meeting and the Olympic Games to be held in China will present the seal as a national gift. Wu Guozhen, the former mayor of Shanghai, collects the seals of multi-room fields, which is evidence that people, including celebrities, like and collect seals.

Owning Tian Huangshi is noble and rich, and it is also a symbol of personal glory, family happiness and hope.

As the ancients said, there is no stone in the mountain, no stone in the water, no beauty in the garden and no stone in the room. Just like Tian Huangshi and jade, it is difficult to be rich without jade. Gold is easy to get, but Tian Huang is hard to find. People can't get tired of seeing it, and owning Tian Huangshi is a great enjoyment of life.

Look at the colorful stones in the world and experience the colorful life. In recent years, the number of teams collecting colored stones and strange stones in China and even around the world has greatly increased, with tens of millions of people.

It can be seen that Tian Huangshi and his sculptures have high ornamental and use value, precious gift and exchange value, rich cultural and artistic value, important collection and research value, far-reaching historical relics value, high economic price and appreciation ability.

In Shoushanxi small watershed, which is only one square kilometer in the outer suburb of Fuzhou, the reserves and excavation of Tian Huangshi had been exhausted by the beginning of 2 1 century and were on the verge of extinction. According to authoritative estimates, the total amount of Tian Huangshi and his sculptures is about 500 kg ⑤, with an average of 4 grams per 10,000 people in China. Very rare and precious. And its comprehensive value, including spiritual wealth, is immeasurable. This is the pride of Fujian people and the pride of our Chinese nation!

5. Concluding remarks

It is difficult to give Tian Huangshi a scientific definition. It can be summarized as follows: "Tian Huangshi is mainly a dickite mineral, which is a symbolic variety of Shoushan stone in China, ranking first among colored stones in the world, with a long storage history. The colored stones referred to in this paper generally refer to colored stones, including precious stones and jade. According to the classification of jewelry, Yin Shi has been included in jade.

Macroscopically, the connotation and value of Tian Huangshi are integrated with science, technology, culture, art, history and economy. It includes philosophy, morality, life and ethics.

Tian Huangshi's collection is mainly about its identification. As the saying goes, "Yu Jian finished in three days and debated for seven years." It is not easy to own Tian Huang, and it is even harder to know the truth and distinguish the false. Because there are deer ear fields similar to Tianhuang, there are more than a dozen stones such as Pit, Pit Head Field and Han Shi. In addition, there are high imitation and imitation. Therefore, it is necessary to contact more physical objects and samples of similar stone species in Tian Huangshi: consult relevant literature and illustrations; Invite people in the industry to learn from them; Enter the colored stone distribution center and participate in the exhibition market; Familiar with Tian Huangshi national inspection standard and its essence and attributes. After ten years and eight years of practice, study and research, we can constantly improve our eyesight and recognition ability. Only if we are interested in playing with stones and collect them properly can we gain something and achieve the greatest success. ⑥

Finally, I would like to take this opportunity to pay tribute to the scholars, experts and masters not mentioned in this article, as well as the producers and operators in Yin Shi! It is inevitable that there is something wrong with the writing. Welcome friends who like and collect colored stones, Yin Shi and sculpture at home and abroad to criticize and correct me.

Precautions:

Like precious stones and jade, many countries and regions in the world have collections;

(2) Hard field stone, Xiguan field stone and Liu Liu field stone can't be included in the Tian Huangshi series due to the lack of storage life, and can be regarded as mobile jade in the jade series;

(3) here refers to the lithographs and carvings with seal cutting characters;

(4) According to the auction transaction price records in recent ten years, the price of Tian Huangshi has increased year by year, and the highest carving of the best Tian Huangshi is more than 10,000 yuan per gram;

⑤ The total survival of Tian Huangshi and his sculptures is reported to be about 1500 kg. The author thinks that there are not many authentic grades of Tian Huangshi. Because it is a calculation, not an actual survey result. So the total amount is for reference only.

⑥ It is not advisable to buy rough stones and carvings of non-Tian Huangshi series at a high price. Like domestic paintings, silver coins, ceramics and other collections, even the top experts in China sometimes muddle through, so be careful and don't act rashly.