Land is paramount and money is paramount. Why is it that the "equality commune" in Sparta has never been equal?

Equality commune is the city-state of conquerors. As one of the most important city-states in Greece, Sparta has the basic characteristics of western political tradition, and its contribution to western politics is no less than that of any Greek city-state. The formation and development of Spartan political system has become a very unique road in history. The Spartan city-state originated from the racial government. They exchanged peace and freedom through the governments of other races and polis. In order to maintain their dominant position, they established a series of special political systems.

First of all, the building will collapse and it will be difficult to rescue.

Sparta has a special geographical position and fertile land, which is conducive to farming, and there is no good seaport along the coast. However, Sparta has a strong army, and Sparta ruled the Greek mainland with a strong army. The collapse and disintegration of a city-state in Sparta is bound to be closely related to its economy. As an important part of a city-state, the economy is closely related to the lives of its residents, and the urban economy as a conqueror is also the lifeline of this city. Once this lifeline is unstable or has problems, the country will face a situation of self-destruction, so the economy is very important for countries that often have wars.

1 private land

The land of the Spartan city-state can be divided into two categories: the land owned by the Spartan city-state is not owned by the individual citizens, but is used to cultivate the land of the citizens. The Spartan city-states used to distribute land equally, but the equally distributed land was also taken away by the rulers. The equally distributed land was also the territory plundered by the war, mainly the occupation of the land of Messenia.

The second category is the land distribution in Sparta, but the land distribution in Sparta is not evenly distributed. Most of the land was occupied by a few nobles in the Spartan city-state, while Spartan citizens, as the lower class, rarely owned land, so private ownership of land caused an important cause of economic collapse.

The private ownership of land in the Spartan city-state can become a formal resident of the city-state as long as it owns land. When the land is taken away by a few people, the land of citizens becomes the land inherited by their descendants. The system of children's joint inheritance and a large number of heiresses have led to land concentration and the gap between the rich and the poor among citizens.

2 Land merger and concentration

In order to get land, the rich who own land get land through marriage with wealthy families, and the land gradually flows to wealthy families in marriage, which leads to the situation that the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer.

It is recorded in Pugu Tucker's materials:? The father left his property to his son and then had an argument with him. He is a man with a bad temper. Because he had an argument with his son, he proposed a law that allowed a person to give his property to whoever he wanted before he died. He said that he would control his property in this way through his will and oath. ?

Property is gradually concentrated in the hands of a few people, and the most prominent manifestation of wealth concentration is the concentration of land property. The development of private land and land are increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few bluff people, which eventually leads to the decline of the Spartan polis. As ordinary people, they have no money, no land and no civil rights, so they have to do nothing. They just hope that the situation in the country will change.

In classical times, the number of Spartan citizens decreased sharply in the later period. Equality commune? Generally speaking, there are two reasons for the collapse. First, the gap between the rich and the poor caused by the development of private ownership of land and the intensification of land mergers. The other is the land system in which children inherit land together and a large number of heiresses lead to the concentration of land and the polarization between the rich and the poor among citizens. The final result caused the poor and the poor among the citizens of Sparta city-state, and the final result caused many lower-class residents to fall into poverty and lose their civil rights. These two views are actually the same.

Second, the people were killed and the people were in trouble.

As a conqueror city-state, Sparta city-state has a well-trained, militarized army completely divorced from productive labor. However, the territory and slaves it once acquired have greatly increased, and then the Spartan city-state gradually became the decisive factor of a parasitic class that relied on exploiting black labor for a living.

1 the failure of Sparta

There is an old saying in China? I often walk by the river. Where can I get my shoes wet? The same is true in war. Although Sparta has powerful military power, defeat is inevitable, and the reduction of population concentration caused by military is explosive to Sparta city-state. In 480 BC, there were nearly 8 million adult men in Sparta. Later, after natural disasters such as earthquakes, more than half of the original 8 million adult males remained, which was a fatal blow to a country. The impact of the earthquake almost razed the whole city of Sparta.

Then in 4 18 AD, 50 million citizens took part in the Battle of Mandinia, with heavy casualties. Later, in the battle of Liukla, which was devastated by the defeat in World War I, more than 20 million people suffered heavy casualties? Equality commune? In the second Messenia War, the land area and population of the city-state decreased sharply. After that, the Spartan city-state was pushed down from the altar and no longer had the prosperity and courage of the past.

Two female reasons

Another main reason for the decline of Sparta city-state is women's greed and strong desire for luxury. On the basis of private ownership of land, women from aristocratic and wealthy families can inherit property, while these upper-class women often live a life of extreme luxury and have no worries about food and clothing. They have never experienced the pain of the lower class, and they are also very decadent in life. In the process of the development of land ownership, women's dowry and giving away land when they get married are very important, so upper-class men usually

When the master is gone, the hostess will naturally become the master of the land, and the master's daughter can inherit a piece of land. This is an important manifestation of private ownership of land, and then a phenomenon appears? Many heiresses? With the support of land, women will not prefer boys to girls. Compared with women's status, sometimes even higher than men's, women's dowry system also had a great influence on Spartan women's possession of more property, which in turn played a certain role in promoting the reduction of the number of citizens fighting.

Third, the top priority of disintegration? Black law?

Most of them are descendants of ancient Senegalese and were enslaved in the first Messenia War. Therefore, in the Spartan city-state, most of the wealth was created by the black laboratory, which became synonymous with the Mason people. The land occupation and division of Sparta in Messenia became the economic source of Sparta city-state. In classical times, the Spartan city-states existed in the form of occupation, which was also the material basis for Sparta to dominate the Greek mainland for a long time.

1 black lab

In a famous battle, the Spartans were defeated, and most black workers got rid of the rule of Sparta and gained freedom. This was undoubtedly a heavy blow to the Spartans who relied on the exploitation and enslavement of black workers. What about those who used to exploit and enslave black workers? Equality commune? People, it is inevitable that it is difficult to make a living, which has an important impact on the sharp decline of the population of Sparta.

As residents living in a parasitic life, the most important reason why they can't maintain normal citizenship is that about two-thirds of black laboratories invite Spartans to oppress and exploit them. If we compare the degree of merger and concentration of Spartan construction sites, the decline of Shiloh system also accounts for about one third of them.

2 Spartan political system

Sparta's political system is manifested in the internal unity of citizens and the cultivation of good soldier. It has indeed achieved great success for the country, reduced internal friction, achieved political stability in several worlds, trained the world's most elite army for the Greek world, and had an important impact on Sparta becoming the hegemon of the Greek world. After that, Sparta's power and influence reached its peak, and some people even expressed their appreciation for Sparta's political system, such as Plato and others. Later, the Spartan myth became a symbol and totalitarianism in the western political history.

The source of Sparta's achievements is the source of sacrificing personal sacred posts and stifling personality freedom, and worshiping the country. Abandoning the source of human yearning for a better life, Sparta's political system was built on a certain number of citizens. Just when its power reached its peak, its social foundation began to be destroyed. A large number of Spartan citizens died in wars, and every war was bleeding.

After allowing land transfer, has the process of land concentration begun? Equality? If equality between them no longer exists, people who lose their land will lose their citizenship. After Sparta established hegemony in the Greek world, it often contacted with foreign countries. In contact with the outside world, it changed the Spartans' ideas, lost all social foundations and inner spirit, and his actual operation mode became worse and worse. Finally, the political system declined completely.

label

With the development of private ownership of land in Sparta in the late classical era, land annexation began to appear, which had an important impact on the growth of social and economic foundation of Sparta city-state. Equality commune? The collapse of the foundation, the main reasons for the decline of the system in the dark, the defeat of Sparta, the sharp decrease in the number of citizens, and the nature of Spartan women are all related to some extent. After that, the Spartan city-state gradually declined until it withdrew from Roman territory.

refer to

Several problems in the study of ancient history

The crisis in Agesilaus and Sparta.