Inquire about historical stories in the yellow calendar

In the eyes of many people, the ancient calendar is as unfathomable as astronomy. Therefore, it is embarrassing to see ancient calendars. In particular, when reading ancient history books, we often encounter astronomical calendars, such as "The Book of the Great Emperor": "Nine years of martial arts, July of 1911, is too white. Good news, too white to see. Chen Bing in August, come in. Ding Si, it's too white to see you. Ren Xu and Tuguhun, please speak and make peace. Jiazi, the crown prince is the emperor. " The "Xinhai" in the article is a dry branch. If you don't know the calendar, I believe you don't know what the dry branch represents. In order to understand it, let's study it together.

Ancient education

In ancient times, a "spring and autumn" was a year!

In ancient times, every time there was a change of dynasty, there was a "resignation." Being positive means the first year. The new moon refers to the first day of January. "Zhengshuo" refers to the calendar. Therefore, the ancient calendar is constantly changing, and it took several times to finalize the design.

In ancient times, "nian" and "nian" were synonyms, so "nian" in ancient times meant "nian". The ancients often called the process from sowing to harvesting a year. Therefore, in Shuowen, there is: "The year is ripe." According to the maturity cycle of rice, it is the time for the earth to go around the sun once, which is now called "solar calendar", and there is also a "lunar calendar" with the new moon as the unit. In fact, the ancient calendar was neither a calendar nor a simple solar calendar, but a combination of Yang and Yang.

In ancient times, the average year was 12 months, with six big months, 30 days each month and six small months, 29 days each month, so the whole year was 354 days. According to the current average year, if we are short of 1 1 day, we will be short of one month every three years. Therefore, in ancient times, there was a leap month every three years, making the average year equal to a solar year (365). In fact, it is not correct to run every three years, so Shuowen said, "Leap again in five years." If you leap twice in five years, there are actually more. It was later stipulated that 19 was a leap of seven months. In a word, the calculation of ancient years and months needs professional celestial officials to calculate, which is really difficult for ordinary people to understand. So we just need to know that the average year is 365 days and the leap year is 366 days, which can be moistened once every four years.

In Shang Dynasty and Western Zhou Dynasty, a year was divided into two seasons, spring sowing and autumn harvest, to show the four seasons of the year. Therefore, if the Spring and Autumn Period appeared before these two dynasties, it refers to the four seasons of the year. There is a saying in Zhuangzi: "Don't know the spring and autumn." In this paper, "fly" refers to cicada, while "Spring and Autumn" refers to a year. Translated, cicada's life is too short to know that there are four seasons in a year.

The Spring and Autumn Annals compiled by Confucius refers to what happened in the year from "spring" to "winter", not just to record the Spring and Autumn Annals. Because in the Spring and Autumn Period, two seasons "Spring" and "Autumn" were used to represent a year, "Spring" was often used as the beginning of a calendar year in Zuo Zhuan. For example, Zuo Zhuan's Hidden Year records at the beginning: "In the spring of the first year, Wang Zhouzheng said. If you don't book it, you can take it. " This paper adopts the imperial chronology, which is divided into years, seasons and months, and is generally inaccurate to a certain day.

Timing sundial

Ancient months and seasons, many elegant names!

It goes without saying that the ancient year was divided into four seasons. But in the four seasons, it is divided into 12 months. The ancient summer calendar divided 65438+ February into "Meng Chun (65438+ October), Midspring (February), Ji Chun (March), Xia Meng (April), Midsummer (May), the last month of summer (June), Qiu Meng (July), Midautumn (August) and Qiu Ji (September). In fact, the order of' Mongolia, China and Kyrgyzstan' is similar to that of ancient brothers. " "Meng" refers to the boss and "Zhong" refers to the third.

Lu You's poem "Ji Bu" contains: "Meng Chun is full of herbs, and ancient customs welcome Zigu. The poem "Meng Chun" was written in January, according to the ancient custom, to welcome the daughter-in-law (Ce Shen). Therefore, in ancient Chinese, if mid-spring appeared, it would be February and Ji Chun would be March. If you don't know the ancient calendar and appellation, it is estimated that it will be difficult to understand for a while.

In ancient times, spring was called "Occurrence or Qingyang", summer was called "Zhu Ming or Changyuan", autumn was called "Jinsu or Baishan" and winter was called "Xuan Ying". Knowing these appellations is very helpful for us to read ancient Chinese.

The 24 Solar Terms

In ancient times in 24 solar terms, you must know how to master the farming season!

In ancient times, long-term farming mastered the changes of the four seasons, and then summed up 24 solar terms, which can be used to record the moon. How to calculate the 24 solar terms? Generally speaking, a year is twelve months, and a month is divided into two solar terms, making a total of twenty-four solar terms. These solar terms are fixed, for example, there are three months in spring, the first month (beginning of spring 15 days, rain 15 days); February (fright 15 days, vernal equinox 15 days); March (fifteen days in Qingming Festival and fifteen days in Grain Rain).

To be more exact, beginning of spring is a day of spring. After 2: 05 on 15, it means rain, which means a lot of rain. At 2: 05 on 15 day, it will be a shock (in ancient times, it was called "Initiator" to avoid the taboo of Emperor Liu Qi of Han Jing, but it was renamed "Sting") and so on. Among the 24 solar terms, there are Changxia (summer comes), beginning of autumn (autumn comes) and beginning of winter (winter comes).

After mastering the 24 solar terms, you don't have to worry about farming in the countryside. What to plant in spring and what to plant in autumn has been memorized by the farmer's uncle. Because young people nowadays seldom farm, they don't know what the 24 solar terms are.

In ancient times, reading ancient books is necessary!

In ancient China, there were about three chronologies, which were divided into emperor chronology, star chronology and dry branch chronology. In ancient books, the chronology of emperors and the chronology of cadres and branches are generally used.

The earliest imperial calendar in China began in the year of "China people". The time is 84 BC1year. Because of Zhou Liwang's stupidity, he was driven out of the capital Haojing by China people. Duke Zhou (Duke Ding of Zhou) and Zhao Gong (Duke Mu of Zhao) were regents together. This year is called "the first year".

Then two years, three years and four years. 14 years, Zhou Liwang died. If we want to convert the calendar year into AD year, we can subtract Zhou Liwang's ruling year (84 1- 14 = 827) from the first year, so the year of Zhou Liwang's death is 827 BC. Zhou Liwang died this year, and his son Zhou Xuanwang ascended the throne, which was the first year of Zhou Xuanwang. Zhou Xuanwang died 46 years after he acceded to the throne (827-46 = 78 1), so the year of Zhou Xuanwang's death was 78 1 year BC, that is, the year when Zhou Youwang acceded to the throne, that is, the first year of Zhou Youwang. I believe everyone understands this calculation method.

In the Western Han Dynasty, after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty founded the year number, he began to record the year with the year number in the history books. For example, one of the titles created by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was "Jianyuan", and the titles of the first year, the second year and the third year of Jianyuan were adopted in the history books. The year number of "Jianyuan" was changed to "Jianguang" after six years, and the year was re-recorded with the new year number.

60 jiazi

The annals of Ganzhi originated in the Western Han Dynasty, and only passed down in the Eastern Han Dynasty!

"Tiangan" is divided into 10 stems (1. Answer 2. b，3。 c，4。 d，5。 e，6。 j 7。 G eight. Xin, 9 years old. Ren 10. Deck) and "ground branch". The combination of "Tiangan" and "Dizhi" is 60 units, which is called "Sixty Jiazi".

"Sixty Jia Zi" is also called "Sixty Hua Jia Zi", and its oldest usage is calendar year, calendar month, calendar day and calendar time. Calendar year is a 60-year cycle, calendar month is a 5-year cycle, calendar day is a 60-day cycle, and calendar time is a 5-day cycle.

How are the 60 jiazi combined? Put a word in the front "heavenly stems" and a word in the back "earthly branches", thus forming a pair of "dry branches". In addition, the combination of "stem and branch" is the singular of heavenly stem and the singular of earthly branch. Heavenly stems and earthly branches even numbers. In fact, the collocation is very simple, just take a closer look.

For example, 1984 is the year of Jiazi, then 1985 is the year of Ugly B, and 1986 is the year of Bingyin, and so on until 60 Jiazi cycles are completed, and then the calendar year starts from Jiazi, so "60 Jiazi cycles are repeated". If 1984 is the year of Jiazi, and it will be Jiazi after 60 years, then it is 1984+60=2044. In other words, 2044 is the year of Jiazi and 2045 is the year of ugliness. No matter forward or backward, you can use the trunk and branches to calculate the year. For example, now is 2022 (the year of Jihai), so 60 years later (2079) is the year of Jihai.

The ancient calendar month took five years as a cycle, five years as 60 months, and calendar days as a cycle. For example, "in the ninth year of Wude, in July of 1911, I will see you in Taibai during the day. Good news, too white to see. For your birthday on August 3rd, please contact. Ding Si, it's too white to see you. Ren Xu and Tuguhun, please speak and make peace. Jiazi, the crown prince is the emperor. "

On July 25th, the 9th year of Wude in Tang Gaozu Liyuan (AD 626), Taibai Star appeared in the daytime. A white star appeared during the day on the 28th. The first day of August, peace. The next day, a white star appeared during the day. On the seventh day, TuGuHun peace. On the ninth day, Crown Prince Li Shimin ascended the throne.

It's easier to switch between the main branch and the monthly branch. However, it is not easy to convert the date to the current date. I don't think many people can work it out by mouth only with the help of the yellow calendar. Therefore, I will not go into details here.

ancient times

Ancient auspicious time

In ancient times, the sundial was used to measure time. In the palace, there was a special time record. In ancient times, the "Twelve Earthly Branches", also called "Twelve Hours", were: Zi, Ugly, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu and Hai. Each hour represents two hours: Zishi (from 23: 00 to 1), Ugly Time (from 1 to 3: 00), Yin Shi (from 3: 00 to 5: 00), Shi Mao (from 5: 00 to 7: 00) and Chen Shi (from 7: 00). You Shi (from 17 to 19), Chu Shi (from 19 to 2 1) and Shihai (from 2 1 to 23).

In addition, each hour represents two hours, and they also have corresponding animals, which are called "Zodiac". That is, rats, ugly cows, yinhu, maotu, dragons, snakes, afternoon horses, sheep, monkeys, chickens, dogs and porcupines.

There are twelve days in a day (two hours in modern times), eight minutes in an hour (15 minutes in modern times), three teas (five minutes in modern times), one tea with two fragrances (two minutes and 30 seconds in modern times) and one fragrance with five minutes (30 minutes in modern times).

In ancient times, only palaces and aristocratic families could master the specific time. Ordinary people rely on the sun during the day and judge time by crowing at night. Therefore, ancient people often worked at sunrise and rested at sunset. The twenty-four solar terms in ancient times were actually summed up by labor, which shows that the wisdom of the ancients is admirable.

The above is about how to check the year and date in the ancient yellow calendar, and it is about sharing the date of the earthly branch. After reading the calendar, I hope it will help everyone!