The Story of the Yellow Emperor Yan Di Chiyou

In mythology, there was no battle between the Emperor Yanhuang and the Yellow Emperor.

The Yellow Emperor is the central god, and Yan Di is one of the four gods.

Chiyou, a nine-Li nationality in the south, has eighty-one brothers, all of whom are brave and good at fighting. They were dissatisfied with the rule of the Yellow Emperor, so they used various means such as intimidation and inducement to rally the Miao people and launch a rebellion.

First, Chiyou fought a big war with Emperor Yan, who was defeated again and again, and had to turn to the Yellow Emperor for help. Subsequently, the Yellow Emperor led the allied forces of various tribes and launched a protracted war with Chiyou for several years, and finally won.

Emperor Yan made great contributions to the survival, reproduction and development of the Chinese nation.

First of all, making crops and growing grains laid the foundation for agriculture and industry. The use of Lei Lei and the planting of five grains have solved the great event that food is the most important thing for the people, promoted the development of agricultural production, and created conditions for the transformation of human beings from primitive nomadic life to farming civilization.

Second, establish the market and open the market for the first time. According to Zhouyi? 6? Under the copula of 1, Shennong said: "Japan and China are the city, with the people of the world, gathering the wealth of the world, and retreating after business, each has its own place." The market invented by Shennong, which takes Japan and China as markets and barters things, is the origin and cornerstone of China's monetary and commercial development.

Third, treat hemp as cloth and people wear clothes. Primitive man had no clothes, but covered himself with leaves and animal skins. It was only after Sang Ma of Shennong made cloth and silk that people got clothes, which was a great progress from an ignorant society to a civilized society.

Fourth, do banjo to entertain people. According to "Shiben? 6? In the second part of 1, Shennong invented a musical instrument. He cut tung trees into pianos and weaved silk into strings. This kind of piano was later called Shennong Qin. Shennong Qin is "three feet, six inches and six minutes long, with five strings of Yue, Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zheng and Yu". The sound made by this kind of piano can show the virtue of heaven and earth, the harmony of Shennong and entertain people.

Fifth, cut wood into bows and dominate the world. Shennong created bows and arrows, which effectively stopped the attack of wild animals, effectively attacked the invasion of foreign tribes, and defended people's life safety and labor achievements.

Six, making pottery, improving life. Before pottery was invented, people could only barbecue food with fire. With pottery, people can cook food, store things, make wine and disinfect. The use of pottery has improved the living conditions of human beings and had a far-reaching impact on human food hygiene and medical development.

In order to encourage people to live regularly and plant crops according to seasons, Yandi Shennong also made calendars and stars to divide day and night into the sun and the moon, with the month as the 30th day and 1 1 month as the winter solstice.

Emperor Yan is very good at managing tribes and the world. He does not expect his report, nor is he greedy for the wealth of the world, but the wealth of the world. Wisdom is more valuable to people and respected by the world. He serves people with virtue, does not reward diligence, does not punish good and evil, does not complain about wealth, does not restrain obedience, is strong and does not kill, is thrifty and is respected.

Emperor Yan was also the ancestor of education in China. He taught people to use tools, sow grain, teach medicine, teach people to make pottery and painting, teach people to bow and arrow, hunt animals, keep fit, teach people piano, teach people music and dance, and teach people wisdom and virtue. It can be seen that during the Yan Emperor's period, moral, intellectual and physical beauty was fully valued and developed.

Emperor Yan made great contributions to the development of mankind. The spirit of Yan Di is, first of all, entrepreneurial spirit, dedication spirit, pioneering spirit, indomitable and enterprising spirit. The spirit of Emperor Yan enabled Chinese descendants to get rid of ignorance and barbarism and pursue advanced civilization in the struggle with nature and society. This spirit has enabled the Chinese nation to achieve a high degree of unity and unity.

As for the birthplace of Emperor Yan, there is no conclusion yet. Emperor Yan is actually a deified figure, which represents the collective wisdom of ancient human beings in transforming nature in their struggle with nature. Today, "Emperor Yan" and "Yellow Emperor", as symbols of China's 5,000-year history of civilization, are recorded in the history of world civilization, and China people are also called "descendants of the Chinese people".

Merit of Huangdi

spiritual civilization

Inventive calendar, astronomy, yin and yang, five elements, Chinese zodiac, Jiazi calendar, figures, pictures, books, musical instruments, medicines, sacrifices, weddings and funerals, coffins, graves, sacrificial cauldrons, altars, temples, divination, etc.

Political progress

Establish an ancient country system: dividing the border into Xinjiang, taking eight families as a well, three wells as a neighbor, three neighbors as a friend, three friends as a mile, five miles as a city, ten cities as the capital, ten divisions as a division, and ten divisions as States, and the whole country is divided into Kyushu; There are litigation posts, left and right supervisors, and 20 official posts, which are aimed at managing countries, including three public, three minor, four auxiliary, four histories, six phases and nine virtues (official names) *** 120. Put forward "six prohibitions" for officials at all levels, and "heavy" means excessive, that is, "heavy sound, heavy color, heavy clothes, heavy fragrance, heavy taste and heavy room", requiring officials to be simple and opposed to extravagance and waste. It is proposed to govern the country by virtue, "Xiu De inspires soldiers", apply virtue to the world, work together with Xiu De, be benevolent, cultivate virtue and establish righteousness, and set up a special "minister of nine virtues" to educate the people with filial piety, kindness, writing, faith, speech, courtesy, loyalty, courage and righteousness, and carry out ideological and moral construction. In the use of talents, it is necessary to inspect, select and appoint talents, and only use talents. We should rule the country according to law, establish "courtesy law" and "rule the law unchanged", and make Li Mo a judge and Houdi a prison officer. Those who commit the most serious crimes will be sentenced to loss and those who commit the most serious crimes will be sentenced to beheading.

material civilization

According to historical records, the Yellow Emperor made many inventions in agricultural production, among which the farmland system was the main one. Before the Yellow Emperor, there were endless fields and countless fertile fields. In order to prevent disputes, the Yellow Emperor re-divided the whole country into "wells", with one in the middle as "public mu" and eight around as "private fields", which were cultivated by eight families, paid to the government and dug wells through soil. Farmland practices farming system, sowing 100 seeds in time, inventing Chu Jiu, opening up garden nurseries, planting fruits and vegetables, planting mulberry and sericulture, raising livestock and poultry, and grazing. In sewing, we invented the loom, made textiles, made clothes, shoes, hats, curtains, blankets, robes, furs, canopies, armor, flags and rafters. Pottery, making bowls, plates, pots, retort, plates, pots, stoves, etc. In smelting, copper is smelted to make bronze dings, knives, coins, cymbals, americium, bronze mirrors, clocks and americium. In terms of architecture, there are palaces, halls, courtyards, halls, pavilions, castles, buildings, doors, platforms, silkworm houses, temples, jade houses and palaces. In terms of transportation, we manufacture boats, cars, guided cars and drum cars. In military equipment, knives, guns, bows, arrows, crossbows, six flags, flags, pentagonal flags, horns, flags, ladders, towers, guns, swords, archers and so on are manufactured. Cooked food, porridge, rice, wine, meat, scales, barrels, rulers, inkstones, several cases, carpets, seals, beads, lamps, beds, mats, treads, etc. in daily life.

The Battle between Chiyou and Huangdi

There are three versions of the battle between Chiyou and Huangdi: First, after Huangdi defeated Yandi, he defeated Chiyou again to consolidate the throne, and the battle between Huangdi and Chiyou seems to be the aftermath of the battle of Huang Yan; On the other hand, Chiyou expelled Chi Di (Emperor Yan), Chi Di appealed to the Yellow Emperor, and the two emperors joined hands to kill Chiyou in Zhongji; Third, Chiyou attacked the Yellow Emperor as a soldier and was defeated and killed. Hebei Zhuolu Huangdi Zhanchiyou Site

The first statement, such as A Record of Five Emperors in Han Dynasty, says: "Xuanyuan is Xiu De's army, which governs the five spirits and five arts, caresses the people, and teaches bears to be brave tigers in order to fight against Emperor Yan in the wilderness of Sakamoto. Fight three battles and win. Chiyou's insurrection does not require the life of the emperor. As a warlord, the Yellow Emperor fought against Chiyou in the land of Zhuolu, so he attached himself to killing Chiyou. Tai Shigong said that the name of the Yellow Emperor was Xuanyuan, and the national name was Xiong Xuanyuan, which means car. It should refer to the name of the clan and its leader who invented the technology of making cars. For example, the technology of making farm tools is called Shennong, the technology of making fishing gear is called operator, and the technology of striking fire is called Suiren. There is the bear country. The "country" at that time was actually a tribe. Bear, Yi, Yi, raccoon, 【】 and tiger are the names of six animals, which should be the names of six clans in the bear tribe, or totems. Hanquan, water name, is in Yanqing County, Beijing today. Zhuolu, a mountain name, is located in Zhuolu County, Hebei Province, not far from Hanquan.

The second statement can be found in the Zhou Dynasty's Yi Zhou Shu Taste Wheat Solution, which is also the earliest record about the Yellow Emperor in history: "Chiyou pursues the emperor and strives for the position of Zhuolu, with nine distinct angles, and Chi Di is terrified. It is said that in the Yellow Emperor, Chiyou was killed in Zhongji. " It's called Guangping Land. The battle took place in the open area under Zhuolu Mountain, and the corner refers to the corner. "Nine" means a lot, not limited to eight plus one. "Jiujiao Qing" means that Chiyou expelled the Chi Di (jiyan) tribe without leaving a legacy. Emperor Ji refers to Jizhou in the Central Plains. Erya Dish: "Jizhou is called between two rivers". Guo Pu's Note: From Donghe to Xihe. At that time, the place where the Yellow River entered the sea was called Donghe, and the place south of Hetao was called Xihe. Note of Li Zhou Zhi Fang: "Zhengbeiyue Bingzhou" belongs to Taiyuan, Shanxi, Baoding and Zhengding, Hebei. "The Northeast is called Youzhou", which belongs to Beijing today. Ancient Jizhou is located in the south of seclusion and merger, south of Shanxi and southwest of Hebei. Legend has it that Chiyou was killed in Xiezhou, Yuncheng, Shanxi Province today.

The third argument, such as The Classic of Mountains and Seas, Huang Da North Classic from the Warring States Period to the Han Dynasty, wrote: "Chiyou attacked the Yellow Emperor. The Yellow Emperor ordered Ying Long to attack the wild land of Jizhou. Livestock in Ying Long drink water. Chiyou asked Fengbo Rain God to make a big storm. Emperor Huangdi said that when the rain stopped, he killed Chiyou. Fengbo Rain Master is a wizard who is good at farming and meteorology of Chiyou tribe. Later, he became an agricultural meteorological god, and he set up a temple. He/kloc-gave a speech at the age of 0/8. " Han Feizi's Ten Years of Han Feizi said: "In the past, the Yellow Emperor put ghosts and gods on Mount Tai ... Chiyou was in front, Fengbo swept in, and the rain teacher sprinkled the road", which reflected the close relationship between the rain teacher in Fengbo and the Chiyou tribe, because the harvest department of agricultural tribes could not be separated from good weather.

It is impossible and unnecessary to examine right and wrong. For this prehistoric legend, which was circulated in Shanghai for thousands of years before it was recorded in books, historians pay attention to the historical shadow revealed in it; Ethnologists are concerned about the ethnic types, cultural characteristics and the formation and evolution of ethnic groups reflected in legends.

Chiyou is the name of an agricultural tribe.

The official history of the concept of Chiyou is contained in the Five Emperors' Records of the Yellow Emperor. It is famous for its failure in the war with the Yellow Emperor.

Historians of all ages have taken notes. The first question I want to make clear is: Who is Chiyou?

Pei Zhi's Collection of Historical Records quoted Ying Shao as saying: "Chiyou, the emperor of ancient times"; He also conveyed a cloud quoted from Hanshu Three Generations of Confucius: "Chiyou is a greedy person". Two different versions are listed.

Later, Sima Zhen wrote Historical Records, questioning the two theories of Tian Zi and Shu Ren. First of all, I quote Tai Shigong's original text, "Governors invade each other, and Chiyou is the strongest." Analyzing its meaning, Chiyou is not the son of heaven. In Guan Shu Pian, "Chiyou became five soldiers because of the gold of Lushan Mountain" is quoted, which shows that Chiyou is not. Then put forward the theory of "Chiyou Gai Feng Chen".

However, Zhang Shoujie wrote "Justice in Historical Records" and quoted "The Dragon Fish Map" as saying: "The Yellow Emperor was the regent, and eighty-one Chiyou brothers talked with animals and people, ate sand and stones, and built a crossbow to fight with swords and halberds, which shocked the world and killed them without forgiveness. Everyone wants the Yellow Emperor to do the right thing. Huangdi can't forbid Chiyou with benevolence and righteousness, but he can only sigh. Xuan Nv was sent by heaven to give the soldiers of the Yellow Emperor faith in the charm and subdue Chiyou. The emperor made it the main soldier to control all directions. After the death of Chiyou, the world will be in chaos. The Yellow Emperor then painted the image of Chiyou to dominate the world. The power of the world means that Chiyou will not die, and all countries in all directions will take it. "

Quoting this myth-mixed folklore is obviously a denial of "princes", "emperors" and "Shu Ren". Because, just a portrait is enough to make "all ethnic groups in all directions are slaves", and its prestige is far from the general governor, nor is it comparable to Shu Ren. However, another day, Xuan Nv was sent to help the Yellow Emperor instead of Chiyou, which shows that Chiyou has nothing to do with the "son of heaven".

The reason why scholars add the concepts of "Tian Zi", "Shu Ren" and "vassal" to Chiyou is obviously confined to the cognitive framework of the feudal social structure model of Zhou and Qin Dynasties, and it is impossible to correctly interpret Chiyou's identity at the end of primitive society and the social and historical connotation of this concept.

According to Records of the Five Emperors, the era of Chiyou's life coincided with the decline of Shennong.

Shennong is a clan whose agricultural production tools were abandoned in the Ming and Qing Dynasties in the history of the Chinese nation. Notes in the Book of Changes: "Shennong's work, [] wood is the coffin, and the rubbings are the thunder. The advantage of squatting is to teach the world. " Since then, in the land of China, many ethnic groups whose main lifestyle is hunting and gathering have turned to agriculture as their main mode of production. For example, "White Tiger Yi Tong" records: "People in ancient times all ate animal meat. As for Shennong, there are many people and not enough livestock, so Shennong teaches people to farm because of its time and place. God makes it suitable for the people, so it is called Shennong. " This is a memory of the history of carnivorous hunting groups turning to agricultural production. Another example is "Huai Nan Zi Xiu Wu Xun": "In ancient times, people drank the water of grass, gathered the fruits of vegetation and ate the meat of snails and mussels, and were often infected with diseases. So Shennong began to teach the people to sow grain. " This is also the historical memory of people collecting and storing fruits and snail meat as staple food and turning to agricultural production.

Lei Lei's invention was a great leap forward in the productivity of primitive society in China, which laid the foundation of primitive agriculture in China and led to the emergence of a new historical era, namely "Shennong World". Shennong is honored as the "agricultural emperor", also known as "Dihuang". "History Biography Volume 4" said: "Shennong is also an agricultural emperor. ..... Shennong, based on the discipline of the land, knows the fertility of the land and the sparseness of the valley, so he entrusted the agricultural emperor to the land. " It means that the essence of his merits lies in exerting soil fertility, which is commonly known as "rehmannia glutinosa".

In the ancient legends of China, the meaning of "emperor" has two layers: one is the person who made great inventions and won the praise of the world, "emperor, monarch, beauty and greatness" [1], for example, Suiren was honored as "Huang Sui" because of his invention of drilling for fire [2]; Fu tied a rope, made a net, used to catch animals and fish, and made a wedding ceremony, which made human reproduction enter a healthy and orderly track, so he was honored as "Huang Xi" [3]. Second, it refers to the early primitive society without public power. "Virtue is like the emperor, so it is called the emperor" [4], "The emperor doesn't bother women to work for the world. If you don't disturb a woman, you will be emperor "[5]. Its scene is as described in "Zhuangzi Stole Foot": "In the world of Shennong, lying is life, rising is Anemarrhena, and I don't know my father. You plow, eat, weave and dress with elk, and you have no intention of hurting each other. "

In the later period of Shennong, with farming gradually becoming the main mode of production, the primitive groups wandering around for food gradually settled down, gradually formed a clan society, and developed into a tribal organization, and a tribal alliance leader with influence beyond the tribe appeared, which was the "emperor". Interpretation of Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "The King of Emperor, Truth and World". "Truth" refers to "examining the truth", that is, the measures are meticulous and conform to objective laws. "White Tiger Yi Tong" said, "The person who combines virtue with heaven is the emperor" [6]. "King of the world" refers to the appeal beyond the scope of the tribe. The appearance of the title of "Emperor" marks the transformation of primitive society from the early tour group and clan society to the late tribal society. At this time, Shennong also began to be called "Yan Di".

The word "flame" in "Yan Di" has two meanings: first, fire, burning. Interpretation of Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "Yan Shang Ye". Jade Piece explains: "Inflammation, heat and burning". This is related to the fact that primitive agriculture cannot be separated from "fire farming". The so-called "fire tillage" refers to a reclamation method of cutting weeds and shrubs on the burned wasteland and then planting them as needed. The second refers to the god of the south. Hanshu Volume 74: "Yan Di, the God of the South", which is from the geographical point of view of the Yellow River Basin. Shennong, which originated in Lishan, Hubei Province and was buried in Chaling, Hunan Province, is undoubtedly in the south.

It is a turning point in history from "the world of Shennong", which is honored as "the agricultural emperor", to "the decline of Shennong", which is called "the emperor of Yan".

Chiyou was active in the historical stage, that is, the period of "Shennong decline" and "Yan Di". At that time, there were many tribes, and each tribe relied on its own economic strength and force to fight against each other, and no longer obeyed the constraints of Shennong, the leader of the tribal alliance. The tribal alliance was naturally formed because of the merits of inventing Lei. "Shennong is in decline, the princes invade and oppress the people, and Shennong is able to levy ... Chiyou is the most violent" [7]. The "princes" mentioned here are not nobles who were awarded titles of public, Hou, Bo, Zi and Gong under the social system of Zhou and Qin Dynasties, but chiefs of various tribes at the end of primitive society. Chiyou is one of them.

Guo is a derogatory term. Shuo Wen Jie Zi is interpreted as "insect leaf". Used as an article, if today's rhetoric is "little reptile" or something. "The Six Books are True and False" says: "Whoever doesn't know the name". "You" is a tribal name. Especially for agriculture. Yang Shen's "Dan Yin Lu" said: "From agriculture to agriculture". Han Shi Zhuan said: "East and west ploughing is horizontal, and north and south ploughing is horizontal". "Don't bow your head" in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals is an example. Guan returned to Huan Gong and said,' Reclaim land, cultivate land, cultivate millet and make full use of the soil. If I'm not embarrassed [], please use this as a big reason' ". Note: "Big undertaking, big agriculture also". "Guanzi Provincial Officials" said: "Competing with each other, depending on fertilizer [], observing soil fertility, being clear, farmers before and after, always farming; Make sangma, grain, and its place, and the matter of the field is also. " The imperial edict period is the date of the so-called "the king's life is divided into plows" in the Book of Rites and the Moon Order. Farmland is farmland, also called agricultural officer. Qianpu Shennong's coin word "Nong" is "You". "You" is a tribal name recorded according to hearsay, which is homophonic with "You". Therefore, the "You" tribe is the "You" tribe and also an agricultural tribe. Derogation is called "Chiyou". In ancient China, the names of clans and tribes were often called by the names of their chiefs, clans and tribesmen indiscriminately. Therefore, "Chiyou" is not only the name of the tribe, but also the name of the chief and tribal members.

Second, the relationship between Chiyou and Yan Di and Huangdi.

Chiyou has ethnic relations with Emperor Yan. "Biography of Chiyou" said: "Chiyou is surnamed Jiang and is also a descendant of Emperor Yan".

Yandi and Chiyou were both developed by Shennong, and both belonged to the Irrigation Union of the Ministry of Agriculture. The direct descendant of Shennong is called because of the great achievements of his ancestor Shennong in inventing thunder. Emperor Yan and Emperor Shennong belong to two different historical stages, so Historical Records lists Shennong and Emperor Yan in turn when quoting the closing ceremony of Zen Buddhism. Records of the Five Emperors describes Shennong and Yan Di very closely, but does not specify their relationship. "Emperor Century" said: "The contribution of Shennong is Yan Emperor", and the relationship between them has been noticed. Hanshu, which shows the harmony between ancient and modern people, was called "Shennong" by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and Shennong.

The Book of Changes quoted the Emperor Century Cloud, and the title of "Yan Di" was passed on to the eighth generation: Lin Kuidi, Cheng Di, Ming Di, Zhi Di, Bi Di, Ai Di. In the world of Emperor Yu Wang, I began to see the emergence of the Ministry of Human-God.

The Chiyou tribe is the most powerful of a group of farming tribes developed from Shennong. The reasons for its strength are: first, it is beneficial to its local salt; Second, in the production process of boiling salt, the invention of smelting metal and making weapons.

"Meng Qian's pen talks about two volumes and three volumes" Note: "Xiezhou Salt Ze, in terms of twenty miles. Long rain, the water of four mountains, is noted in it and will never flood; The drought has not disappeared. [Brine] is red. Under the spring, it is called human-god blood. In Song Dynasty, Xiezhou ruled Jiezhou Town, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province. Salt Ze, now known as the "national treasure", has salts such as sodium sulfate, sodium chloride and magnesium sulfate, as well as rare elements such as calcium, iodine, potassium, boron, lithium, cesium and strontium. " "Taiping Universe" Volume 46 "Objectively Exists in yi county": "Chiyou Tian is eighteen miles south of the county". Therefore, Anyi County is now a county and is also under the jurisdiction of Yuncheng City. This used to be the residence of the Chiyou tribe. With the wealth of salt, the Chiyou tribe has the strength to fight against the Yellow Emperor. For example, "Historical Records of Five Emperors" said: "Xuanyuan's family is used to fighting, and it is not happy, and the princes are salty. And Chiyou is the most violent and can't be separated. "

"Guan Di Zi Shu pian" said: "The mountain of Gru rises and the water comes out, followed by gold, and Chiyou is thus formed. He thinks that swords, spears and halberds are nine princes, all young and old. When the mountain of the fox comes out of the water, gold will follow, and Chiyou will let it go. He thinks that Ji of the fox Riggs is a 20-year-old warlord. The specific reference of "Mountain of Gru" and "Mountain of Hu Yong" has not been verified. Its location will not be too far away from today's Yuncheng city. Or in its place. " "Gold" refers to metal in general, not limited to gold.

Sanmenxia City, Henan Province, which is adjacent to Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province, is also the settlement center of agricultural tribes. Thousands of years later, there are still descendants of Shennong here. According to Zhou's historical records, Zhou Wuwang succeeded in cutting Zhou. "To remember the holy king is to praise Shennong and then focus on Jiao". Pei Qian's "Historical Records" notes: "Geography shows that hongnong county has diplomatic relations with the city, so it has diplomatic relations with the country.". Geography of Han hongnong county Hongnong No.1 County lives in Lingbao County, Henan Province. Shaanxi county belongs to Sanmenxia city today. According to Geographical Records, Hongnong County "has an iron official in [] Pool" [] Pool, which is now Mianchi County and also belongs to Sanmenxia City. There are gold mines in Lingbao county, which still have great mining value. Other mineral resources such as silver, copper, iron, zinc and aluminum are also abundant, and the region has the necessary conditions for metal smelting. According to legend, the place where the Yellow Emperor cast the bronze tripod was located in Lingbao County [8], and its relative historical age was after the battle of Xuanyuan Chiyou. This area is not only rich in mineral resources, but also fertile land, rich in five grains and Chinese herbal medicines such as purple Hu, gastrodia elata, Scutellaria baicalensis and salvia miltiorrhiza, which is suitable for farming tribes to live in.

According to historical records, the Chiyou tribe became the most powerful tribe in the farming tribe alliance headed by Emperor Yan because of the benefits of salt ponds and the method of metal smelting. Both Chiyou and Yandi are descendants of Shennong. The outstanding one is Yan Di, and the unsuccessful one is Chiyou.

There are three theories about the battle between Chiyou and Huangdi. One is that after Huangdi defeated Yandi, he defeated Chiyou again to consolidate the throne. The battle between Huangdi and Chiyou seems to be the aftermath of the battle of Huangdi. On the other hand, Chiyou expelled Chi Di (Emperor Yan), Chi Di appealed to the Yellow Emperor, and the two emperors joined hands to kill Chiyou in Zhongji; Third, Chiyou attacked the Yellow Emperor as a soldier and was defeated and killed.

The first statement, such as A Record of the Five Emperors, says: "Xuanyuan is Xiu De's army, which is in charge of five qi and five techniques, caressing the people, moving around, and teaching bears to be brave tigers in order to fight against Emperor Yan in Sakamoto's wilderness. Fight three battles and win. Chiyou's insurrection does not require the life of the emperor. As a warlord, the Yellow Emperor fought against Chiyou in the land of Zhuolu, so he attached himself to killing Chiyou. Tai Shigong said that the name of the Yellow Emperor was Xuanyuan, and the national name was Xiong Xuanyuan, which means car. It should refer to the name of the clan and its leader who invented the technology of making cars. For example, the technology of making farm tools is called Shennong, the technology of making fishing gear is called operator, and the technology of striking fire is called Suiren. There is the bear country. The "country" at that time was actually a tribe. Bear, Yi, Yi, raccoon, 【】 and tiger are the names of six animals, which should be the names of six clans in the bear tribe, or totems. Hanquan, water name, is in Yanqing County, Beijing today. Zhuolu, a mountain name, is located in Zhuolu County, Hebei Province, not far from Hanquan.

The second statement can be found in Yi Zhou Shu Taste Mai Jie: "Chiyou is chasing the emperor and fighting for the position of Zhuolu, and Chi Di is terrified. It is said that in the Yellow Emperor, Chiyou was killed in Zhongji. " It's called Guangping Land. The battle took place in the open area under Zhuolu Mountain, and the corner refers to the corner. "Nine" means a lot, not limited to eight plus one. "Jiujiao Qing" means that Chiyou expelled the Chi Di (jiyan) tribe without leaving a legacy. Emperor Ji refers to Jizhou in the Central Plains. Erya Dish: "Jizhou is called between two rivers". Guo Pu's Note: From Donghe to Xihe. At that time, the place where the Yellow River entered the sea was called Donghe, and the place south of Hetao was called Xihe. Note of Li Zhou Zhi Fang: "Zhengbeiyue Bingzhou" belongs to Taiyuan, Shanxi, Baoding and Zhengding, Hebei. "The Northeast is called Youzhou", which belongs to Beijing today. Ancient Jizhou is located in the south of seclusion and merger, south of Shanxi and southwest of Hebei. Legend has it that Chiyou was killed in Xiezhou, Yuncheng, Shanxi Province today.

The third argument, such as The Classic of Mountains and Seas, Huang Da North Classic, says: "Chiyou attacked the Yellow Emperor. The Yellow Emperor ordered Ying Long to attack the wild land of Jizhou. Livestock in Ying Long drink water. Chiyou asked Fengbo Rain God to make a big storm. Emperor Huangdi said that when the rain stopped, he killed Chiyou. Fengbo Rain Master is a wizard who is good at farming and meteorology of Chiyou tribe. Later, he became an agricultural meteorological god, and he set up a temple. He/kloc-gave a speech at the age of 0/8. " Han Feizi's Ten Years of Han Feizi said: "In the past, the Yellow Emperor put ghosts and gods on Mount Tai ... Chiyou was in front, Fengbo swept in, and the rain teacher sprinkled the road", which reflected the close relationship between the rain teacher in Fengbo and the Chiyou tribe, because the harvest department of agricultural tribes could not be separated from good weather.

It is impossible and unnecessary to examine right and wrong. For this prehistoric legend, which was circulated in Shanghai for thousands of years before it was recorded in books, historians pay attention to the historical shadow revealed in it; Ethnologists are concerned about the ethnic types, cultural characteristics and the formation and evolution of ethnic groups reflected in legends.

The result of Chiyou's defeat was captured and killed by the Yellow Emperor, which is recorded in history books, Yizhoushu and Shanhaijing. On the other hand, it was reused by the Yellow Emperor. For example, "Dragon Fish River Map" said: "The Yellow Emperor subdued Chiyou, and the Emperor made him the main soldier, ruling all directions." In the Qin and Han dynasties, there was a folk custom of paying homage to the shrine with Chiyou as the main soldier. As a result, Qin Shihuang's eastward expedition, Liu Bang of Emperor Gaozu set out from the folk ritual hall to kill you, which is contained in Historical Records, Closed Sutra, Historical Records and Biographies of Emperor Gaozu.

There is also a record in Guanzi Wuxing that the Yellow Emperor used Chiyou again: "In the past, the Yellow Emperor learned Chiyou and knew the way of heaven ... Chiyou knew the way of tomorrow, so it was formed at that time." "At that time" is an official name of the Yellow Emperor Tribal Alliance in the Central Plains. Its position and function are similar to those of Zhou Li's "heavenly officials" and those of later prime ministers. He is a minister who assists the leader (emperor) of the tribal alliance to manage the affairs of each tribe. The "Heaven" mentioned here refers to the experience and understanding of the moon order in the old days of astronomical calendar. Familiarity with these knowledge is the key to arrange the production and life of agricultural tribes and manage the agricultural tribal society well.

The record of two completely different endings of Chiyou reflects the different stages and sides of the relationship between the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou. "Chiyou" was originally the name of an agricultural tribe, not only the name of the tribal chief, but also the name of all the members of the tribe. The first chieftain of Chiyou tribe was called Chiyou, and the second chieftain was also called Chiyou. The first generation tribe members are called Chiyou, and the second generation tribe members are still called Chiyou. Just like the actual connotation of rumors such as "Five Emperors Rites" and "Three Hundred Years of the Yellow Emperor". Putting the post-war relationship between the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou into the historical background of primitive tribal wars, we can understand that killing is inevitable and it is impossible to kill them all. In the end, the defeated tribes can only live in their original state under the condition of submission.

Third, descendants of Chiyou

Records of settlements (so-called "cities" in later generations), tombs, shrines and other relics were left in the places where the Chiyou tribe lived. Tracing back to these relics, we can see the areas where the Chiyou tribe lived, thus revealing the clues of their descendants.

The record of Chiyou City can be found in Zhuoshui Tiao Ji (13 volumes of Shuijing Notes): "Zhuoshui comes out of Zhuolu Mountain, known as Zhanggongquan in the world, and the northeast flows through Zhuolu County, so it is south of the city ..." Wei Tuji said that there is Chiyou City six miles southeast of Zhuolu City. The spring is deep and does not flow, and the rain flows sideways to Han Spring. He also quoted Jin Taikang Geography as saying: "Hanquan is also a place name. The spring water flows northeast and meets Chiyou Spring, and the water flows out of Chiyou City, and the city has no east. " So Zhuolu is now in Zhuolu County, Hebei Province. Turbid water remains to be tested. Chiyou Spring is in Zhuolu County today. Hanquan is in Yanqing County, Beijing today.

"Taiping Universe, Hedong Road Seven" objectively exists in yi county: "Chiyou City is eighteen miles south of the county seat ... its city was destroyed today". Therefore, Anyi County is under the jurisdiction of Anyi Town, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province.

The record of the tomb of Chiyou can be found in the Notes of the Emperor's Tomb: "The tomb of Chiyou is seven feet high. In Kanxiang Town, Shouzhang County, Dongping, people often worship it in October. There is crimson and silky air, which people call Chiyou Banner. Shoulder burial is reunited in Juye county, Shanyang, with the same size as the burial. During the Three Kingdoms period, Dongping Shouzhang County and Yanggu Shouzhang County belonged to Jin. Yangshan Juye County is located in Juye County, Shandong Province.

The records of Chiyou Temple can be found in Historical Records of Zen Forest. Qin Shihuang toured the east, sealed Mount Tai, meditated on Fu Liang, and held a ceremony in Ba Shen. In Ba Shen, "Lord of the three armed forces, the shrine is Chiyou. Chiyou is in the township, belonging to Dongping, and the western boundary of Qi is also ". Dongping county, Shandong province, is now its old governance. In addition, the article recorded in Hanshu Geography East Shouliang (Zhang [9]): "Chiyou Temple is in the northwest of (Su) [10], and there is a city". When he was in Handong County, "Huangdi Chiyou was in Peiting". Pei County in Qin Dynasty was ruled by Pei County in Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province. Pei County faces Shandong across Weishan Lake to the east.

There is a saying in "Yi Taste Mai Jie" that "Chiyou's life is good". "Yu" is interpreted as "fate" here. In the house, the eaves are space, and in the country, it is space. This means that the Chiyou tribe was once arranged to live on the border of the Shao Hao tribe. At that time, Shao Hao tribes lived in Qufu as the center. "Zuo Zhuan Er Ding Four Years" Du Pre-notes: "Market, Qufu is also in Lucheng". Chiyou is in the west of Shao Hao.

"Historical Records, Biography of Huo Zhi, Volume I" says: "There is no need to sacrifice human-god in the villages of Taiyuan." He also said that "during the Hanwu period, there was a God of Chiyou in Taiyuan ... and its custom was to build a shrine". He also said, "There is a famous Chiyou opera in Jizhou today, with people in twos and threes and horns on their heads []. In the Han Dynasty, Jiao [] drama was created and its legacy was built. " During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Taiyuan County belonged to the state of Bing, the first county of Jinyang, and ruled Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province. Jizhou in Han Dynasty was located in the south of Hebei, the south of Shanxi and the north of the Yellow River in Henan Province.

According to the above records, the remains, customs and legends about Chiyou, which lasted for thousands of years, were captured in the Qin and Han Dynasties and are still preserved among the people with strong colors. In the vast area from Zhuolu, Hebei Province in the north, Yuncheng, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province in the west, Dongping, Shandong Province in the east, and Pei County, Jiangsu Province in the south, the custom of killing people in the ritual temple has been enduring for a long time. According to the ancient custom of "people don't worship non-ethnic groups", there must be a large number of descendants of Chiyou in these areas, which can form and maintain the social conditions for worshipping Chiyou folk customs. In the Han Dynasty, these areas were the political, economic and cultural centers of the Han nationality. Undoubtedly, quite a few descendants of Chiyou became members of the Han nationality.

Descendants of Chiyou were found among those registered, including the Tu family of Zou. Wang Jia's "Notes" records: "Xuanyuan's plan to Chiyou moved his people to the land of Zoutu and his people to their hometown in the north. First named after the earth, then divided into Zou's Tu's ". Zou Tushi is now a common surname of Han nationality.

"Hometown of the North" refers to the cold and barren land in the North, which is found in the poem Xiaoya Xiang Bo. It is also well known that "the north is too cold and has no soil, no vegetation, and it is cold and frozen." It shows that some descendants of Chiyou were moved to the north. Tao Ketao, a Mongolian scholar, wrote "The Spring and Autumn Period of Felt Country-Xiongnu Chapter", arguing that Chiyou was the title of Xiongnu in the legendary era, and the meat porridge chased by Huangdi in the north was considered as Chiyou [1 1] (a tribal descendant). Sima Zhen's Textual Research on Historical Records explains the meat porridge as follows: "Xiongnu is also known as Tang Yu's Shanrong, also known as Xunzhou, Chunwei, Guifang, Zhou Yue [Yan Yan] and Xiongnu", and "Zhou Shu Diji No.1": "Taizu Wen Bao Wen Shi, fearing Tai Wei, and the word" Wu Otter "replaces Wu. It first came from Yandi Shennong, and was later destroyed by the Yellow Emperor. The descendants fled to Ye Shuo. " The book Genealogy Table of Prime Ministers in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty points out: "The Yuwen family came from Nandan of Xiongnu. "