For details, please check the history of ceramics in Song Dynasty.

Monochrome glazed porcelain in the Song Dynasty made great achievements, with famous kilns all over the country, the most famous of which are "Ru, Jun, Guan, Ge and Ding".

Five famous kilns.

1, such as Yao

Ruyao porcelain is the first of the five famous porcelains in Song Dynasty. The kiln site is located in Qingliangsi Village, Baofeng County, Henan Province. It was named Ruzhou Land in the Song Dynasty. In addition to celadon, Ru kiln also fires black porcelain, sauce glaze porcelain and jun glaze porcelain, among which celadon is the most exquisite. Ruyao celadon has a delicate fetal quality, showing different shades of "incense ash". Similar to the official kilns of the same period, the glaze color is mainly pink blue, but also sky blue and egg blue. There are transparent and opaque glaze layers. Glaze green is generally an inherent wood light. Opening is an important feature of Ru kiln, and there are few non-grain pieces. The stripes are staggered in depth and length, dense but not chaotic. The utensils are all small, and the shapes are mostly plates, dishes and washing, among which the oval four-legged basin is unique to Ru kiln. The firing time of Ru kiln is very short, and less than 100 pieces survived, which is very precious. Imitation began to appear in Xuande in Ming Dynasty, and Yongzheng in early Qing Dynasty was able to imitate it quite well. In recent years, new imitation Ru kiln porcelain has also appeared in Henan Province.

2. Jun kiln

Jun kiln originated in Yuxian County, Henan Province. Because of its close relationship with Ru kiln, it has always been said that "You are like a gentleman". Jun kiln began to burn in the Northern Song Dynasty and flourished in the late Northern Song Dynasty. During the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, it continued to be fired, and its influence spread to Hebei and Shanxi provinces, becoming a large-scale Jun kiln system.

Jun kiln has two characteristics, namely milky white glaze and kiln change. The basic glaze color of Jun kiln is cyan with different shades, which can be divided into three categories: sky blue, sky blue and moonlight white. Due to the infiltration of copper red glaze into the glaze, unpredictable red kiln changes appear after firing, including rose red, sand pearl red, begonia red, eggplant skin purple, carmine red, chicken blood red and so on. The whole body is red and purple, blue and white, and the blending of glaze colors causes countless kiln changes of different colors and shapes, which is another feature that distinguishes Jun porcelain from other celadon. The purple in Jun glaze is particularly striking, and all kinds of purple are the result of the mutual integration of red glaze and blue glaze. An important feature of Jun porcelain glaze is that earthworms walk in the mud, that is, there are glaze marks with different lengths extending from top to bottom. Later generations can't burn the same effect when copying Jun porcelain in Song Dynasty, so whether there are "earthworms walking in the mud" has become an important basis for identifying Jun porcelain in Song Dynasty. Another feature of Song Jun porcelain is that the outer soles of porcelain are generally coated with sesame paste glaze.

All the Jun kiln furnishings porcelain fired in the palace are engraved with the numbers one, two and three. The smaller the number, the larger the object. Because Jun kiln porcelain has been handed down from generation to generation, it is precious.

3. Official kilns

Official kilns refer to the official kilns in Bianjing (Kaifeng) in the Northern Song Dynasty and Xiuneisi and Xiatan in Hangzhou in the Southern Song Dynasty. Because they specialize in firing palace utensils, the output is very small, and there are few handed down products.

The glaze color of official kiln porcelain in Northern Song Dynasty is mainly pink and white. Although it is called "not as good as you", it is also as bright as a pile of grease, and the glazed reddish-brown or non-stained blocks are sparse or dense. The Zhi Ding mark can be seen at the bottom. The utensils are all kinds of furniture and stationery. There are many bronzes and jades that imitate the shapes of Shang, Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties.

The glaze color of official kilns in Southern Song Dynasty is mainly pink blue with stripes. At the bottom, the mouth edge and the thin corner glaze, the tire will burn purple-brown, which is called "purple mouth iron foot", which is a typical feature of the official kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty.

4. Ge Yao

The origin of Geyao can't be verified. The distinctive feature of porcelain is that the whole body is covered with fragments, and the fragments are of the same size. The large pieces are iron black and the small pieces are golden yellow, which is called "golden thread". The formation principle of cracked glaze is that the glaze surface is cracked due to the difference in expansion between tire and glaze, which is originally a defect. Ge Kiln, on the other hand, is artificially controlled and deliberately used as a decorative feature, which makes the glaze appear ice cracks or caviar-like stripes, and then dyed with yellow or black shades, forming a kind of incomplete beauty. Ge kiln has two kinds of porcelain tires and sand tires. The fetal bones are different in thickness, and the fetal colors are black, gray and yellow. Due to the thick glaze layer, the appearance of the utensils is round and full. Glaze color is mostly gray-blue, and some are moonlight, pink, beige and other colors. The bottom is fired with Zhi Ding and coated with ochre and purple-black tire protector. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there have been many imitations of Geyao, most of which are Jingdezhen official kiln products. Chenghua in the mid-Ming Dynasty and the imitations of Yongzheng and Qianlong in the early Qing Dynasty are quite exquisite, but they lack a quaint and quiet charm.

5. Ding kiln

Ding Yao Kiln, located in Quyang County, Hebei Province, is famous for its rich white porcelain. Ding kiln began in the early Tang Dynasty, and reached its peak in the Northern Song Dynasty, but it stopped burning in the Yuan Dynasty. The fetal bone is delicate and white, light and beautiful, which is an important feature of Ding Yao white porcelain. The glaze decoration of Ding Kiln is the most wonderful in Song Dynasty porcelain. Carving white porcelain in Dingyao in the early Song Dynasty. Later, the combination of carving and carving appeared. In the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, Ding Kiln began to use printing decoration. Decorative patterns are mostly in bowls and plates, and the layout is symmetrical from left to right and up and down, featuring thinness and density. Similar to the method of silk reeling in Song Dynasty. In the early and middle period of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Ding kiln was burned upside down with saggers, and the edges of the utensils were glazed, and some of the utensils were stuck with sand or burn marks at the bottom. In the later period, the mouth edge of the kiln cover is facing down, so there is a "awn" on the mouth edge, but the fired utensils are very regular. As a tribute porcelain used by the royal family, the mouth is covered with gold, silver or copper, which is more luxurious and noble, so it is called "golden ware". In addition to white glaze, Dingyao also produces black glaze and sauce glaze, which are called black glaze and sauce glaze. Their prices are higher than Ding Bai's and they are rare treasures.

The imitation of Jingdezhen in Song Dynasty was called Fending. The difference is that Jingdezhen copywriting has a bright glaze, no tears, and radial knife marks can be seen in the foot.

Jun porcelain

One of the famous porcelain kilns in the Northern Song Dynasty. The kiln site is located in Bagua Cave, Yuzhou City, Henan Province. Jun Kiln uses different colors of iron and copper to produce various glaze colors, such as blue with red and purple spots, pure azure and pure moonlight. Based on opal cyan, it has an opaque and opaque effect. Another feature of Jun porcelain is that irregular flowing thin lines often appear on the glaze, which is called "earthworm walking mud line". Jun kiln porcelain is a rare porcelain in the history of China. It has a wide variety and unique shape, and is famous for its magnificent and peculiar Jun glaze. Its achievement is that copper metal is added to the glaze, which causes kiln change at high temperature, so that the glaze is mainly blue and blue, including rose purple and begonia red. As colorful as the morning glow, it is known as the "national treasure". In the Song Dynasty, it enjoyed the reputation of "gold is priceless" and "even if there is a wealth, it is not as good as Jun porcelain".

Official porcelain

Official kilns are one of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty, which are divided into two categories: north and south. According to documents, during the period from Huizong Zhenghe to Xuanhe at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty (11-kloc-0/125), in Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan), the government set up a kiln to burn celadon, which was called the official kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty. After the Song Dynasty moved south to Hangzhou, there was a kiln under the Phoenix Mountain in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, which was called Inner Silk Kiln, also known as "Inner Silk Kiln". Later, a new kiln was built in Wuguishan, the southern suburb of Hangzhou, which is the official kiln under the suburban altar. The above are collectively referred to as the official kilns of the Southern Song Dynasty.

The official kiln is famous for firing green glazed porcelain. The main types of containers are bottles, statues, washings, plates and bowls, as well as pots, stoves, utensils and utensils that imitate Zhou and Han bronzes. The shape of the vessel usually has an elegant palace style. The selection of raw materials for porcelain firing and the blending of glaze color are also very particular. The porcelain clay used has a very high iron content, so the color of fetal bone is black and purple. The edge of the mouth of the vessel is purple-black under the thin glaze because of the vertical flow of glaze, commonly known as "purple mouth"; And the feet are exposed, so they are called "iron feet"

The official kiln porcelain in Song Dynasty not only pays attention to the texture, but also pursues the beauty of glaze color. Its thick glazed plain porcelain has few decorative patterns, mainly decorated with glaze colors, such as azure, pink, beige and putty. Generally, the glaze layer is thick and there are many cracks on the glaze surface. This kind of crack is very different from that of Geyao at the same time. Generally speaking, the official kiln has large ice cracks with thick glaze and small fragments with thin glaze, and Ge kiln is best at fine caviar patterns.

Ding Yao

Ding kiln is one of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty. The ancient kiln site group is located in Quyang County, Hebei Province. Quyang County was under the jurisdiction of Dingzhou in Song Dynasty. Because Lu Yu named the kiln site after the state capital in the Tang Dynasty, the porcelain produced here was called Ding Kiln Porcelain at that time and later. At present, the remains of Ding Yao site and the artifacts unearthed from ancient tombs can confirm that Ding Yao started to burn porcelain in the Tang Dynasty, and it is the largest producer of white porcelain in China after Yao Xing.

According to the quality of porcelain collected by the court, the concept of five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty was first put forward in Xuande Dingpuyi in Xuanzong period of Ming Dynasty (AD 1428). The kiln products of Chai, Ru, Guan and Ge recommended in this book belong to the category of celadon. Only Ding Kiln not only fired a large number of white glazed porcelain, but also successively fired black, green, purple, sauce color, brown, ochre, yellow, orange, red, blue, kiln discoloration, underglaze color painting, underglaze gold color ... and other exquisite porcelain with bright colors and bright glaze colors, which merged into rich glaze painting techniques and decorative arts.

Ding kiln porcelain products in the Northern Song Dynasty were favored by the royal family and the public, not only because of its rich and gorgeous glaze color, but also because of its exquisite matrix decoration such as carving, carving, grating, printing, applique, plastic pile, hollowing out and carving, as well as magical and changeable object modeling design. The tire soil used in Ding kiln products has been carefully washed, and the soil quality is fine, white and moist. Therefore, the fetal bones of Ding kiln porcelain with different glaze colors, different shapes and different periods all show consistent and specific white, which is unmatched by other kiln imitators.

Ge Yao

Geyao porcelain in Song Dynasty is solemn in shape, simple and elegant, elegant and natural in glaze color, especially famous for its unique and magical ornamentation. Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty wrote ten poems praising Geyao porcelain. There is no record of Geyao in the literature of Song Dynasty, and Kong Qi mentioned Geyao Cave for the first time in Yuan Dynasty. Because the site of Geyao kiln has not been discovered so far, it has been covered with a mysterious veil.

There are bowls, plates, dishes, washing, bottles, fish ear stoves, cans and so on. When firing, pad firing technology is mostly used, and Zhi Ding branch firing is used in some cases. The tire colors are black gray, dark gray, light gray, khaki, etc., and the tire quality is porcelain tire and sand tire. The fetus is dark gray and dark gray, with purple mouth and iron feet, light gray and khaki without purple mouth and iron feet. The glaze is opaque and opaque, and the glaze is mainly grayish blue, and there are also sand beige, light grayish blue and beige. There are patterns on the glaze, a combination of large and small patterns, a small caviar pattern, a large pattern of black and small yellow all-silk iron wire, and some patterns have only one color. Stripes are distinguished by color, such as eel blood, gold and iron thread, light yellow roe pattern. According to the shape of the opening, there are reticulate patterns, plum patterns, scraps, caviar patterns and so on.

Since the birth of Geyao porcelain in the Song Dynasty, this kind of porcelain with unique style has flourished and emerged in an endless stream, and scholars and writers in past dynasties have written poems in praise. Glaze, in particular, has distinct layers and various patterns, which not only creates a new aesthetic taste in the history of China ceramics, but also has a sense of "being as clever as gold and as bright as jade".

History of Ru Ci

China has been famous for its ceramics since ancient times. In English, the original meaning of China is porcelain. Ru Ci is one of the five famous porcelains in the Song Dynasty, which is named after its production in Ruzhou. Its emergence, formation and development have experienced ups and downs for hundreds of years, which is of epoch-making significance in the history of China ceramics. In particular, Ru Ci, the treasure of Ru Ci, as a palace article in the Song Dynasty, was a flash in the pan in just 20 years from 1086 to106, and then disappeared into the dust of war. Because it is imperial, it must not be circulated among the people; Because it is glazed with agate, it is brightly colored in a certain light and looks like a star. It is considered too masculine, and the imperial ministers dare not bury it with it, making it a rare treasure. At present, there are less than 10 museums in the world that collect less than 70 pieces of Ru Ci in the Song Dynasty, so there is a saying that "it is better to be rich than Ru Ci". 1In the autumn of 992, a Rusong kiln tray with a diameter of only 8 cm was auctioned in new york, and the transaction price was as high as1540,000 US dollars. At an auction in Hong Kong, a statue of Song Ruyao's Three Sacrifices changed hands for HK$ 50 million!

How did Ru Ci's priceless national treasure come into being and develop in the long history of China ceramic culture?

A long history and rich cultural heritage.

China famous porcelain "Ru, Jun, Guan, Ge, Ding", there are three kinds in Henan. Ru Ci comes from Pingdingshan. According to the current research, ancient ceramic kiln sites are widely distributed in Ruzhou, Lushan, Baofeng, Jiaxian, Luoyang and other places under the jurisdiction of Pingdingshan today, which are roughly divided into two natural areas and six production areas.

The southeast of Ruhe River includes Yanhedian Ruyao District, Daying Liang Qing Temple Ruyao District, Duandian District and Liangwa Ruyao District. Among them, 26 ancient Ru kilns have been found in Yanhedian area. The products are mainly carved with Ru Ci bean green glaze, and there are also a large number of azure glaze, azure glaze, moonlight glaze, black glaze, floral glaze, brownish red glaze, hanging color and white glaze. Rich relics and various utensils are the early relics of Ru kiln in Song Dynasty.

The total area of Duandian and Liangwa sites is about 50,000 square meters. The main products are cans, cans, pots, bottles, waist drums and other civil porcelain. There are many kinds of flower glazes, such as hard stone, fine enamel, blue as precious stone and floating clouds, which are pleasing to the eye. Flower porcelain, also known as "Tang Jun", is a kind of handicraft with both ornamental and practical functions. So far, only five kiln sites for firing porcelain in the Tang Dynasty have been found, four in Henan and two in Pingdingshan. A black glazed waist drum and a black glazed blue pot now in the Palace Museum in Beijing have been confirmed as "Lushan Flower Porcelain" by relevant experts according to the relevant records in the Record of Jiegu in the Tang Dynasty and the investigation of the unearthed artifacts at Duandian kiln site. This area is centered on the Duandian of Lushan Mountain, connected with Baixiangdian and Taohuadian, and echoes the Ruyao that rose in Liangwa during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. After Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, it integrates production technology, product development, firing technology and management. Businessmen gathered in the heyday, which promoted the rise of Ruyao in the later period and the development of ceramic technology in China.

What is particularly striking in the southeast of Ruhe River is the Ruins of Ruyao in Liang Qing Temple of Baofeng Daying (Baofeng was once in Ruzhou). The kiln site is 25 kilometers north of Ruzhou, with a total area of1100000 square meters. Porcelain and kiln furniture are piled up like mountains, and the kiln sites are adjacent. Rich in cultural relics, including Jun porcelain, Tang Sancai, Henan black glazed Tianmu porcelain, and black-flowered porcelain on a white background. 1987, Henan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology tried to dig, and found kiln sites, workshops, ash pits and other relics. In a small kiln pit, more than 20 pieces of various kinds of porcelain were unearthed at one time, including Ru kiln green glazed shoulder-folded bottle, green glazed goose neck bottle, green glazed Ru Ci plate, pink green glazed lotus teacup and so on. , is handed down from Ru Ci. Its color is green as fat, moist as jade, and its fine ice cracks are as thin as cicadas' wings, and it is crystal clear, which is recognized as a treasure handed down from generation to generation in Ru Ci. This excavation opened the prelude to the study of the mystery of Ruguan kiln mouth, which was called a major breakthrough in the history of ceramic archaeology by experts at home and abroad.

In order to further find out the location of Ru Guan Kiln, in the autumn of 1988 and the spring of 1989, Henan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology conducted two excavations on the kiln site of Liang Qing Temple, and more than 2,000 pieces of complete recoverable porcelain and kiln furniture were unearthed, among which the kiln furniture was completely consistent with Ru Guan porcelain handed down from ancient times. 1999, the institute tried to excavate the sidewalks of Liang Qing Temple dwellings, and obtained thousands of pieces of Ru Guan porcelain. In June 2000, with the approval of National Cultural Heritage Administration, the Institute conducted the sixth excavation of the site. Within an area of 475 square meters, 15 Ruguan kilns, 2 workshops, 2 large mud pits, 2 glaze pits, 22 ash pits, as well as a well and a large number of Ruguan kiln porcelain, saggers, cakes, washers, gas appliances, etc. with relatively complete shapes and rich varieties were cleared. At the same time, the excavation of a "Yuanfeng Bao Tong" provides an important basis for the historical upper limit of your official porcelain. In the same year1October 18, the Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau and the Baofeng County People's Government held an "expert seminar" and a "press conference" on the new archaeological discovery of Siru Guanyao site in Liang Qing. Nearly 20 experts from China Academy of Social Sciences, National Cultural Heritage Administration, China Archaeological Society and China Ancient Ceramics Research Society attended the meeting. Experts spoke highly of the excavation results of Sirui Imperial Kiln Site in Liang Qing, and believed that this achievement has important academic value for further study of Chinese ceramic history.

Mysterious land, rare treasure

1one day in the winter of 978, several villagers in Yan Village, Zhifang Township, Ruzhou City inadvertently dug up several pieces of pottery. One of them is the photo of storks and stone axes, the painted pottery pots now in the Chinese History Museum. According to the determination of carbon fourteen, this national treasure is the product of Yangshao culture in primitive society, which has been around for 6000 years.

Located in the northwest of Jiaxian County 10 km, the Huangdao Ruyao production area was rich in porcelain as early as the middle of the Tang Dynasty. The kiln site is located on the East Horseshoe River in Huangdao Village, with a total area of10500m2 and a cultural layer thickness of 3m. Products are mainly white, black, blue, moonlight, sky blue, purple and other glaze colors. Some bowls and cans are painted with flowers and plants, with the words "flowers, snow" and "spring, summer, autumn and winter" written on them. The glaze color is rich, simple and dazzling. Both the Palace Museum in Beijing and the Shanghai Museum have glazed white-spot jars of Huangdao Kiln. The products of Huangdao Kiln are often white glaze, black glaze, yellow-brown glaze, sky blue glaze and tea foam glaze with sky blue or moon white, and the kiln changes into various colors, which is a precedent for Jun Kiln technology, one of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty. Qiaozhugou Ruyao Site is located at the northwest of Jiaxian County15km, which is an ancient kiln site in Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, with a total area of about18000m2. Most of the products are folk products, and the glaze colors are azure, sky blue and moonlight white. At the same time, the glaze color of Jun porcelain is also fired, such as rose red, kudzuvine flower purple, dragon liver, horse lung and Xia Hong after rain. The mountains here are full of high-quality porcelain raw materials kaolin and glaze, and Yuzhou Jun Kiln still comes here to buy materials. Mr. Ye Zhe, a famous ceramic expert in China, said in a poem: "Jun and Jun are inseparable, and the immortals are married. Although the azure glaze color is similar, each has its own advantages and is better. "

There are two other producing areas in Ruhe Northeast Natural Area, one is located on the west side of grouse mountain in Dayu Township. Is Yuzhou God in the east? Town is an important base for producing Jun porcelain. There are 72 Ru porcelain kilns here, and the cultural relics department has excavated 14. Products are mainly daily-use porcelain, stationery, handicrafts and so on. Exquisite shape, plain and grain-free, with sky blue and sky blue glaze as the main features, elegant and solemn, juicy and shiny, with fine ice cracks on the glaze. These products were found many times in the Song Gong site in Kaifeng. The other is located in Ruzhou and its suburbs. Eight sites have been found in this area, and ancient porcelain pieces have been unearthed, including carved flowers with bean green and glaze colors such as azure, sky blue and moonlight white. In May 2000, the Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau dug a ditch at the intersection of Ruzhou Zhongjie and Zhanggong Lane, and unearthed a large number of boxes and bowls, two of which were well preserved. At the same time, a large number of unique celadon pieces have been unearthed, which are exactly the same as the celadon Ru Ci of Liang Qing Temple. Its color is elegant and shiny, and its glaze is as thin as cicada's wings. It is mostly used in tableware, tea sets, wine sets, stationery and handicrafts. Exquisite craftsmanship, thin glaze and thin tires. Also unearthed are ancient coins and broken agate glaze, glass rods for carving, bone implements for carving, and plain-fired blanks.

In June of 200 1 year, the Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology conducted the second excavation in Zhanggong Lane, covering an area of 40 square meters, and found a large number of plain tires. Except for a few tires, the shape of the bottom can be seen as a narcissus basin handed down from generation to generation, and many others can't tell the type of device. The produced tires are uniform in thickness and fine in production. They not only inherited the rolling foot and firing technology of Ru kiln in Liang Qing Temple, but also developed it. The feet are straight, narrow and short, which is different from other Song Dynasty porcelains. There are many kinds of saggers, such as buckets, bowls and plates, and the bottom and mouth edge are coated with alkaline earth. After trial firing, the color of the unearthed glaze is consistent with that of the unearthed porcelain, and the firing temperature is 1250℃, which is consistent with the firing process in Ru Ci recorded in historical books.

In July of 200 1 year, a resident found a unique layer of materials at the intersection of Wang Song Road and Zhong Da Street in Ruzhou City, covering an area of about 40 square meters. Wenli Zhu, an expert from Ru Ci, tried to burn it, and it was identified as the colored glaze of the Song Dynasty. The porcelain pieces unearthed in this site and the samples of porcelain pieces in Zhanggong Lane are very similar to the existing bowls in Beijing Palace Museum in terms of glaze color, ice cracks and exquisite utensils. In the same year 10, the 200 1 year Ruzhou Annual Meeting of China Ancient Ceramics Research Association and Ru Ci International Academic Research Association was held in Ruzhou. According to the scientific examination of the porcelain pieces unearthed from Baofeng Liang Qing Temple, Ruzhou Confucian Temple and Zhanggong Lane, the experts concluded that Ruzhou could be the target of the new Ruguan porcelain kiln.

From the above incomplete excavation, we can draw a conclusion: Ru kiln craftsmen have inherited the wisdom of their predecessors from generation to generation, creating overseas rare porcelain and unique carved printed celadon. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, because the imperial court thought that Dingzhou had "white porcelain with awns", it ordered Ruzhou to build a green porcelain kiln to burn royal porcelain for the court, thus forming a unique and wonderful process: the tire was firm and thin, the glaze color was uniform, the color was rich and the shape was elegant. Your official porcelain has a complete range, which is treasured by the imperial court, and folk porcelain is more loved by many people. It was once praised as "the first celadon and the first Ru kiln" in Baihua Porcelain Art Garden in Song Dynasty.