How to improve the production level of pigs

At present, some small and medium-sized farms that can breed 30-50 sows or less than 500 commercial fat pigs lack effective technical guidance in variety selection, feeding management and disease prevention and control. The production level is low, the anti-risk ability is weak, and the breeding benefit is poor. In order to give full play to the genetic potential of pigs, ensure the effective supply of pork market and increase the income of farm households, experts in the national pig industry technology system suggest taking the following technical measures to improve the production level of pigs. Sows are the basis of commercial pig production, so it is very important to select sows before buying. It is suggested that small and medium-sized farmers should not raise sows in fattening pigs.

(a) according to the market demand, combined with the level and conditions of feeding management, select the appropriate sow varieties.

If fattening pigs are to be shipped to large and medium-sized cities for sale, or cooperate with large slaughter and processing enterprises, and the slaughter rate and carcass lean meat rate are required to be high, it is necessary to choose imported hybrid sows with high lean meat rate, such as Landrace or Landrace, and to raise and cultivate sows; If the requirement for lean meat rate is not high, you can choose local and imported hybrid sows. Farmers who lack pig-raising technology and experience should choose breeding pig breeds and their matching combinations with good adaptability, strong disease resistance and stress resistance, and high growth and fattening performance. Professional households with certain pig-raising experience and technical accumulation are advised to choose large or long sows.

(two) to understand the reproductive performance characteristics of different breeds of pigs.

Comparatively speaking, the reproductive performance advantages of local varieties and cultivated varieties are more obvious than those of imported varieties. Local pigs have early sexual maturity, more ovulation, more litters, more nipples, strong lactation, obvious estrus symptoms and high fertility. The estrus symptoms of imported pigs are not obvious, the breeding time is not easy to master, the estrus elimination rate is high, repeated infertility, the litter size of first-born pigs after weaning or estrus, and the lactation ability and offspring protection are not as good as those of domestic local pigs.

(3) Pay attention to the individual selection of sow.

It is appropriate to choose individuals who are 4~5 months old and weigh 50~75 kg. At this stage, the growth and development, physical appearance, reproductive organs and nipples of pigs are basically stereotyped, and it is easy to choose appearance. The main appearance requirements for selecting a reserve sow are: obvious breed characteristics (coat color, head type, ear type, etc. ), good figure, delicate face, light head and neck, strong physique and straight back line; The nipples are arranged evenly and neatly, with a certain spacing, without blind nipples and accessory nipples, and there are more than 6 pairs of effective nipples; The reproductive organs are well developed, and the vulva is large and drooping; The limbs and hooves are strong, without obvious limping and split hooves.

In addition, special attention should be paid to the health status of the selected sows. It is best to collect blood samples from selected sows and send them to qualified testing institutions for testing, and then make a choice according to the results. Breeding pigs should generally be introduced from breeding farms with perfect epidemic prevention system and strict implementation, and breeding pigs come from non-epidemic areas. (1) Consult the farm to find out what kind of hybrid piglets are and the vaccine immunity.

(2) Pay attention to the choice of body shape and appearance. Young pigs with long waist, flat and round abdomen, prominent and plump buttocks, flat and slightly wide back and thin skin and hair are generally the hybrid offspring of lean pigs. This kind of pig grows fast when fattening and has high feed reward.

(3) Buy healthy and disease-free piglets. Any pig with good eyes, clear nose, moist fur, vigorous and lively spirit, often wagging his head and tail, curly tail tip, crisp voice, no diarrhea, and lumpy feces shows that it is a healthy pig.

(four) to buy nearby, to avoid epidemic areas. Generally speaking, it is not appropriate to buy piglets in a distant piglet trading market, but to buy them nearby in order to understand the breeding situation and the occurrence of diseases.

(5) Buy big and strong pigs. Piglets are heavy, have strong vitality, gain weight quickly when fattening, save feed and have low morbidity and mortality. Everyone's experience is "give birth to one or two more, wean one catty more;" One kilo more in one column and ten kilos more in one column. "The weight of piglets aged 50-60 days shall not be lower than 1 1 kg ~ 15 kg. It is often not worth the loss to buy weak piglets with lagging fattening just to save money. To improve the reproductive ability of sows, besides scientific selection of reserve sows, timely breeding and elimination, and precise feeding at all stages are the technical keys to improve the production efficiency of breeding sows and realize high-yield and efficient breeding of breeding sows. For small and medium-sized farmers, it is recommended to buy semen nearby for artificial insemination, which is not suitable for breeding boars. Especially in summer, using artificial insemination technology can better ensure the quality of semen and improve the pregnancy rate.

(A) the technical points of sow feeding management

1. Make a scientific diet. Pay attention to the energy concentration and protein level in the diet, especially the supplement of mineral elements and vitamins, so as to promote the healthy development of gilts and breed in the second or third estrus.

2. Reasonable feeding. Feed special feed for sows and avoid feeding feed for growing and finishing pigs. The nutritional level of sows should be high before and low after. Generally, free feeding is carried out before 90kg, and the combination of limited feeding and free feeding is carried out after 90kg. Sows should be fed about 2.5kg every day, divided into 2-3 times, and supplied with sufficient clean drinking water to prevent sows from obesity and delay estrus. End feeding restriction two weeks before mating, and conduct optimal feeding to induce estrus. The daily feed intake increased to 2.5~3 kg, and returned to about 2 kg after mating.

3. Reasonable grouping. Sows are generally raised in groups, with 5-6 sows in each column, and each sow covers an area of at least 1.5 square meters.

4. Exercise properly. Exercise properly every day to enhance physical fitness and enhance the flexibility and firmness of limbs.

5. Promote timely estrus of sows. Exercise twice a day, increase the light time, and stimulate sow estrus with adult boar stimulation. Eliminate oestrus sows in time.

(2) Technical points of feeding and management of empty pregnant sows.

The key to the management of empty pregnant sows is to maintain the normal breeding conditions of sows, so that sows can ovulate in estrus and get pregnant in time. The technical points are as follows:

1. Provide a high nutritional level diet and maintain a moderate diet. If the sow is too thin or too fat, it will not estrus, ovulate less, the egg vitality is weak, and the fertilization ability is low, which is easy to cause the sow to be empty-minded.

2. Use short-term optimized feeding techniques to promote estrus and ovulation. During the period from10 to14 days before mating, the feeding amount of the reserve sow increased by about 0.5 kg on the basis of the original daily feeding amount, and stopped feeding after mating; The feed intake of multiparous sows is increased by 0.4 kg on the basis of the original daily feed intake, and the feed intake is increased or decreased according to the physical condition.

3. Group feeding, proper exercise and luring boars. Generally, 4-5 animals in each group stimulate each other, which is beneficial to estrus mating as soon as possible. Sows can exercise freely for 2~3 hours every day. Chasing estrus sows with experimental boars or polyculture boars in the same circle can promote estrus and ovulation of estrus sows.

4. Do a good job in estrus identification of empty pregnant sows to avoid missing and mismatched matches. There are two methods to identify estrus: identification according to estrus symptoms and boar test. Generally, sows in pre-estrus straddle other sows, with swollen vulva, red vaginal mucosa and mucus, but do not accept boars straddling (lasting 12~36 hours); In the middle of estrus, when the sow presses her back, she stands still, her ears stand upright, her vulva is swollen, her vaginal mucosa is reddish, her mucus is thin and transparent, and there is no sound in her mouth (standing still for people). This is the best time for insemination. In the late estrus, sows tend to be stable, vulva begins to contract, vaginal mucosa is lavender and sticky, and they are unwilling to accept boars.

5. Timely breeding. The first mating age and weight of local hybrid sows are generally 7-7.5 months and 80-90 kg, while the adaptive age and weight of imported sows are generally 8- 10 months,1/kloc-0-120 kg. The best mating time for oestrus sows is the middle oestrus. After microscopic examination, the sperm motility of boar can only be bred or artificially inseminated if it is above 0.7.

6. Treat reproductive tract diseases. When sows, especially high-yielding sows, have reproductive tract diseases, they should be diagnosed and treated in time. Under normal production conditions, some sows do not estrus for a long time or have frequent estrus, and sows that have not used drugs to urge estrus and improve feeding management or have estrus for more than three times should be eliminated in time. Generally, sows with 3 ~ 4 litters have the highest litter size, and the litter size of 6 litters is reduced, so the litter performance is biased, so this sow should be eliminated.

(III) Technical Points of Feeding and Management of Pregnant Sows

1. Do a good job in feeding management of pregnant sows in two key periods. The first period is the first 1 month after the sow is pregnant. Because of the environment and unreasonable nutritional stimulation, the embryo is easy to fall off and die. In the meantime, special attention should be paid to keeping pregnant sows quiet, reducing stress and preventing stillbirth and miscarriage. The second period is one month before the delivery of pregnant sows, and the required nutrients are obviously increased. At this time, we should pay attention to strengthening nutrition, ensuring feed quality and increasing feeding quantity appropriately.

2. Keep pregnant sows healthy. The fattening status of pregnant sows is mainly controlled by changing the feed amount to prevent obesity or emaciation. Sows in good health can be fed with 2~2.5 kg diet before and during pregnancy, and can be optimized for a short time in the late pregnancy (84 days before delivery ~ 1 week). The short-term optimal feeding is to increase the total mixing of 1 kg every day according to the physical condition of sows.

3. Do a good job in pregnancy diagnosis. Do a good job in the ultrasonic diagnosis of pregnancy at 18~24 days and 39~45 days after mating, and find sows that are estrus again or are not pregnant in time.

(4) Technical points of sow feeding and lactation management.

1. Make prenatal preparations. Including accurate calculation of the expected date of delivery (the gestation period of pigs is 1 14 days), preparation of dry cloth, silk thread, scissors, disinfectant, piglet delivery box, heat preservation lamp and other delivery supplies and equipment. The midwife should first disinfect the arms and delivery equipment.

2. Do a good job of feeding sows before and after delivery. Pay special attention to the sow's condition 5~7 days before labor, and deal with the problems in time to ensure the normal digestive tract of sow and prevent constipation and temperature rise. Sows can be fed 1~ 1.5 kg diet on the day of delivery, and fed with bran brine soup (20 g of bran, 25 g of salt and 2 kg of water) 2~3 days after delivery, and the feeding amount is 1/3~ 1/2 of the normal feeding amount, and then gradually transition to free feeding.

3. Management of sows before and after delivery. Move the sow into the delivery room 5~7 days before labor, pay attention to the sow, strengthen nursing and prevent premature delivery. Bathe the sow before entering the delivery room, clean the sow's breasts and genitals before delivery, and then scrub and disinfect with 0. 1% potassium permanganate aqueous solution to keep the sow's breasts and nipples clean and sanitary, and reduce the pollution of piglets during breastfeeding.

4. Key points of sow delivery. It is necessary to be on duty day and night to take turns to care for the sows in labor, and be ready for delivery at any time. After the piglet is born, immediately dry the mucus on the nose, mouth and whole body with a cloth to make the piglet breathe smoothly. The umbilical cord was cut about 3 cm away from the abdomen of piglets, and the decapitation was disinfected with 2% iodine tincture.

5. Treatment of sow dystocia. Medical midwifery: the dosage of oxytocin is 2ml per 100kg body weight, and piglets can be produced within 20 ~ 30min after injection. If it fails, you need artificial midwifery. Artificial midwifery: Midwives cut their nails, wash their hands with soapy water, disinfect their hands and arms with disinfectant, apply lubricant, and clean the delivery door of sows. Hands are tapered, palms up. When the sow is in charge, she slowly reaches into the birth canal to hold the piglet and then pulls it out. After pulling out 1 piglet, if it is a natural birth, there is no need for artificial midwifery. Inject antibiotics into sows after operation to prevent infection.

6. Fix nipples to ensure that piglets eat colostrum. Keep the piglets warm in an incubator and help them eat colostrum 30 minutes after birth.

7. Do a good job in feeding and managing lactating sows. In strict accordance with feeding standard and requirements, mainly lactating sows; Generally, it is fed three times a day, and it can be increased once at night when it is hot in summer. Supply sufficient clean drinking water; The feed structure of sows during lactation should be relatively stable, and moldy, spoiled and toxic feed should not be fed.

8. Decide the weaning time according to the weight of piglets. A pig farm with good conditions can be weaned in about 28 days if it can ensure the temperature of the nursery and have good piglet feed. Small and medium-sized pig farms do not advocate early weaning, and weaned piglets weigh not less than 7 kg. Hot in summer or cold in winter, you can wean a few days later.

9. Provide a good pigsty environment. Keep the pigsty and pigsty warm, dry, sanitary and fresh air, clean the pigsty every day, and spray disinfectant that has no side effects on pigs every 2~3 days. Try to reduce various stress factors and keep the environment quiet.

(5) Technical points of feeding and management of suckling piglets

1. Do a good job of anti-freezing and heat preservation. Squeezing and low temperature are the main disadvantages of newborn piglets. The temperature of the house should be kept at about 20℃. Piglet incubators should be set up in the house. A 250-watt infrared lamp should be hung in the house, which is 40 cm away from the bottom of the house, or an electric heating plate or hot water insulation board should be laid in the house. The suitable temperature for piglets in the first three days after delivery is 32 ~ 28℃; 4~7 days after birth, the suitable temperature is 28 ~ 25℃; On the 8th to 30th day, the suitable temperature is 25~22℃.

2. Set a fence in the delivery room to protect piglets, limit sow activities and reduce piglet death.

3. Ensure that newborn piglets eat colostrum as soon as possible to enhance immunity. For weak pigs, artificial breastfeeding must be adopted until the piglets can stand up and eat by themselves. Within 3 days, every little pig will feed on a fixed nipple.

4. Repair nipples. Pay attention to fixing the weak piglets on the front and middle nipples to ensure the uniform development of piglets in the whole nest.

5. Selective foster care technology. When sows have too many litters to feed them all, the extra piglets should be fostered to other sows for feeding. The method of foster care is to make foster piglets have the smell of accepting sows, so as to reduce the occurrence of bite of foster piglets.

6. iron supplementation. 2-3 days after birth, inject iron 100- 150 mg into the muscle of each piglet to prevent iron deficiency anemia and improve the weaning survival rate of piglets. Piglets can eat freely about 7 days after birth, which improves weaning weight.

7. Reduce the pressure of weaned piglets. First, through feeding, do a good job in the transition between feed and feeding methods. Piglets can start to attract food at the age of 7~ 10, and feed them 5~6 times a day, and the feeding times are reduced, and the surplus feed is removed in time, and they can eat and drink clean water freely. The second is to do a good job in the transition of environmental conditions and the reasonable transfer of groups. When weaning, the sow can be driven away and the piglets can be left in the original pen for protection; Try to reduce gregariousness when weaned piglets are transferred to other groups. The third is to adjust the temperature and humidity of the barn. Pay special attention to keep warm in winter. Pay attention to ventilation in summer and keep the room dry. The fourth is to train piglets to defecate at fixed points to reduce the spread of diseases.

8. Do castration and early feeding. Healthy boars were castrated at the age of 7~ 10.

(6) Technical points of feeding and management of suckling piglets

The breeding period is the most critical period in the life of pigs, and it is also the most difficult period for feeding management. 7 ~ 10 days after weaning will affect the growth rate and feed utilization rate of piglets in the whole period. Therefore, the most important goal of this period is to ensure the highest possible growth rate and good health.

1. Do a good job of disinfection of cowshed. Before weaned piglets enter the nursery, they should be thoroughly cleaned, washed and disinfected inside and outside the nursery to kill bacteria. Clean up the feces in time after the piglets enter the nursery.

2. Reasonable group training. It should be grouped according to the principle of keeping the original nest in the same circle and similar in size and weight. Individuals who are too small and weak should be raised separately in groups to reduce the damage caused by mutual biting. Train piglets to rest and excrete at fixed points. Spray low-concentration nongfu on different groups of piglets to prevent fighting.

3. Maintain proper feeding density. There are 20 piglets per15 in the nursery, with a maximum of 25 piglets, and each piglet covers an area of 0.3-0.5 square meters.

4. Create a comfortable living environment. The temperature of newly weaned piglets in the shed is generally required to be 30℃, and then it will drop by 3-4℃ every week until it drops to 22-24℃. The relative humidity is 65%-75%.

5. Supply enough clean drinking water. Adding electrolytes or vitamins such as glucose, potassium salt and sodium salt to drinking water within 7~ 10 days after weaning can improve the resistance of piglets and prevent diarrhea.

6. Piglets can eat freely and strengthen feeding management. Feed less and more meals within 5-6 days after weaning (6-8 times a day and night). After weaning, continue to feed the early piglet feed within 1~2 weeks, and gradually change to the late feed after the piglets adapt to the environment. During the transition period, the replacement shall be carried out gradually according to the feeding amount of 1/3, 2 days each time, and the replacement shall be completed in one week.

7. Strengthen observation. Including observing the growth, activities, eating, feces and other conditions of piglets, finding sick, weak and stiff pigs, merging them into another column and handling them in time.

(1) Control the source of infection.

It is mainly to strictly introduce the imported quality from the pig farm that has obtained the certificate of animal epidemic prevention conditions and observe it in isolation for half a month. All dead pigs are treated harmlessly (burned or buried deeply).

(2) Cut off the transmission route of pathogens.

The office area and the production area of the pig farm must be strictly separated, and disinfection pools and corresponding disinfection devices should be set at the entrance of the pig farm and the entrance of the production area, and disinfection drugs should be replaced regularly. Advocate the use of different disinfectants in turn. Visitors should wash their hands with disinfectant before entering the site, and use shoes from pig farms and work clothes on site. Farm workers should change their fixed work clothes, shoes and hats when entering or leaving the farm, and regularly clean and fumigate. Regularly remove the feces in the house and keep it clean. Don't leave a dead angle in piggery disinfection. Rinse the pigsty first, dry it, add disinfectant, dry it, rinse it, and leave it empty 1 week before entering the pig. Strengthen the detection of pathogens in boar semen to prevent pathogens from being carried; Do a good job in sanitation, pest control and rodent control, strengthen the control of cat, dog and bird activities in the stadium, and reduce the risk of infectious diseases.

(3) Scientific and reasonable immune prevention and control.

Do a good job in the immunization of swine fever vaccine, foot-and-mouth disease vaccine, highly pathogenic porcine blue ear disease vaccine, pseudorabies vaccine and asthma vaccine. Scientifically formulate immunization procedures suitable for this field and implement intensive immunization. Use enough according to the instructions and standardize the operation. It is forbidden to use antiviral drugs or antibiotics during vaccination.

(4) Strengthening epidemic disease detection and immune evaluation.

Cooperate with qualified inspection units for regular diagnosis and detection of pig farm diseases, and regularly monitor the immune effect of common vaccines in pigs, focusing on ensuring the immune effect of classical swine fever, foot-and-mouth disease, pseudorabies and highly pathogenic porcine blue ear disease.

(5) Strengthen drug prevention and health care of pigs.

Drug health care is a supplementary and emergency measure for vaccine prevention. When the climate gets cold in autumn, anti-respiratory drugs are added to the pig feed, anti-diarrhea drugs are added to the pig house in winter when it is cold and humid, anti-puerperal fever and mastitis drugs are used for sows before and after delivery, and drugs are used for newborn piglets, weaned piglets and different groups of pigs to prevent diseases. Pay attention to the incompatibility and observe the withdrawal period. Whether it is drinking water or substances mixed with drugs, the concentration should be uniform. Water should be stopped for 2-4 hours before drinking water, and the dose should be sufficient, but don't blindly increase the dose. Pay attention to ensure the course of treatment. Generally, preventive drugs should be taken for 3-5 days. Pay attention to the pig's condition during medication, and deal with any abnormality in time.

(6) regular deworming.

Finishing pigs were deworming once at the age of 7 days, 60 days and 120 days after weaning. Sows should disinfect their feces every day during the anthelmintic period to kill eggs and adults and enhance the anthelmintic effect. High temperature in summer reduces the feed intake, daily gain and feed conversion rate of growing-finishing pigs, and also reduces the mating rate, litter size and stillbirth number of sows. Appropriate cooling measures should be taken to reduce the adverse effects of heat stress on pig production. It is suggested that the summer heatstroke prevention and cooling measures for small and medium-sized pig farms are as follows:

(1) Radiation protection and cooling measures for piggery

Because about 75% of the heat load of livestock and poultry houses comes from the roof, radiation protection and heat insulation treatment on the roof of pig houses can achieve better cooling effect. Covering the top of the pigsty with thatch with a thickness of about 10 cm and supporting a sunshade net on it can reduce the radiation heat of the pigsty and reduce the temperature in the pigsty.

(2) Cooling measures of air cooler

The pigsty is cooled by a cold air blower, which sprays fine water mist while blowing. High-speed wind evaporates fog particles before landing, absorbs heat in the air, and realizes cooling. The cooling effect is very good in the range covered by fog particles. Pig farms can determine the number of air coolers according to their cooling length (about15m) and width (8 8~ 10/0m) and the actual size of pigsty.

(3) Water curtain cooling

The best effect is to install a water curtain in the pigsty to cool down.