Why is Ji Dan called Duke of Zhou?

Duke Zhou (real name Ji Dan, called "Shengyuan") was the fourth son of Ji Chang, king of Zhou Wen, and the younger brother of Ji Fa, king of Zhou Wuwang. He was an outstanding politician, strategist, thinker and educator in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. The achievements of Duke Zhou's life can be summarized as: "One year to save the chaos, two years to suppress Yin, three years to practice election, four years to build, five years to become a week, and six years to be a monarch." During his seven years in office, he put forward various fundamental laws and regulations, improved the patriarchal clan system, enfeoffment system and Jingtian system, and established the eldest son inheritance system in Zhou Dynasty.

Judging from the historical documents handed down from generation to generation, Duke Zhou's achievements were mainly in the military field. In the unstable situation of the Zhou Dynasty, the Duke of Zhou conquered Yin for the second time, unified the East and established a military center centered on Cheng Zhou. Politically, patriarchal clan system and enfeoffment system were established. Rite and music culture is the peak of Zhou Li.

Military achievements

Elquin

In the third year after the demise of Yin, BC 1024, and Cai Shu encouraged Wu Genglu's father to fight against the Zhou Dynasty. In this regard, dozens of countries, large and small, such as Xu and Yan in the East, which were originally closely related to the Shang Dynasty, responded in succession. This is an extremely heavy blow to the Zhou Dynasty, which has just been established for more than three years. If the rebellion is not overcome, the Zhou Dynasty will face great difficulties, and the achievements made by Zhou Wenwang after decades of bleak management will be destroyed. The Zhou royal family was in turmoil. Some people in the royal family are skeptical about the rule of Duke Zhou. This situation of internal and external attack put Duke Zhou in a very difficult position. Duke Zhou first stabilized the internal affairs, maintained unity, and persuaded Taigong and Zhao Gongqiu. After the Duke of Zhou unified internal opinions, in the second year (BC 1023), he held a crusade against Guan, Cai and Wu Geng to stabilize the rule of the Zhou Dynasty.

Taking the demise of Shang Dynasty and the armed rebellion of "Three Prisons" as a lesson, the Duke of Zhou paid special attention to the political and moral education, political education and diligent education of slave owners and their children, and demanded "respecting morality to protect the people", "being cautious with moral punishment", "being filial" and "forcing farmers to flee". He advocated giving full play to the role of "praising" slave owners and civilians.

Eight divisions stood guard.

After the second time, Duke Zhou thought it necessary to expand the armed forces of the countries directly under his jurisdiction, so he incorporated the third prison army and built eight other divisions, mainly composed of Zhou people, stationed in the newly-built political center of Heluo region to guard the son of Zhou, so it was called "eight divisions". The 8th Division of the Zhou Dynasty, after the crusade by the Duke of Zhou in the Western Zhou Dynasty, began to station troops in the Zhou Dynasty (Luoyi, now Luoyang, Henan). About twenty thousand people. The main task is to subdue Nanyi.

The Duke of Zhou moved the Yin immigrants to Chengzhou City, collected troops in the former site of the Western Zhou Dynasty and Shang Dynasty, and established the Eighth Division of Yin, with about 20,000 people. The main task is to subdue the adherents of the East and monitor Yin.

At the same time, the Sixth West Division was established to defend the western land where the Zhou people rose with Haojing as the center. Because it is located in the west, it is called "West Sixth Division", which is mainly composed of Zhou people.

Big noble or a big bureaucrat is the division commander of Citybus Division, Yin Division 8 and Huaxi Division 6 appointed by Zhou himself. In this way, Zhou controlled as many as 6.5438 million troops, effectively ensuring the normal operation of the slave owner's state machine.

political economics

In terms of political power construction and various systems, Duke Zhou inherited the profit and loss system of the previous generation and formulated a set of laws and regulations such as feudal system, patriarchal clan system and mining field system. Politically, there is a great difference between the monarch and the minister: the patriarchal clan system is divided into large and small clans; Economically divide public land and private land for people to cultivate.

Before the Duke of Zhou, there was no official system. It was not Taber and Zhong Yong who inherited King Tai, but the seasonal calendar. King Wu had a brother named Boyi, but King Wen took King Wu Ji Fa as his prince. Since the Duke of Zhou, "Wang Cheng, Kang Wang, Zhao, Gong Wang," has been handed down from generation to generation, except Xiao Wang, and it is no accident. The establishment of this system, that is, the eldest son inheritance system, should be attributed to the Duke of Zhou. After the establishment of the eldest son inheritance system, only the eldest son has the right to inherit, thus legally exempting ordinary brothers from competing for the throne and playing a role in stabilizing and consolidating the order of the ruling class. The eldest son inheritance system is the core of patriarchal clan system. Duke Zhou combined the patriarchal clan system with the political system and created a complete superstructure serving slavery. The world is the first, and the surname of Ji is second only to the princes. Moreover, these princes are all big in their own countries, with the same surname, Doctor Qing, and they are a small clan, thus forming a pagoda-shaped structure, and the top of it is the King of Zhou. One of the purposes of Zhou Dafeng, a vassal with the same surname, is to form this political structure combined by blood relationship, which is a great progress compared with the alliance form of Yin Dynasty. Zhou is unmarried, and Zhou is regarded as a nephew. Blood relationship constitutes the ruling system of Zhou people.

Cultural achievements

Culturally, Duke Zhou put forward the moral standard of "being cautious and punishing evil" and formulated a complete etiquette standard. In addition, Duke Zhou also put forward the principle of "respecting morality and protecting people" and established a set of laws and regulations on the system of rites and music. His remarks can be found in various articles in Shangshu, such as Jin Xian and Wuyi. Duke Zhou also contributed to the creation of the Book of Changes. Duke Zhou was respected by Confucius and regarded as a saint by Confucianism. Zhou Gong's thoughts played a fundamental role in the formation of Confucianism. Confucianism in Han Dynasty called Zhou Gong and Confucius Confucianism.

Perfect ceremony and music

Duke Zhou's ceremony is one of the most important achievements in his life. Gifts have a long history. The word "li" appeared in Oracle Bone Inscriptions during the Yin and Shang Dynasties. According to Shuo Wen Jie Zi, Li was executed. So the initial ceremony was just a specific ceremony for people to pray for ghosts and gods. Duke Zhou's "ritual system" is to meet the needs of arranging sacrificial ceremonies, and to formulate different codes of conduct between superiors and subordinates, between young and old, and between relatives and friends according to blood relationship and rank status. Duke Zhou's "ceremony" played down the original meaning of "blessing the gods", starting from the etiquette that people with different identities should follow, and finally became the basis and standard of patriarchal hierarchy.

Confucius once said, "The gains and losses of Zhou are known by courtesy." Rites and music in the early Zhou Dynasty followed the Xia and Shang Dynasties. However, at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, the nobles of the Western Zhou Dynasty, headed by Duke Zhou, gradually decided, supplemented and assembled and became a legal system. The Book of Rites says, "After three hundred, three thousand songs." Rites and music in Shang Dynasty were mainly used for sacrifices and celebrations. "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" said: "After the ceremony, things are blessed." Xunzi's Book of Rites says, "There are three books: going to heaven, going to heaven, respecting ancestors, and raising teachers as rituals". The rites and music revised by Duke Zhou are mainly used to maintain the social hierarchy and promote moral ideals. Duke Zhou did not engage in rites and music, and in order to adapt to the new regime, he reformed the Yin etiquette system.

Duke Zhou's Music Rites is not only a musical song used to transform the sacrificial ceremony and replacement ceremony of the Yin people, but also involves all aspects of ideology and social system. Wang Guowei said: "The system of Zhou people is very different from that of businessmen. The first is to establish a system of sons and official positions; Second, the patriarchal funeral system; Third, the feudal children system; Third, it is the system of emperors and generals. Temple number system. _ _ The system of not marrying with the same surname. " These social systems, which were different from those of the Yin people, were not necessarily formulated by the Duke of Zhou himself during the ceremony and music, but gradually formed in concrete practice. However, what the Duke of Zhou did during the regency period laid the foundation for the social system of the Zhou Dynasty.

It can be seen that entertaining with rites is not an unprecedented initiative, but on the basis of summing up the experience of predecessors, gaining and losing the old rites of Xia and Shang dynasties, and combining with the original habits of Zhou clan, a set of system for adjusting patriarchal ethics and behavior norms is explored.

As an inevitable thing of human feelings, music first developed with the development of human civilization. In China, music has a history of at least 9000 years in China since Jia Hu's bone flute formed a complete scale form. It can not only reflect and express people's feelings, but also show a variety of functional meanings. However, the prominent role of music in the ritual system really begins with the Duke of Zhou. Music has no distinction between elegance and vulgarity. When music and sacrificial ceremonies are necessary and fixed, routines and styles are formed for use, and when the number of musical instruments used and the number of people who carry music and dance are divided according to the hierarchical concept, it becomes a fixed trend under the concept of "serving the use". As a result, China people's tradition of using music has formed two main lines or two systems, namely ritual music and pop music. The so-called music-sharing etiquette is only because of the etiquette system. Music shows the meaning of ordinary music, and it doesn't matter if there are no customs. In this sense, Zhou first revealed the classification of functional music in the national sense.

Duitian

Duke Zhou's ceremony focused not only on the princes, but also on the lower classes. After the Pingsan Prison Rebellion, the Duke of Zhou ordered his brother Kang Shu to chant Buddhist scripture in Shangdu. In order to consolidate Zhou's rule, various proclamations were issued successively, from which we can get a glimpse of various policies formulated after summing up Yan Xia's ruling experience. Duke Zhou gave Wei Kangshu three proclamations, namely Kang Patent, Nine Patents and Zi Cai.

He warned young Kang Shu that the demise of Shang Dynasty was due to Zhou Wang's drunkenness and adultery with his wife, which led to the chaos of the imperial platform and the just actions of the princes. He said: "When you arrive at Yin Ruins, please visit the sages and elders there first and ask them why the Shang Dynasty rose first and then died;" Second, we must love the people. " Divide the above instructions into three chapters: Kang patent, wine patent and catalpa material, and hand them to Kang Shu according to the chapters. Duke Zhou wrote three proclamations for Kang Shu. One is that Kang Shu ruled the hearts of Yin people, and the problem was the most acute and complicated. Second, the Duke of Zhou conquered first, which was also the place where the princes of the Three Kingdoms of Zhou Dynasty rebelled against the concentrated Yin people. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Kang Shu was banned earlier. Kang Yu, Jiu Yu and Zi Cai can be regarded as the policy program of the Duke of Zhou for the newly conquered areas. The main purpose of the three chapters is to "respect heaven and protect the people" and "be cautious about punishment", so that the Yin people can settle down and engage in normal agricultural production and commercial activities after two consecutive major upheavals. But it's not just a matter of submission. It is impolite to drink unfilial. When Kang Shu arrived in Yin Ruins, he kept in mind the entrustment, scrimped and saved, cared about the people, and let local officials live and work in peace and contentment.

The purpose of "Kang Patent" is to identify Yin people, and the whole content is nothing more than "exercising restraint and being cautious in punishment". Because Zhou Wenwang "cautious punishment, lest he be widowed", the world was in chaos. Yin's "sages and kings" also help to protect the people. One of the specific contents of "Mingde" is "protecting Yin people". "Cautious punishment" means doing things according to law, which contains reasonable elements of yin law. Punishment should not be abused, and some cases need to be considered for five or six days or more before they can be judged. As for plunder, those who are "unfilial and friendless" should be "hell to pay". The announcement repeatedly emphasized "keeping people healthy", "protecting people", "enriching people" and "giving people". Tell Uncle Kang to work hard and not be greedy for comfort. "Destiny" is not fixed. "Cautious punishment" can be fixed. "Thinking about morality and being cautious about punishment" can't be mentioned in the same breath as before, but Yin people "become new people" by referring to Yin law and implementing Zhou law.

"Wine coupons" are aimed at the drinking habits of Yin people. Brewing consumes a lot of food, and this drinking habit is simply unbearable for Zhou people who started from agriculture. Duke Zhou did not completely ban alcohol, but he could still drink a little when there was a sacrificial ceremony. You can't drink in groups, and you can't let them go. If you catch them, you can "pay back" and "kill them". I want to kill him, not necessarily. Therefore, "returning to Zhou" means not giving people the impression that the Yin people "killed the boy". This is consistent with "protecting the people" and "defending the people". Yin people should be guided to "plow millet", that is, to plant crops, or to "attract cows and serve their parents" to do business with their adoptive parents. The first king of the Yin Dynasty, from Cheng Tang to Diyi, did not dare to "relax", let alone get together to drink. As for craftsmen drinking, it is another matter. Do not kill them. Teach them first. The difference in policy is very obvious.

Zicai still advocates "Mingde" and opposes "regicide". As for people, don't abuse each other. As for respecting widows, as for belonging to wives, it is acceptable. Without top-down cruelty and "respect for minorities", "harmony and tolerance" will naturally move towards stability. The formation of this situation is not easy to obtain. We should weed, prepare soil and repair ditches in the fields like farmers. Repair the wall, plaster the mud and cover the grass, just like you are in the maintenance room; Like a craftsman, he worked hard on theseus and painted it with black and red pigments. In short, only by diligently using Ming De and protecting the people can we be "king for thousands of years".

A basic idea that runs through the three chapters is to stabilize the Yin people, not to give them a cruel image, to punish them carefully and to act according to law. As for reforming the bad habit-alcoholism, the first is restriction, the second is guidance, and the third is differential treatment. As a ruler, you should be diligent.

Resisting danger, saving danger and getting rich is the political strategy of Duke Zhou to the conquered areas, and multi-potential is the policy to the stubborn Yin people who moved to Luoyi. After the completion of Luoyi, how did these diehards rise and fall? This is an issue on the agenda. "Toastmasters" is a proclamation issued by the Duke of Zhou to Yin stubborn people. The full text is divided into two sections. The first paragraph is to attack the heart and make Yin stubborn people obey the rule of Zhou people. The reason is that you scholars are not good, and God has given me a big life "small state week", but it is by no means that I dare to live in the shade and seek a position. Just as your ancestors replaced Xia Jie with soup, it is also "God doesn't protect" Xia Jie. Don't blame me for moving you from Tian (Da) to Xitu. I pity you. This is my destiny. The second paragraph is to give them a way out of life and let them live on the spot, with your fields and your house. "Second, there is land. It is better to do nothing. " If you can obey orders, be a virtuous person and be appointed. God will have mercy on you, otherwise, you will not only lose your land, but I will also impose God's punishment on you.