Discrimination and query of three visits to Maolu

Wei slightly said: Liu Bei is in Fancheng. At that time, Cao Gongfang decided to go to Hebei, knowing that Jingzhou was attacked for the second time, and Liu was slow-witted and did not understand military affairs. Bright is the equipment seen in the northbound. The equipment and bright are not old, and because they are young, they are treated by various businesses. Sit down and get together. When all the guests have left, Liangzi stays alone and doesn't ask what he wants to say. Be prepared to tie the knot, and be prepared to tie the knot by hand when someone is ready to cut the oxtail. Liang Naijin said, General Ming's ambition is nothing but evil! He knew it was very human, so he jumped on it and replied, What are you talking about? I speak to forget my troubles. Liang Sui said, "General, which is worse, Liu Zhennan or Cao Gong?" ? Preparation: How about. Liang added: What is the general doing? Preparation: It's better. Yue: Although it is not as good as today, there are only a few thousand generals, so it is nothing to treat the enemy like this! Beiyue: I'm worried too. What should I do? Liang Yue: There are not a few people in Jingzhou today, but there are very few registered residents, which is unpleasant; It can be said that the town is south, so that tourists from all over the country can make themselves real, because it can benefit the public. Be mentally prepared, so that the crowd will be strong. Knowing that you have a bright future is a courtesy above. That's what Kyushu said in the Spring and Autumn Period. I don't think it's obvious. The first emperor didn't intend to be a minister, but he was self-defeating and took care of his ministers in the cottage, so it's not obvious to prepare clearly first. Although we are made for each other after hearing different words, it is strange to be obedient.

As for the words that are inconsistent with "Three Visits to the Cottage" in "Slight Strategy", see above. Quoted from the reflection of Pei Songzhi. Although Pei Songzhi quoted it, he made it clear that it must be Zhuge Liang that Liu Bei went to see-"You must be prepared before you can be clear." . Pei Songzhi quoted this passage in order to enrich his knowledge, not to deny that he had been to the cottage.

The following contents are generally quoted from Pin San Guo (Yi Zhongtian), which are mostly entertaining rather than serious historical textual research. The reason for quoting is the same as Pei Songzhi's purpose, in order to attract more information.

Only represent Yi Zhongtian's point of view.

When Liu Bei met Zhuge Liang, did Liu Bei go to Zhuge Liang or did Zhuge Liang take the initiative to find Liu Bei? There are different records on this issue in the history books. The History of the Three Kingdoms says that Liu Bei went to see Zhuge Liang, which is recorded in five words, that is, "every three to five times", but Wei Lue and Kyushu Chunqiu say that Zhuge Liang went to see Liu Bei. According to Wei Lue and Jiuzhou Chunqiu, it was the twelfth year of Jian 'an, that is, in 207 AD, Cao Cao had basically unified the northern part of China, and Jingzhou was the next target to be eliminated, so the situation in Jingzhou was very urgent. So Zhuge Liang went south to see Liu Bei, because Liu Bei was stationed in Fancheng. After Zhuge Liang met Liu Bei, Liu Bei didn't know him or know him, so he regarded him as an ordinary scholar, an ordinary scholar and an ordinary talent. Probably also received many such people at that time. Everyone had a meal together, and then they broke up. But Zhuge Liang didn't leave, and Liu Bei ignored him and didn't ask him what happened. He is holding a yak tail and knitting handicrafts there. Zhuge Liang said, is the general's ambition just to weave handicrafts? Liu Bei threw aside a yak tail in his hand. What is this? Talk about it and forget it. Zhuge Liang said, General, do you think about Liu Zhennan-who is Liu Zhennan? Is Liu Biao, Liu Biao was the general of Zhennan at that time, so it was called Liu Zhennan for short-Zhuge Liang said, General, is Liu Zhennan comparable to Cao Cao? Liu Bei said it was not so good. Zhuge Liang asked again, are you comparable to this general Cao Cao? Liu Bei said that it is not comparable. Zhuge Liang said that Liu Zhennan can't compare with Cao Cao, and neither can you, General. Are you just sitting in Jingzhou waiting to die? Just waiting for someone to kill you? Liu Bei said, well, I'm in a hurry, too. There's nothing I can do! Zhuge Liang gave him an idea and said, what is our problem in Jingzhou? There are many refugees in the north, but these people are not registered, not our household registration, so the government does not have the human and financial resources of these people, so it is necessary to find out and register these people, so you have to pay taxes, do your best and do military service, so Jingzhou will be strong.

Record contradiction

This is the record in Wei Lue and Jiuzhou Chunqiu, so there is something wrong with this record, which is in conflict with the statement in the History of the Three Kingdoms. Is there any basis for the reflection? Yes, according to Zhuge Liang's model. We are used to saying that Zhuge Liang has two modes, one is called pre-mode and the other is called post-mode. Whether the latter mode is Zhuge Liang's work is controversial. Historians have different views. Some people think it is false, but the former model is beyond doubt. Then Zhuge Liang made it very clear in the "Former Teacher's Watch" that only Liu Bei came out of the mountain because he cared about the shanzhai. In addition, after Pei Songzhi compiled this Zhuge Liang Collection, it was recorded in Zhuge Liang Collection, so when Pei Songzhi annotated the reflection, he put the statements of Wei Lue and Kyushu Chunqiu in the annotations and made annotations at the same time. He said that due to the different documents of historians in history, his information channels and sources are different.

The records in the history books Wei Lue, Jiuzhou Chunqiu and Zhuge Liang Model are quite different. Not only that, it completely subverts the three visits to the thatched cottage in the familiar novels. In Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Liu Bei went to Wollongong to visit Zhuge Liang, who kept a low profile, and finally Zhuge Liang came out to help Liu Bei achieve the imperial career. Why is this story sung by readers from generation to generation different in history books? As far as the historical truth is concerned, was it Zhuge Liang's recommendation or Liu Bei's unintentional visit? Why is this thing so strange?

Experts questioned

In fact, this can't be said to be very strange, and although Zhuge Liang's self-recommendation is a non-mainstream opinion, there are still a group of historians who support this statement. For example, a Mr. Liu Xiao once wrote an article called "Queries about" Three Caring for the Cottage ",and he thought that" Three Caring for the Cottage "was not reliable. Why? He thinks that as far as Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang are concerned, Liu Bei certainly needs Zhuge Liang, and Zhuge Liang needs Liu Bei more.

So he made three suggestions. First of all, Zhuge Liang must be a mountain, because it is clearly stated in the "Three Kingdoms" that if Guan Zhong and Le Yi want to get their hands on it, make achievements and get things done, Liu Bei is his best candidate, that is, to be the boss. We've talked about this before. Zhuge Liang didn't take refuge in Cao Cao and Sun Quan, and didn't even serve Liu Biao. He just wants to choose the best boss for himself, and Liu Bei is undoubtedly the best candidate. Is he willing to wait for Liu Bei's "three visits" in Nanyang? What if Liu Bei doesn't care and doesn't come to him? So Liu Xiao said that this is equivalent to saying that Zhuge Liang made up his mind there. If Liu Bei doesn't ask me out three times, I will be a farmer in this place all my life. Is this possible? You said he compared himself to Guan Zhong and Le Yi. What is he doing in Nanyang? Building a new socialist countryside?

Second, Liu Bei needs talents, but what he needs is a group of people, not a person; Zhuge Liang needs a boss. What he needs is not a group of bosses, but a boss. Then please think about it. Do you need a group of people or a person urgently? This is the second point.

Third, Mr. Liu Xiao said that with Zhuge Liang's wisdom and his social status at that time, Liu Bei was discovered before he was discovered. Because Liu Bei is famous, the world is fierce. It's true that no one in the world knows a gentleman. Who doesn't know there is a Liu Bei? Liu Bei may not know that there is a Zhuge Liang. So under such circumstances, it should be Zhuge Liang who went to find Liu Bei. Besides, the situation was very urgent at that time, and it had reached such an urgent point. How can he sit in a small room and wait for such an uncertain visit? So Mr. Liu Xiao came to a conclusion, which is logically unacceptable. It should be said that his analysis still has his truth, so this means that we have to deny the history and model of the Three Kingdoms, which cannot be denied, that is, you can deny the history and model of the Three Kingdoms, and there is no evidence to prove that the model is forged. What about the model?

"I this cloth, ploughing in nanyang, risking my life in troubled times, the Wen Da governors also. The first emperor was not mean to the minister, he was wronged by his accusation. He took care of his minister on the grass, and he was grateful for what he had done on earth, so he promised to drive him away. "

This is very clear. The words "You are" and "Sui Xu" show the causal relationship. Because Liu Beisan visited the cottage and discussed with him, he was grateful and agreed to follow Liu Bei, so he made a promise. Therefore, we can't deny the model, so there is only one way to solve the problem, that is, we don't want the model, and we don't want the statements in Wei Lue and Kyushu Chunqiu. So what? I have a guess that the stories mentioned in Wei Lue and Kyushu Chunqiu are also true: Zhuge Liang went to Liu Bei, and after that conversation, Liu Bei also took his advice, but he still didn't regard him as a first-class talent, so Zhuge Liang went back. After coming back, Liu Bei suddenly realized that this talent is the one who helped me achieve great things. I had to invite him back, so I went there three times and invited him back. First, introduce yourself, and then visit the cabin. But let me explain first that this statement is purely my guess and there is no other evidence.

Is it true?/You don't say.

Visiting Mao Lu, a classic story sung from generation to generation, is another face in the history books Wei Lue and Kyushu Chunqiu. It was not Liu Bei who invited him personally, but Zhuge Liang who recommended himself. This is a bit hard for people who like Zhuge Liang. If the records in Wei Lue and Jiuzhou Chunqiu are true, how to explain the sentence "Three ministers are in the thatched cottage" in Zhuge Liang's model? Did Zhuge Liang lie? Or was the model not written by Zhuge Liang at all? So, is there a story of three visits to the cottage in history?

To solve this mystery, there is actually another problem, that is, Liu Bei escaped from Yuan Shao and then defected to Liu Biao. How many years did he stay in Jingzhou? Six years, six to seven years. Why didn't Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei meet for six years? This is actually a key to this case, so many historians try to explain this problem, because they think this matter is unreasonable, so they put forward a statement that Liu Bei actually looked for Zhuge Liang, but he didn't see him for the first time and the second time, so he didn't see him for the third time until the twelfth year of Jian 'an, that is, six years after he came to Jingzhou. There is something wrong with this statement. Do you think Liu Bei's three visits are once every ten years, once every eleven years, once every twelve years, and once a year? It seems hard to make sense, and it is even harder to find him once every two years. It has also been suggested that Zhuge Liang is hard to find and his life is secret. This is also unreasonable. He is not the kind of soldier who eludes the enemy in our martial arts novels. He's hiding in a corner, and you can't find him. He has already come to Jingzhou. You should know that he is a relative of Liu Biao, he and the officialdom of Jingzhou, and the upper class of Jingzhou, and so on. These reasons seem untenable.

Some historians try to explain this problem. For example, Mr. Yin Yungong gave two reasons. First, he thought Zhuge Liang was not well-known at that time. What is the description of Zhuge Liang in the History of the Three Kingdoms? "Every time I compare myself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi, I can't guarantee it." That is to say, Zhuge Liang was very confident, but at that time, the scholar group in Jingzhou did not agree that he was a first-class talent, and some people did not agree with him. Then Liu Bei heard Zhuge Liang's introduction, and Liu Bei would weigh it and say it was true or not. He will hesitate, and he has hesitated for several years.

On the other hand, Zhuge Liang has psychological obstacles in this respect. Because Zhuge Liang designed this goal for himself, when it comes to this group, it must be under one person and above ten thousand people. He wants to be the chief counselor and the second person in this group, and Liu Bei is too close to Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. He eats the same thing, sleeps in the same bed, the needle can't get in, the water can't get in, it's hard for you to squeeze in, and he still hesitates.

Then both of these statements make sense, but I think there is still a very important issue, that is, age. We need to know how old Zhuge Liang was when he came out of the mountain 26 years old. How old was Liu Bei when he visited the cottage? At the age of 46, a 46-year-old veteran, it is almost impossible to treat a 26-year-old young man who has never shown any special abilities as a guest. So, how can Liu Can Bay go to a country at the age of 40 and invite a 20-year-old to be his chief of staff? So age is also an important reason. If Cao Cao had not been so aggressive later, the matter might have been dragged on. In a word, Liu Bei made the most important decision in his life, that is, he decided to put down the shelf of his uncle's elders and go to the countryside to meet such a young man who is 20 years younger than him, has no title and is not famous. Therefore, it is credible to visit the cottage, and it is only doubtful to recommend yourself.

give exact information

Liu Bei visited the cottage three times. Did he only go once, or did he go and see it three times? Most people read the "History of the Three Kingdoms" and read the message of "seeing from time to time" from these five words, because they feel that they have been there three times before they can see it. But we don't mean to read Zhuge Liang's model and Chen Shou on Zhuge Liang's collection table. We didn't say we saw it only three times and once. We went to see Du Fu's poem, "Always look at the world, and he sincerely offered it to two generations", but we didn't say that we only saw it once after three visits. Mr. Zhou explained the word "often" many times. So, maybe I saw it three times, more than three times, maybe more than three times. This "three" means many times, because in ancient books, "three" can mean many things, again and again, not just three times. I may have been there many times, and once I have been there, I have talked once. According to the "model", "I am a consultant and minister", I keep asking questions about what we should do in the world. The more we talk, the more speculative we are, the better we talk, the better our relationship and the deeper our understanding. This is the man I am looking for, and Zhuge Liang has also made a decision. This is what I am looking for. Then, if these conclusions can be confirmed, then the three visits to the thatched cottage in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms is an out-and-out romance, even if Liu Bei went there three times and saw it once, it is also a romance, because there are only five words in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms: "I went there three times and saw it", but the "three visits to the thatched cottage" in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms is very wonderful. The first time I went, I saw a group of farmers singing while farming. They went over and asked, who wrote this song? Mr. Kongming, look at it again and say where does Mr. Kongming live? The farmer said that he lived behind that mountain. When he looked at the mountain, alas, the weather was really unusual. Then I went there in high spirits and met an ignorant child guarding the door there. Liu Bei said that I came to visit Mr. Wang, who went out this morning. Where did Mr. Wang go? I don't know. I have nowhere to look. When will Mr. Wang come back? I don't know. I don't know. After hitting a nail, I had to look at the scenery very sadly, and then I met Zhuge Liang's good friend Cui. At that time, Liu Bei was overjoyed, and a gentleman came over, "respectable." This "respectable" is a commendatory term, just as Jia Baoyu saw Lin Daiyu. Jia Baoyu saw Lin Daiyu's first sentence. Alas, a fairy-like sister fell from the sky. At that time, Liu Bei

When I came back for the second time, I met two of his friends first. One was Shi Guangyuan, with a long beard and a white face. The second friend Meng saw Meng singing in a hotel, so Liu Bei went to talk. After the talk, I went to the village and saw a young man holding his arm and singing around the stove. I went up to salute and asked if it was Zhuge Liang's brother. Then an old man came out, also personable and superior, and asked if he was his father-in-law. After doing this twice, Liu Bei admired him very much, saying that Zhuge Liang lived in this place, and he made the peasants look like college students, singing while working. His friends, his brother and his father-in-law are all extremely superior, so he still has! Therefore, when Liu Bei went for the third time, he first chose auspicious days to fast, bathe and change clothes, and his attitude changed, which was very correct. Then in Longzhong, dismount and walk, then go to the thatched cottage and arch down the steps. Said that Mr. Wang was taking a nap, not disturbing, not disturbing, and Liu Bei was waiting here, waiting and waiting. At this time, Liu Bei is no longer like a big boss who has come to recruit people, but like a spoony who has come to propose. His infatuation is comparable to Zhang Sheng in The West Chamber. Everyone has heard teacher Li Changji talk about the West Chamber. Zhang Sheng and Cui Yingying fell in love at first sight. He wants to send some information through the matchmaker. What did he say when he saw the matchmaker? Xiao Sheng's surname is Zhang Mingxin, whose name is Junrui. He is from Siro, and he is twenty-three years old this year. He has never been married. Who asked you so much? So what did Liu Bei say when he met Zhuge Liang's gatekeeper? Cheng Yi Hou Ting, a general of Hanzuo, took Liu Beite, an animal husbandry uncle from Yuzhou, to visit Mr. Liu Bei and told him all his titles. What did the child say? I can't remember that much.

These two plots are really better than each other. Actually, they are. If Cui Yingying in the drama is in the boudoir, Zhuge Liang in the novel is in the thatched cottage in Nanyang. They are all waiting for the person they like. We know that at that time, the relationship between monarch and minister was a bit like that between husband and wife. What should I pay attention to? From the beginning to the end, a noble person at that time, once he chose a monarch and a boss, would be very self-disciplined and asked himself to be loyal to the end and not to defect. Of course, there were also many defectors and people who changed their families at that time, and they could not be considered immoral. However, he is an extremely strict and self-disciplined person. Zhuge Liang has high demands on his own morality, and he can't change it. He can only choose the right one. Then there is a problem. The other party must be sincere, because Zhuge Liang in the novel and Cui Yingying in the play are both high-spirited people and will never commit suicide casually. He must test each other. He must put on airs and keep his appetite alive, and he must prove that the other party is sincere before he agrees.

So what is Luo Guanzhong's opinion? In other words, why did Luo Guanzhong write like this? I guess, for two reasons, the first reason is good-looking, and the novel must be good-looking. I have a definition of novel. Someone asked me what a novel is. My definition is that it is something that can be seen in bed. If the novel is not good-looking, it loses its original meaning. However, this novel written by Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms, whether true or not, is good-looking. This is no problem, and it's really nice. This is what he needs as a novelist and writer.

The second reason may be related to Luo Guanzhong himself. Luo Guanzhong was a native of the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. Participated in the peasant uprising in Zhang Shicheng and worked as the chief of staff of Zhang Shicheng. According to historical records, Luo Guanzhong intends to seek the king. What do you mean? Even though he was a person who wanted to help a person achieve the imperial career, Zhu Yuanzhang won in the later struggle. He failed to realize his ideal, just like Zhuge Liang, but he didn't die, nor did Luo Guanzhong, but this sense of loss and loneliness was the same, so when he created Zhuge Liang's character, he inevitably placed some ideas on himself. Besides, Zhuge Liang is indeed an example of ancient literati in China. Almost all ancient literati in China had Zhuge Liang complex, that is, they compared themselves to Zhuge Liang consciously or unconsciously.

Behind psychology

But we have a problem, that is, there were many spiritual idols in ancient China, Wen Tianxiang was also a spiritual idol, and Yue Fei was also a spiritual idol. There were many such people. Why is Zhuge Liang the only scholar, scholar and intellectual in China, and his position among the people is so lofty? A very important reason is that the emperor did not invite Yue Fei and Wen Tianxiang three times, and Zhuge Liang invited them all three times. Scholars in ancient China had an ambivalence, that is, on the one hand, they really wanted to do things, so-called learning written martial arts and lending them to the royal family. He is full of economy, knowledge and skills, and he has a place to use it. He must find a good boss, because he can't be the boss himself. On the other hand, he is lofty and psychologically fragile. He can't stand the blow and the cold shoulder, and he doesn't want to go to the door and let others kick him out. It is best that all the bosses and emperors respectfully ask him out, and this is the only example. So Luo Guanzhong, as such a scholar and a literate person, can he not make a big fuss about this matter? He must write a close-up. I guess it may be the psychology behind the romance of the Three Kingdoms.

So anyway, "visiting my humble abode" is a very meaningful thing in the history of China. In fact, in my opinion, it doesn't matter whether Liu Bei looks for Zhuge Liang first or Zhuge Liang looks for Liu Bei first, whether he meets or talks three times. What matters is what they talked about. If they really talked three times, we can't know all the contents. We only know one conclusive opinion, that is, Zhuge Liang's political genius is vividly displayed in Shanzhai Dui, and Shanzhai Dui has also become a famous countermeasure in ancient China.

doubtful point

In "Master of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties and Prime Minister of Zhuge 103", it is recorded in the "former teacher's watch" that "the first emperor had no intention of being a minister, and three ministers were in the thatched cottage", which is the origin of the three visits to the thatched cottage. However, Pei Songzhi, a famous historian in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, quoted a piece of historical materials when commenting on the History of the Three Kingdoms, saying that Zhuge Liang went to Fancheng to recommend himself to Liu Bei. So Liu Bei invited Zhuge Liang out of the mountain? Or did Zhuge Liang go to Fancheng to recommend himself to Liu Bei? Has there really been a visit to a thatched cottage in history?

Later, when evaluating this historical material, Pei Songzhi said: "It is very clear that you must be prepared to shine."

Liu Bei personally went to Longzhong to invite Zhuge Liang to come out of the mountain, but Liu Bei didn't see Zhuge Liang in the thatched cottage, so he left a letter explaining his purpose so that he could see you tomorrow. However, when Liu Bei came for the second time, he still did not see Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang was an ambitious man since he was a child. He should understand that Liu Huangshu's arrival is a rare opportunity. But why wasn't he there the second time? Coincidence or other plans?

When Liu Bei came to the thatched cottage for the third time, Zhuge Liang was indeed at home, but things changed dramatically under the pen of novelist Luo Guanzhong.

So, in Luo Guanzhong's works, is the story of three visits to Mao Lu exaggerated? Is it in line with the reality at that time?

The story of Luo Guanzhong's three visits to the thatched cottage is also a great transformation of Zhuge Liang from a historical figure to a literary image. It is also from this time that Zhuge Liang's weather-beaten image is deeply rooted in people's hearts.

answer questions and remove doubts

What does the story of San Gu Mao Lu show?

Bosom friend!

The so-called bosom friend means that the language is interlinked and the thoughts are interlinked! Keywords mutual understanding, code of conduct,

Luo Guanzhong didn't describe why Zhuge Liang wasn't at home the first two times!

Why can I see Zhuge Liang everywhere in the cottage? This is intriguing!

Taoist Zhuge Liang, who knows astronomy above and geography below, goes out to watch the solar calendar and entertain guests at home! This is basic common sense!

Liu Beitong divination, the zodiac auspicious day, natural and reasonable! Meet it!

Do you have any objections to people who are familiar with the Three Kingdoms?

Of course, it should be remembered that The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is just a novel after all, with many fictional elements. Especially when the society was in turmoil and the people longed for a benevolent monarch, Liu Bei happened to meet their ideal monarch. Luo Guanzhong is a typical representative who insists on supporting Liu and opposing Cao. He beautified Shu Han by vilifying Zhou Yu, Sima Yi and other wise men and transferring examples (that is, transferring the credit of others to people who want to praise, such as Battle of Red Cliffs, Empty City Plan and Hua Xiong).

However, for the profound and excellent culture of the Chinese nation, it is still necessary to read "Dwelling House" and affirm that this story has many practical and positive significance. It is an immortal classic in education and an immortal legend among ordinary people. From a deeper and broader perspective, it can never be denied that the story itself will shine forever-immortal, whether there is history or not.