Are daily-use ceramics, craft ceramics, building materials ceramics and bathroom ceramics produced by the same equipment?

Of course not! There are many kinds of ceramic products, and their chemical composition, mineral composition, physical properties and manufacturing methods are often close to each other without obvious boundaries, but there are great differences in application. Therefore, it is difficult to generalize into several systems, and there are different opinions on detailed classification. So far, there is no unified classification method in the world. Commonly used from different angles have the following two categories:

(1) Classification according to different purposes

1. Household ceramics: such as tableware, tea sets, jars, jars, pots, pots, plates, dishes, bowls, etc.

2. Art (craft) ceramics: such as vases, sculptures, garden ceramics and furnishings.

3. Industrial ceramics: refers to ceramic products used in various industries. It is divided into the following six aspects:

① Building sanitary ceramics: such as bricks, drainage pipes, ceramic tiles, exterior wall bricks, sanitary ware, etc.

② Chemical (chemical) ceramics: acid-resistant containers, pipes, towers, pumps, valves, acid-resistant bricks and ashes used in various chemical industries;

③ Electric porcelain: used as insulator on high and low voltage transmission lines in power industry. Bushings for motors, post insulators for low-voltage appliances and lighting, and

Insulator for telecommunication, insulator for radio, etc. ;

④ Special ceramics: various special ceramic products left over from modern industry and cutting-edge technology, including high-alumina porcelain, magnesia porcelain, titanium-magnesium porcelain, zircon, etc.

Stone porcelain, lithium porcelain, magnetic porcelain, cermet, etc.

(2) According to the density of raw materials and green bodies, it can be divided into:

Bricks and tiles or terracotta, clay, stone products, semi-porcelain, and even porcelain (130 relay) are made from coarse to fine raw materials, and the green body becomes dense from coarse to porous, so is the firing temperature.

Coarse pottery is the most primitive and lowest-grade ceramic ware, generally made of fusible clay. In some cases, clinker or sand can be added to clay to reduce shrinkage. The firing temperature of these products varies greatly, depending on the nature and quantity of impurities contained in the chemical composition of clay. If the porosity of bricks and tiles made of it is too high, the frost resistance of the green body is not good, and the mortar is not easy to cross, so the water absorption should generally be kept between 5 ~ 15%. The color of the green body after firing depends on the content of colored oxides in clay and the firing atmosphere. When fired in the oxidation flame, it is mainly yellow or red, and when fired in reducing flame, it is mainly cyan or black.

The blue bricks in China's building materials are made of yellow or red clay containing fe2o 3. When the fire stops, they are calcined in reducing flame to reduce Fe2O3 to FeON and blue. Pottery can be divided into ordinary pottery and exquisite pottery. Ordinary pottery refers to products with porous coloring bodies such as pottery pots, jars, altars, urns and refractory bricks. The water absorption of the green body of fine pottery is still 4 ~ 1.2%, so it is transparent and opaque, and it is generally white with color. Glazes are mostly fusible glazes containing lead and boron. Compared with stoneware, there is less flux, and the sintering temperature does not exceed 1300℃, so the green body is not fully sintered; Compared with porcelain, it has lower requirements for raw materials, greater plasticity and lower firing temperature. It is not easy to deform, and can simplify the processes of product forming and filling. However, the mechanical strength and impact strength of fine pottery are less than porcelain and stoneware, and its glaze is softer than the above products. When the glaze layer is damaged, the porous body is easy to be polluted, which affects the hygiene.

Fine pottery can be divided into clay, calcareous, feldspar and clinker according to different body components. Clay pottery is close to ordinary pottery. Lime fine pottery uses limestone as flux, and its production process is similar to that of feldspar fine pottery, but its quality is not as good as that of feldspar fine pottery, so it has been rarely produced in recent years and replaced by feldspar fine pottery. Feldspar fine pottery, also known as hard fine pottery, takes feldspar as flux. It is the most perfect and widely used pottery. In modern times, many countries have used it to mass-produce daily tableware (cups, plates, etc.). ) and sanitary pottery instead of expensive porcelain. Hot material fine pottery is to add a certain amount of clinker to the fine pottery blank to reduce shrinkage and avoid waste. This kind of blank is mostly used for large and thick tire products (such as bathtub, washbasin, etc.). ).

In ancient books in China, stoneware was called "stone tire porcelain". Its green body is dense and completely sintered, which is very close to porcelain. But there is no vitrification, and the water absorption rate is still below 2%. The green body is opaque and white, and most of them are allowed to develop color after firing. Therefore, the requirements for the purity of raw materials are not as high as porcelain, and raw materials are easy to obtain. Stoneware has high strength and good thermal stability, which is very suitable for modern mechanized washing, and can successfully survive the sudden change of temperature from refrigerator to oven. In the international market, due to the development of tourism and the socialization of diet, the sales of stoneware are larger than that of pottery.

The green body of semi-porcelain is close to porcelain, but it still has 3-5% water absorption after firing (the water absorption of real porcelain is below 0.5%), so its service performance is not as good as porcelain, but better than fine pottery.

Porcelain is a higher stage of ceramic development. Its characteristic is that the green body has been completely sintered and vitrified, so it is dense and impermeable to liquid and gas. The thin part of the tire is translucent and the cross section is shell-shaped. When you lick it with your tongue, it feels slippery and does not stick to your hands. Hard porcelain has the best performance among ceramics. Used to make high-grade daily utensils, electric porcelain, chemical porcelain, etc.

Soft porcelain has more flux, lower firing temperature, lower mechanical strength and lower thermal stability than hard porcelain, but it has high transparency and rich decoration, and is mostly used to make artistic display porcelain. As for sintered porcelain and bone porcelain, their firing temperature is similar to that of soft porcelain, and their advantages and disadvantages are similar to that of soft porcelain, so they should belong to the scope of soft porcelain. These two kinds of porcelain are difficult to produce (the plasticity and drying strength of the body are poor, and the deformation is serious when firing), so the production is not universal. Britain is a famous producer of cinerary porcelain, and Tangshan, China also produces cinerary porcelain.

Special ceramics are developed with the rapid development of modern electrical appliances, radio, aviation, atomic energy, metallurgy, machinery, chemistry and other industries, as well as cutting-edge science and technology such as computer, space technology and new energy development. The main raw materials used in these ceramics are no longer clay, feldspar and quartz, and some green bodies also use some clay or feldspar. However, pure oxides and raw materials with special properties are used, and their manufacturing processes and performance requirements are also different.

Edit this ceramic term.

In order to make art ceramics investors and collectors better understand and master some basic knowledge of art ceramics, the proper terms of ceramics are summarized as follows.

Blue and white: the name of porcelain glaze. Proper names of white porcelain and celadon. A typical blue-and-white ware is made by coating cobalt on a porcelain blank, then applying transparent glaze, and firing at one time at high temperature. Blue and white are under glaze, so they belong to underglaze color.

Blue and white porcelain is characterized by bright, fresh, elegant, generous and decorative, and has always been cherished by people at home and abroad. But also plays an extremely important role in the process of making porcelain in the world.

Doucai: It is a combination of underglaze blue and white, underglaze red and underglaze multicolor. Doucai was created in Chenghua period of Ming Dynasty, which is a combination of underglaze color (blue and white) and underglaze color.

The characteristics of Doucai are: dynamic and static storage, sharp contrast, elegant and gorgeous. This kind of decoration shows rich expressive force and its characteristics.

Underglaze red: Also known as underglaze red, it originated from the purple erythema glaze of Jun kiln in Song Dynasty. Can be decorated alone, can also be used with blue and red materials (this decoration is called blue and white underglaze red), and the underglaze red color is stable and heavy.

Traditionally, in China, red often represents auspiciousness and wealth, and the color of underglaze red is steady, simple, magnificent and simple, which are all factors that people are deeply willing to use. The characteristics after firing are calmness and enthusiasm.

Pastel: also known as "ancient color", it is a variety of glaze color. The so-called glaze color is painted on the glazed surface of the fired blank and fired in a kiln at 600 -900 degrees Celsius. In the fifty-second year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (17 13), the traditional glaze color in China was inspired and influenced by enamel color, and opaque white material of copper enamel color was introduced, and the multi-level preparation technology of enamel color was used for reference in the process, creating a new variety of "pastel" glaze color. This kind of white material is commonly known as "glass white". Due to the fusion of glass white and multicolored materials, various colors have been "powdered". Red becomes pink, green becomes light green, yellow becomes light yellow, and other colors become opaque light tones. By controlling its addition, a series of different shades can be obtained, giving people a pink and soft feeling, so this glaze color is called "pastel", and its expression technique has developed from flat filling to light and dark washing and dyeing; In style, its layout and brushwork have the characteristics of traditional Chinese painting.

Judging from the artistic effect of decoration, it has the characteristics of beauty, elegance, prudence, simplicity and grandeur. Anything that can be expressed by painting, whether meticulous or freehand, can be expressed by pastel. Figures, flowers, birds, landscapes and so on drawn by this method distinguish darkness, depth and yin and yang, which increases the level and three-dimensional sense, thus forming elegant, fine, color-filling, washing and dyeing, firing and other technological steps.

Overglaze color is an ancient color, which is made of red, yellow, green, blue, purple and other glass colors, and is painted on the glaze according to the needs of pattern decoration. The raw materials and vanadium red are hooked on the porcelain tire, and the method of single-line flat coating is adopted, and then it is baked twice in the "color furnace" (fired at 800-900 degrees). Because of its distinct red and green, few levels and clear color, it is called hard color. The antique colors are bright and crystal clear, the tone contrast is strong, the image is exaggerated, the lines are strong and powerful, and it has a strong national artistic style.

There are many objects depicted in ancient paintings, including figures, landscapes, dragons, mandarin ducks, pines and cypresses, ganoderma lucidum, flowers and plants, etc. Ancient colored porcelain has been widely praised at previous world expositions. It is one of the outstanding traditions of Jingdezhen ceramic technology. In terms of age, it includes Daming Cai and Kangxi Cai; As far as color is concerned, there are three colors, five colors, red and green. Its technical features are single line and plane, strong lines, concise and vivid brushwork, strong color contrast, exaggerated image generalization, strong folk style and strong decoration.

Xincai: Originally named Waicai, it appeared in the late Qing Dynasty and was a ceramic decoration method introduced from abroad. First, draw various pictures or patterns on the surface of white porcelain with colorful pigments, and then bake them in a color furnace. This kind of porcelain is called new colored porcelain. New colored porcelain is a new variety gradually developed in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), after several improvements, new color decoration techniques have been enriched and developed, and combined with modern technology, it has become a widely used decorative form. At present, among the popular new colors in Jingdezhen, there are not only new colors with China freehand brushwork style, but also bright and bright brush flowers and spray colors, regular and beautiful lithography and silk-screen decals. After a series of reforms and innovations, the decorative style has formed the local characteristics of Jingdezhen ceramic art. New colors include decal, painting, brush painting, spray painting, printing, film transfer, gold painting and color addition, color printing, corrosion of gold color and electronic luster of various colors. It is characterized by rich colors, diverse decorations, beautiful blank shapes, vivid patterns and novel styles.

Colored glaze: it is a beautiful glaze made of raw materials containing nonferrous metals. Adding different metal oxides into the glaze as colorants and firing at a certain temperature and atmosphere will present different colors of glaze and become colored glaze. There are three classification methods: First, according to the firing temperature, it is divided into high-temperature glass (about 1300 degrees), medium-temperature glass (about 1200 degrees) and low-temperature glass (about 1000 degrees). If the firing temperature is 1250 degrees, it can be divided into high and low. Second, according to the nature of the fired flame, it can be divided into two types: oxidized flame colored glaze and reducing flame colored glaze. Three, according to the appearance characteristics after firing, it can be divided into monochromatic glaze, multicolor glaze, crack glaze, matt glaze and crystalline glaze.

The difference between colored glaze and ordinary colored glaze lies in the special firing process and formula of colored glaze. The glaze of colored glaze must be calcined at a high temperature above 1.250 degrees Celsius to show its unique charm, such as light flow like oil, color flow like rainbow, and particle flow like waterfall. Glass is colorful and changeable. Cyan, such as bean green, shadow green, pink green, Longquan azure, etc. Red and purple, such as: Sacrificial Red, Lang Yaohong, Military Red, Rose Purple, Beauty Drunk, Glazed Red, Flaming Red, etc. Yellow, such as titanium yellow, ivory yellow, fish yellow, pink yellow, etc. Green, such as: green, peacock green, Venus green, brother green, etc. Black, such as black gold, rust, matte black. Others include crystalline glaze, Yaobian Flower Glaze, Tea Powder, Titanium Flower Glaze, crack glaze, Tang Sancai, Longquan Glaze, Wax Glaze, Jinsha Glaze, Color-changing Glaze, "Sankaitai" and Hebei Blue Glaze. In addition, there are low-temperature colored glazes such as: western red, carmine, doll face, pink and Chili red; Ying Ge Green, Apple Green, Light Green, Caviar Green, Guapi Green, Furnace Green, Bitter Green and Water Green; Yellow, yellow, light yellow, caviar bronze, purple on a black background, etc.

Comprehensive color: it is a new decorative form that combines various techniques. According to the requirements of the works, it uses different raw materials (over-glaze and under-glaze pigments), different expression techniques (sculpture, painting, colored glaze) and different firing techniques (high and low temperature) to achieve the overall design effect, making the porcelain decoration more perfect. Comprehensive color works can give full play to the characteristics of various techniques and the advantages of technical operation, and fully realize the creative intention. So it is an ideal way to decorate. Its characteristics are flexible and colorful, and various decorative forms set off each other, complement each other and compete for beauty, which enriches the artistic language of ceramics.

Modern ceramic art: Creation becomes a space for creative subjects to exert their imagination and a medium to realize individual spiritual value. Let ceramic art, an ancient art, become the spiritual residence of modern people. Therefore, different from traditional pottery, modern pottery only takes clay as the material carrier, which embodies a modern artistic spirit. It advocates free creation and individuality, even though some works still retain the form of containers. But it is no longer for practical purposes. It broke through the original technical specifications, abandoned the delicate, regular and symmetrical classical aesthetic taste of traditional ceramics, and developed in the direction of freedom, imagination and humanistic spirit. What modern ceramic art creates is no longer the traditional artistic "bottles and jars", and even "bottles and jars" freely express the living experience of ceramists with the concept that "bottles and jars are art". Therefore, modern ceramic art belongs to the inner artistic creation of individual artists. It is separated from the matrix of ancient ceramics, forming an independent whole with the characteristics of pure art.

Porcelain carving-Porcelain carving: It is a kind of decoration of ceramics. Generally speaking, it refers to an independent three-dimensional ceramic sculpture, which needs die printing, inlaying, hand carving, kneading, stacking, plastic molding, carving and other technological operations, and is made by high temperature firing. Due to the different operation methods, it can be roughly divided into round carving, relief carving, pile carving, carving, inlay carving and carving. The production of Jingdezhen porcelain sculptures can be traced back to the production of 1000 "lion" and "elephant". Contemporary Jingdezhen porcelain carving has exquisite skills and complete techniques, including garden carving, pinch carving, carving and relief carving. Products are diverse, including Buddha statues, flowers, fish and insects, pavilions, animal toys and so on. Beautiful shape, both form and spirit, varied and lifelike; Rich decoration, including high-temperature glass and underglaze multicolor; Strong artistic expression, some solemn and vigorous, some elegant and fresh, some gorgeous and dazzling.