Gong zizhen's life story

Qu Yuan (about 340-278 BC) was a poet and politician of Chu State during the Warring States Period in China. Born in Zigui, Danyang, Chu (now Yichang, Hubei). Mi surname, Qu family, human, the word is native; Since the cloud name is regular, the spirit word is even. Chu Wuwang Xiong Tong's son Qu Xian's descendants. When I was a teenager, I was well educated, knowledgeable and ambitious. In his early years, he was trusted by Chu Huaiwang as Zuotu, and was also a doctor of San Lv, in charge of internal affairs and foreign affairs. Advocate "American politics", advocate improving talents and abilities internally, improve statutes, and unite external forces to resist Qin. Slashed by nobles, he was exiled to Hanbei and Yuanxiang Valley. [1] After the capital of Chu was breached by Qin Jun, it sank into the Miluo River and died for Chu.

Qu Yuan is a great patriotic poet in China's history, the founder of China's romantic literature, the founder and representative writer of Songs of the South, who initiated the tradition of "vanilla beauty" and was known as the "father of Songs of the South". Song Yu, Jing Ke and other famous poets in Chu were all influenced by Qu Yuan. [2] The appearance of Qu Yuan's works marks that China's poetry has entered a new era from elegant harmony to romantic originality [3]. The main works are Li Sao, Nine Songs, Nine Chapters and Nine Questions. Chu Ci, with Qu Yuan's works as the main body, is one of the sources of China's romantic literature. The most famous chapter Li Sao, as the representative, is called "Sao" with the national style in the Book of Songs [4][5], which has a far-reaching influence on later poetry.

1953, on the occasion of the 2230th anniversary of Qu Yuan's death, the World Peace Council passed a resolution to identify Qu Yuan as one of the four cultural celebrities in the world. [6][7][8][9][ 10]

Original name

Qu Yuan

Another name

Qu Ping, Qu Zi, Qu Zheng Zheng.

Characters and numbers used to specify serial numbers.

Words are original, and words are spiritual.

The Times

Late warring States period

Ethnic groups

hua xia zu

Character relationship

Song Yu

student

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You don't know Qu Yuan-the reformer of Chu's political reform.

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Main achievements, anecdotes and allusions, historical evaluation, the influence of future generations on relatives and members, related disputes, and the artistic image recorded in historical materials commemorating future generations.

The life of the character

Early experience

On the seventh day of the first month in the 29th year of Zhou Xianwang (340 BC) and the 14th day of the first month in the 30th year of Zhou Xianwang (339 BC), Qu Yuan was born in Zigui, Danyang, Chu. The following year, Julepingli.

Quyuan statue

In the thirty-ninth year of Zhou Xianwang (the first 330 years), Qu Yuan lived in Lepingli. I was addicted to books since I was a child and read a lot of miscellaneous books. "Reading in Cave" and "Bashan Yelao Jiaojing" should be in this year.

Zhou Xianwang lived in Leping for forty years (the first 329 years). Although Qu Yuan was born in a noble family, he was very sympathetic to the poor because he lived among the people and was influenced by his family. Since then, at a young age, he has done a lot of good things that sympathize with the people and won unanimous praise. [6][ 10][ 1 1]

Show talent

In the forty-eighth year of King Xianzhou (32 1 year), Qin Jun invaded Chu, and Qu Yuan organized the youth in Lepingli to fight hard. On the one hand, he gave ideological education to young people condescendingly, on the other hand, he skillfully used various tactics to deal a heavy blow to the enemy with wit and courage, which showed his extraordinary talent.

In the middle of March, the first year of King Zhou (320 BC), Qu Yuan was summoned to leave Beijing. This year, he made a county magistrate in Ezhou.

In the second year of Liang Wang (3 19), Shen Zhou was promoted to a left disciple in Chu Huaiwang. In the late autumn of this year, Qu Yuan made his first mission to Qi.

For three years (3 18), Shen Zhou was busy with the internal and external affairs of Chu. Chu, Wei, Zhao, Han and Yan joined forces to attack Qin, and Qu Yuan went with the army. [ 10][ 1 1]

political reform

In the fourth year of Liang Wang (3 17), Qu Yuan was busy with political reform and enacted various laws.

Over the past five years (the first 3 16), Shen Zhou has continued to carry out political reforms and fought against the old aristocracy and all die-hard forces.

In the six years of Shen Zhou (the first 3 15), the reform went deep and the people's hearts were boiling; The situation in Chu has changed greatly, and the old nobles are facing the fate of extinction. [ 10][ 1 1]

Watch and watch.

In the first year (365,438+04 BC), Qu became a doctor because of ignorance.

In the second year of Zhou Nanwang (the first 3 13), Qu Yuan was exiled to Hanbei (now Xixia, Xichuan and Neixiang in Henan) for the first time. Zhang Yi of Qin broke the Chu-Qi alliance and attacked Qin twice, but both were defeated by Qin, and Hanzhong County fell, which is called "the Battle of Danyang" in history.

Chen Hongshou's Qu Zi Xing Yin Tu

In the third year of Zhou Nanwang (the first 3 12), Chu sent troops to counterattack Qin, and was defeated in Lantian (now Lantian, Shaanxi). Chu Huaiwang reactivated Qu Yuan and sent him to Qi, with the aim of establishing a new alliance between the two countries.

In the fourth year of Zhou Nanwang (before 3 1 1 year) and the fourteenth year of Qin, Chu Zhaoling was captured. King Huiwen is willing to cede half of Hanzhong to the State of Chu and form an alliance with the State of Chu. Chu Huaiwang wants Yi Cheung more than the land in Hanzhong. Zhang Yi came to the State of Chu, paid off the Shanxi merchants with a large sum of money, got the advice of Chu Huaiwang's minion Zheng Xiu, and was put back to the State of Qin. King Huiwen of Qin died, and King Wu of Zi stood upright. Qu Yuan went to Qi, and when he returned to Chu, Zhang Yi had already left. Qu Yuan advised Chu Huaiwang, "Why not kill Zhang Yi?" Chu Huaiwang regretted sending someone to chase Yi Cheung, but failed to catch him.

In the fifth year of Zhou Nanwang (before 3 10), in the first year of Qin Wuwang, Zhang Yi was dissatisfied with the prince of Wu and left the State of Qin for the State of Wei. Qu Yuan still regards Wang as a doctor. Chu Huaiwang realized that he had been cheated by Zhang Yi, so he made Qu Yuan his special envoy on the spur of the moment. After Qu Yuan came back from Qi, he was immediately alienated by Chu Huaiwang.

In the sixth year (309 BC) and the second year, in order to be a leader, the evil Chu United with Qin. He wrote a letter to the king of Chu, hesitated and advised him to remonstrate. He disagreed with Qin's opinion and United to be good for North Korea. Qu Yuan can't participate in state affairs, and it is very likely that he will be pregnant with the king by waiting for the minister.

Seven years in Zhou Nanwang (the first 308 years), three years in Qin Wuwang, Han Yiyang, Gan Mao. Qu Yuan lived in Du Ying and built an altar to teach.

In the seventeenth year of King Hao of Zhou (in the first 298 years), Qin Zhao Haoqi sent troops out of Wuguan, attacked Chu, beheaded 50,000 people, and analyzed (now Xichuan, Henan Province) about fifteen cities. [ 10][ 12]

Exile in Hanbei

In the 11th year of Zhou Nanwang (the first 304 years), Qu Yuan wandered in the north (above the Hanshui River, around Xixia and Xichuan in Nanyang, Henan). The reunion of Qin Chu is contrary to Qu Yuan's plan, but the treacherous court official will be harmed by slanderers and will avoid the land in the north of China. When he had to, he wanted to come back.

Fu Baoshi's Qu Zi Xing Yin Tu

In the 13th year of Zhou Nanwang (302 BC), Qi, Wei and Han allied forces attacked Chu, sent the prince to Qin as a hostage, and asked Qin to send troops to rescue him. The king of Qin ordered Ke Qingtong to lead the troops to save Chu and repel the allied forces of the Three Kingdoms. The following year, a doctor of Qin State and Prince Heng were killed because of a private fight. The prince fled back to Chu for fear that Zhao Haoqi, the king of Qin, would blame him. This incident worsened the relationship between Qin and Chu, which led to Qin attacking Chu frequently. "Qu Yuan hated that Chu Huaiwang listened to the gossip of villains, and let the untrue language blind the correct language. These rumors will harm the interests of Chu, which founder people can't tolerate, so Qu Yuan wrote Li Sao in bitter meditation. "

In the sixteenth year of Zhou Nanwang (299 BC), Qu Yuan had returned from exile in the Northern Han Dynasty. Together with Zhao Ju and others, he advised Chu Huaiwang not to attend the meeting, saying, "The land of tigers and wolves is not credible, so it is better not to." But my child Zilan was afraid of losing her love and urged her to go. As a result, as soon as Chu Huaiwang entered Wuguan, he was detained by Qin Jun, grabbed Xianyang and threatened to cede Wuxian and Qianzhong counties. After the capture of Xianyang, the State of Chu was made King Xiang by Qi Ying, and his son was made King Xiang, refusing to cede the land to the State of Qin. Qin once again sent troops to attack Chu, defeated the Chu army, beheaded 50 thousand and took sixteen cities. [ 10][ 13]

Exile Jiangnan

In the 19th year of Zhou Nanwang (296 BC), Chu Huaiwang died in the State of Qin, which sent his body back to the State of Chu for burial. So the ministers thought Qin was unjust. Qin and Chu broke up. Qu Yuan was dismissed as a doctor in San Lv and exiled to Jiangnan. He started from Du Ying, went to Ezhu first, and then entered Dongting.

Zhang Xiangzhou's work "Throwing into the River"

In the twentieth year of Zhou Nanwang (the first 295 years), Qu Yuan went to Changsha, where he enjoyed the mountains and rivers of Changsha and became deeply attached to this country.

In the twenty-second year of Zhou Nanwang (293 BC), in the sixth year of Chu Qing, the State of Qin sent Tian Lei to Iraq to attack South Korea, which won a great victory and beheaded 240,000 people. The State of Qin sent a letter to the King of Chu, saying, "The State of Chu has betrayed the State of Qin, and the State of Qin is ready to lead the vassals to crusade against the State of Chu and decide the outcome. I hope you will rectify your foot soldiers and have a good fight. " The king of Chu did not forget his desire to rebel, pointing out that he ended up in a foreign country because "his so-called loyal ministers were unfaithful, while his so-called sages were heartless."

From the 21st year of Zhou Nanwang (294 BC) to the 36th year of Zhou Nanwang (279 BC), Qu Yuan was exiled to a remote area in the south for the second time. According to the analysis of "Nine Chapters", the route of this exile started from Ying Du (now Jiangling, Hubei Province), first went downstream to the southeast, celebrated Xia Shou (now southeast of Shashi, Hubei Province), looked at Longmen (Du Yingdong Gate), entered the Yangtze River through Dongting Lake, then left Xiapu (now Hankou, Hubei Province) and finally reached Lingyang (now). It lasted 16 years, during which a large number of excellent literary works were created, such as Nine Chapters and Return from the Past. [ 10][ 13]

Self-investment Miluo

In the thirty-fifth year of Zhou Nanwang (the first 280 years), in the nineteenth year of Chu and Han Dynasties, Qin General Sima Cuo attacked Chu, and Chu ceded Shang Yong and Hanbei; In the second year, he attacked Chu and took evil spirits, Deng and Xiling.

In the thirty-seventh year of Zhou Nanwang (the first 278 years), Du Ying was captured by Tian Lei, and King Xiang of Chu had to flee with the ruling aristocrat "Chen Cheng of Yu Bao (now Huaiyang County, Henan Province)". In a state of extreme depression and complete despair, Qu Yuan threw himself into the Miluo River on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. This year was probably the twenty-first year of King Xiang of Chu Qing (278 BC), and Qu Yuan was about sixty-two. [ 13][ 14][ 15]

Major achievements

Literary achievements

Qu Yuan is a poet, and only from him did China have a writer famous for his literature. He founded the style of "Chu Ci" (also known as "Sao Style"), and was praised as "a poet in clothes, not a generation". According to the collation of Liu Xiang and Liu Xin and Wang Yi's annotation, there are 25 works of Qu Yuan, namely Li Sao, Tian Wen and Tian Wen (Emperor Taiyi, Yun Zhongjun, Lady Xiang, Shao Siming,). According to Sima Qian's words in Historical Records and Biography of Qu Yuan, there is also an article "Evocation of Soul". Some scholars believe that Zhao Da is also the work of Qu Yuan. However, some people suspect that the chapters behind Journey and some chapters in Nine Chapters were not written by Qu Yuan. According to Guo Moruo's textual research, there are 23 works of Qu Yuan that have been handed down. Among them, Nine Songs 1 1, Nine Chapters, Li Sao 1, Tian Wen 1, Evocation 1.

Chuquyuan statue

Generally speaking, Li Sao, Tian Wen and Jiu Ge can be regarded as the representatives of three types of Qu Yuan's works. Nine Chapters, Journey, Buju, Fisherman, Evocation of Soul, and Da Zhao can be classified as Li Sao in content and style, and most of them are well documented and meaningful, focusing on expressing the author's inner feelings. Li Sao is a magnificent poem created by Qu Yuan with his own ideals, experiences, pains, enthusiasm and even his whole life. It shines with bright personality and is the focus of all Qu Yuan's creations. Tian Wen is a poem written by Qu Yuan according to myths and legends, which embodies the author's academic attainments and views on history and nature. "Nine Songs" is Qu Yuan's music for offering sacrifices to the gods in Chu. It is full of life breath in the expression of characters' feelings and the description of environmental atmosphere. However, it is the expression of generations or gods, rather than the author's self-lyric, which shows more traces of the literary tradition of southern Chu. Li Sao and Nine Songs constitute the basic style of Qu Yuan's works.

Qu Yuan's works are closely related to myths. Many illusory contents are developed from myths. Qu Yuan is also a poet who pays attention to reality. His works reflect various contradictions in the real society, especially the dark politics of Chu.

The style of Qu Yuan's works is obviously different from the Book of Songs. This is related to the differences in folk customs between the Yangtze River Basin and the Yellow River Basin. At that time, the north had entered the patriarchal society, and Chu still had the legacy of clan society, which was tough and lively, and was not bound by etiquette. Therefore, the expression of love between men and women and patriotism is so straightforward, and the materials used are so rich that everything can run to the bottom of the pen. Write about the love between man and God, crazy people, ancient historical legends, and traveling with ghosts and gods. All gods have ordinary human nature among the people, and God is just a person beyond ordinary people. They make their works look bright, full of emotion and unrestrained. This kind of works shows different characteristics from northern literature. From the institutional point of view, Qu Yuan's previous poems, whether the Book of Songs or southern folk songs, were mostly short stories, and Qu Yuan developed into a long and huge system. Li Sao alone has more than 2,400 words. In terms of expression techniques, Qu Yuan skillfully combined Fu, Bi and Xing, and made extensive use of the Bi Xing technique of "vanilla beauty" to vividly express abstract morality, consciousness and complex realistic relations. In terms of language form, Qu Yuan's works have broken through the four-sentence pattern in The Book of Songs, with each sentence ranging from five, six, seven, eight and nine characters, as well as three sentences and cross sentences. Grammar is uneven and flexible. The word "Xi" and function words such as "Zhi", "Yu", "Hu" and "Er" are often used at the end of sentences to coordinate syllables and produce cadence, singing and sighing effects. In a word, his works are very creative from content to form.

After the Chu people established Guanzhong, the capital of the Han Dynasty, Qu Yuan's works had a great influence. With the continuous study and development of Songs of the South, the literature in the north has gradually become Chu. The new five-character poems and seven-character poems are all related to Chu Sao. Fu writers in Han Dynasty were all influenced by Chu Ci. After the Han Dynasty, works of "Shao Sao" appeared in all previous dynasties. The author often uses Qu Yuan's poems to express his own obstacles, and even uses Qu Yuan's experience as a metaphor, which is the direct development of Qu Yuan's literature. In addition, there are poems, songs, lyrics, songs, dramas, Qin lyrics, Daqu, scripts and so on. Take the life story of Qu Yuan as the theme, such as The Portrait of Qu Yuan, Nine Songs, Nine Tweens, etc. It is also difficult to count. Therefore, Lu Xun called Qu Yuan's works "outstanding" and "its influence on later articles is even above 300 in The Book of Songs" (Outline of China Literature History). Guo Moruo, a famous poet, once wrote Ode to Thunder and Electricity for him to commemorate his deeds.

Qu Yuan's works are rich in imagination and magnificent in ci style. In Lisao, a large number of myths and legends are used to assemble the sun, the moon and the wind into poems, which makes the words very colorful. He also highlighted the story of three times to find a woman to express his enthusiasm. "He is good at describing a gentleman with beauty and vanilla; Rotten wood and dirty grass are metaphors of villains, and the scene that the king trusts, the traitor in power and the patriot can't serve the country is vividly written in a contrasting way.

Qu Yuan's works are full of positive romantic spirit. Its main performance is that he integrated his passionate pursuit of ideals into artistic imagination and magical artistic conception. Wind arouses Chu is the style of Qu Yuan's Chu Ci. Qu Yuan was ostracized and framed by Mix, which made Chu Huaiwang, who once trusted him very much and relied on his reform and self-improvement, have doubts about him, and even alienated from exile. After King Xiang of Chu came to power, he became more fatuous and increasingly corrupt in politics. Chu was facing the crisis of national subjugation and persecuted patriots like Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan's moral integrity, noble personality and patriotic actions have all become crimes. He turned his anger into poetry, forming an emotional appeal. This sentiment is very strong in the nine chapters.

Qu Yuan's works also use a series of metaphors to express his feelings. For example, he used flowers and herbs to describe a noble gentleman; Use smelly things and Xiao Ai as metaphors for traitors or disloyal villains; Wearing vanilla symbolizes the poet's moral cultivation. This technique of "vanilla beauty" makes a sharp contrast between loyalty, ugliness, goodness and evil in reality, and produces a concise and endless artistic effect. For example, "Nine Chapters of Mourning" wrote at the beginning: "The emperor's life is unclean, and it is not a shock to the people. The people lost each other, and Fang Zhongchun moved eastward. " The poet expressed great resentment at the destruction of the country and the pain of the separation of the people, and wrote his unique strange, angry, desolate and cold poems. In many poems, he expressed great indignation that the society at that time did not attach importance to talents and thought that he was incompetent. The poet was angry and showed a feeling of grief and indignation. Although Qu Yuan's Chu Ci is full of emotional appeal, it has profound interest because of its broad mind and deep feelings, and it doesn't feel frivolous or frivolous when reading it. This strong interest is deeply contained in all kinds of poems he wrote. Not to mention the profound patriotic enthusiasm expressed in Li Sao and the poet's sincere heart for the country and the nation, which deeply touched the readers' heartstrings, that is, the strange poem in Tian Wen, which appeared in the form of rhetorical questions, contained quite profound thoughts, fully demonstrated his erudition and wisdom, and made this poem full of interest, fantastic spirit and beautiful enlightenment to readers.

Wuhan Donghu Quyuan statue

As a great poet, the appearance of Qu Yuan not only marks that China's poetry has entered a new era from collective singing to individual originality, but also his new poetic style-Chu Ci, which broke through the expression form of The Book of Songs, greatly enriched the expressive force of poetry and opened up a new world for China's ancient poetry creation. Therefore, later generations called Guo Feng, one of the Songs of the South and the Book of Songs, coquettish. "Feng" and "Sao" are the sources of the two fine traditions of realism and romanticism in the history of China's poetry. At the same time, Chu Ci, represented by Qu Yuan, also influenced the formation of Han Fu. [9][ 15][ 16][ 17][ 18][ 19][20]

Political achievements

In order to realize the great cause of rejuvenating the State of Chu, Qu Yuan actively assisted in the reform to strengthen the country, and insisted on uniting with Qi to resist Qin, making the State of Chu once rich and strong. As for the content of Qu Yuan's political reform, the records in Historical Records and Warring States Policy are very brief, and later generations can't see the whole picture. We can get some information from Li Sao and Nine Chapters: First, his reform was ordered by Chu Huaiwang; The second is to "make meritorious service first", that is, inherit the legacy of predecessors; Thirdly, we should focus on "doubt of knowing the law", that is, establishing a new legal system; Fourth, the top-down political reform movement aimed at achieving national prosperity. After tedious and rigorous textual research, Tang, an expert in Chu history, summarized Qu Yuan's reform into six aspects:

Quyuan Temple in Miluo, Hunan

First, enjoy farming. Rewarding farmers is to increase taxes, enrich the country and enrich the people, and rewarding campaigns is to strengthen military strategic equipment; Shang Yang and Wu Qi's political reforms are all like this, and people are looking forward to it, whether they are farming or going out. Only by establishing a reward and punishment system will civil servants and people be willing to do their best for the promotion of professional titles.

Second, give merit. During the Warring States period, the practice of respecting the virtuous corporal was initiated, which made Wei dominate for more than a hundred years in the early Warring States period. Secondly, Tian Ji's "Qi Huangong" turned Xia Ji into a learning hall, which accepted talents. In the era of Qi Weiwang, Xia Ji Xuegong is still a place where scholars all over the world flock to it. Qu Yuan, at this time, such a reform is just the right time. However, it was in sharp contrast with the military reform of King Wuling of Zhao at that time. 10 years later, when Zhao became a powerful country in the Warring States period, Chu became increasingly depressed because of its weakness.

Third, anti-shielding. That is to say, to break the communication barrier between the monarch and his subjects, so that the orders given by the king of Chu can be accurately and instantly conveyed to the official's office, and the official's office will also convey the orders given by the palace to the ordinary people at the first time; Let the king of Chu exchange the needed materials with the people to break the situation that the king of Chu is surrounded by yes-men; The monarch can clearly and vividly understand the sufferings of people's livelihood and does not listen to partiality. And the opinions of the theme can also reach Chuting at high speed.

Fourth, banning cronies. In view of the fact that nobles and the old clan of Chu often collude with each other for personal gain, they crack down on ministers and workers with different political views and restrain them by law.

Fifth, rewards and punishments. Both Shang Yang, a famous legalist, and Wu Qi, a military strategist, pay attention to using strict laws to restrain the merits and demerits of soldiers. On the issue of political reform, Qu Yuan integrated the essence of legalists and military strategists.

Sixth, change customs. Qu Yuan hated the unhealthy trend of Chu, and every eloquent and eloquent old courtier took advantage of the country's thematic interests. This reform also restrained Chu's bad habits in the form of law. [20][2 1]

Anecdotal allusions

Qu family

Qu Yuan was born in the nobility of the State of Chu. Like the King of Chu, his surname was Mi, but the King of Chu was a bear. The surname comes from Zhu Rongshi, Zhuan Xu of the Yellow Emperor; The Mi clan group migrated from Shang Dynasty to Southern Chu, and when it reached Xiong Yi, it was sealed in Chu because of its merits and lived in Danyang (now Yichang, Hubei). This is Qu Yuan's hometown.

Quyuan statue

In the early Spring and Autumn Period, about the 7th century BC, Xiong Tong's son was sealed in Qu, and later generations took Qu as their surname. The king of Chu's own family is similar to Qu's, but if it is arrogant and harmonious? Stone, Zhao and Jing in the Warring States Period. Zhao, Qu and Jing are the three surnames of the royal family in Chu. The Qu family can last from the early Spring and Autumn Period to the end of the Warring States Period, and has been at the top of Chu. This family can be described as enduring. Qu Yuan used to be a doctor in San Lv. It is said that he was in charge of royal affairs.

Because Qu Yuan was a family of the King of Chu, he was called "the public house" or "the public house" at that time, so his relationship with Chu was of course different. The descendants of Qu, such as Qu Zhong, Qu Wan, Qu Dao and Qu Jian, all held important positions in Chu State. In Qu Yuan's generation, not many people became high officials, only Qu Yuan and the general Qu Kun who was later captured by Qin State. According to Qu Yuan's poem "Nine Chapters", it can be seen that this noble family had declined at that time. [ 16][22]

Eight characters for fortune telling

According to many modern studies, Qu Yuan's date of birth was between 27 years (342 BC) and 30 years (339 BC) in Zhou Xianwang. According to Jiazi, that year should be Wuyin year. As it happens, Qu Yuan's birth is not only a cloudy year, but also a cloudy day in Yin Yue. According to the ancient saying of China calendar, "people are born in the shade", so Xia Zheng takes the month of establishing the shade (the first month) as the beginning of the year. Since Qu Yuan was born in 1998, it really conforms to the date of birth of a person, so Qu Yuan said in Lisao: "She was taken to raise her virginity, and only Geng Yin and I came down." "Meng Wei shines on my virginity" means that the traditional star meets Yin, indicating that this year is Yin; Meng is the beginning, Wei is the first month, and the summer calendar begins with the month, which means that the first month of this year is; "Only Geng Yin surrendered with me" means that the day when Qu Yuan was born was Yin Ri. Qu Yuan was born on a cloudy day in silver moon in the lunar year. According to the calculation of Zou and Liu according to the calendar, it was designated as the 2nd1day of the first month of the 26th year of the King (343 BC). In the Qing Dynasty, Chen You was calculated as the 22nd day of the first month of the same year through the weekly calendar. Academics generally define it as the 29th year of Zhou Xianwang (the first 340 years). [ 16]

Qu yuan was named

Qu Yuan felt that his birth and death years were somewhat different, so he said in Li Sao: "Emperor Guan is full of joy, Zhao Qian's name is common, and the word is even." My father thought my birthday was extraordinary and gave me a good name, Ping and Yuan. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wang Yi explained Qu Yuan's name in the Songs of the South, saying, "Righteousness is right; Then, the law is also ","spirit is also, and god is also; Uniform and adjustable. There is nothing fairer than the sky. The people who raise things have been adjusted and are not in the ground. " Therefore, it is called "Pingtian" and the word is "Tian". In line with his date of birth, literally speaking, "Ping" means justice, and fairness is a symbol of heaven; Yuan is a broad and flat terrain and a symbol of the earth. Qu Yuan's birth and death year and name conform to Yin's three systems of heaven, earth, ugliness and fate. This was considered a good omen at that time.

Sima Qian once said in Historical Records Biography of Qu Yuan: "Qu Yuan is as famous as Chu." Chu royal family is Xiong family, Xiong family is matriarchal family and Xiong family is paternal family. After Qu Yuan became a royal family, he became his home with Chu Huaiwang and Xiong Huai. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Chu Wuwang made his son "Qu Xian" the leader of Quyi. Because Prince Qu Xian was an official in the DPRK, his work was excellent and he was allowed to enjoy the products of Quyi, so people called him "Qu Xian". Thus, the king of Chu surnamed Xiong and became a branch of Xiong.

In the pre-Qin period, there was a man who took his surname as his surname, so his name was Qu Yuan, not xiang yuan. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, this problem did not exist. [ 16]

Historical evaluation

Positive evaluation

ancient times

Sima Qian's Historical Records Biographies of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng: "Although Qu Yuan was in exile, he was attached to Chu and the king, and he never forgot his desire to rebel. He hopes that a king will realize that there is a custom change. " It wants to keep the country prosperous and repeat the same mistakes. In an article, there are three goals. "

Ban Gu's Preface to Lisao: "Although not a wise man, it can be described as brilliant."

A bust of Qu Yuan

Wang Yi's Preface to Chapters and Sentences of Chu Ci: "The quality of loyalty, the cleanliness of the body, is as straight as stone and the face is as green; I don't hide my plan, but I don't care about my life. This is a sincere trip, and so is Jun Yan's English. "

Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long Bian Sao: "Without Qu Yuan, there would be no Li See Sao." If you take it by surprise, you can escape the wind and aim high. The mountains and rivers are endless, and the truth is practical. Metallography is like jade, gorgeous and incomparable. "

Hong Xingzu's Supplement to Chu Ci: "Qu Yuan and Chu also share the same surname. The same surname is also boring. " "The same surname is benevolent, can Qu Yuan not die?" "No one in Chu. If Qu goes to the country, Chu will die. " "Although Qu Yuan was exiled, he did not go to Chu for a long time, which shows that he could not strive to remonstrate when he was alive, but he still had feelings when he died." "Even if you die, you won't die."

Li Bai's "Yong Jiang": "Qu Ping's Ci hangs on the sun and the moon, and the king of Chu is empty."

Su Shi: "In my pen, Qu Zi is the only one who can't achieve his goal."

Zhu Zhu notes "Songs of Chu": "This trip entrusted me to go up and down and return to Chu Yan; It is also benevolence and righteousness. " [24]

Modern Times

Liang Qichao: Qu Yuan is the "ancestor of China writers".

Lu Xun's Outline of the History of China Literature: "Compared with poetry, it is very long, its thought is absurd, its writing style is beautiful, its purpose is clear, and it does not conform to the rules ... which influenced more than 300 articles later."

Guo Moruo: Qu Yuan is a "great patriotic poet" and a shining star in the era of bright stars, "especially a colorful first-class star".

Mao Zedong: "Qu Yuan's name is more sacred to us. He is not only a talented singer in ancient times, but also a great patriot, selfless, fearless, brave and noble. His image remains in the mind of everyone in China. No matter at home or abroad, Qu Yuan is an immortal image. We are witnesses to his longevity. "

Wen Yiduo: Qu Yuan is "a person who has sufficient conditions to be called a people's poet in the history of China".

Feng Youlan's New Compilation of China's Philosophical History: "After Wuqi, Qu Yuan was the politician who advocated Chu's political reform. He was a politician who promoted the "rule of law" in Chu, and he was also a disseminator of the study of Huang Lao. He has made great achievements in literature, so his political opinions and philosophical thoughts are covered by his literary achievements. In fact, all his literary works are based on his political views and philosophical thoughts. The reason why his literary works are great is precisely because it has such content. "

Hu Qiaomu's Encyclopedia of China China Literature: Qu Yuan is "the founder of romantic literature in China".

Zhang's History of Chu Culture: "There are two trends in the development of Laozi School: one is to develop into Zhuangzi's philosophy, and the other is to develop into the essence theory. The representative of Xia Ji's theory of spirituality in the south is Qu Zi's philosophy.

Gong Pengcheng's History of China Literature: Qu Yuan is "the first great patriotic poet in the history of China".

1953, Qu Yuan was regarded by the World Peace Council as one of the four famous people commemorated in the world that year. The editorial "Qu Yuan and We" in the collection of Literary and Art Newspaper was 1 1: "Qu Yuan is a great poet in the world and one of the figures who reached the highest peak in the history of world literature."

Federlin, an academician of the former Soviet Academy of Sciences, commented on the uniqueness and humanity of Qu Yuan's poems: "Qu Yuan's poems have inherent national characteristics, but they also have universal world significance. Qu Yuan's thoughts are the wealth of all mankind. " Qu Yuan's Ci and Fu are immortal: "The immortal name of Qu Yuan, an ancient poet in China, is one of the best authors of China's poetry and world language art ... Qu Yuan's works belong to this cultural phenomenon with world historical significance. The greater its greatness and social significance, the more full and clear it will become. "

Qu Yuan and Chu Ci Serebryakov, director of the Department of China Language and Literature of the Oriental Department of Leningrad University in the former Soviet Union: "Qu Yuan, the most important writer of Chu Ci, is also one of the world's literary giants."

James Haytaowei, a professor at Harvard University, an academician of the American Academy of Science and Art, and a member of Qu Yuan Studies of the Asian Studies Association, said: "It is really rare for a great poet to pursue innovation so much." [25][26][27][ 17][28][29][30][3 1]

Negative evaluation

Yang Xiong: "There are too many to float." "Dance in the sky."

Ban Gu: "It's so true to win glory with the sun and the moon." "The scholar praised himself, blaming the king for the pepper orchid, worrying about god, thinking hard, being strong but not chivalrous, and dying in the river." An unwise tool.

Yan Zhitui: "Since ancient times, literati have always been frivolous, and Qu Yuan showed his talents and showed his hegemony." [24][25]

The influence of later generations

Personality spirit

First, the influence of Qu Yuan's life consciousness on later literary creation.

Cheng Lianou's Painting "Qu Zi Yin"

The life consciousness embodied in Qu Yuan's works is mainly manifested in two aspects. On the one hand, time flies, beauty's sense of urgency and cold sense of death. Facing the changes of the four seasons in nature, it can arouse people's sense of time and life, and the ancient China literati's expression of the sense of disappearance of beauty is endless from generation to generation. But no one has felt a sense of urgency or even fear in the face of fleeting time like Qu Yuan.

Second, the influence of patriotism in Qu Yuan's literary works on later generations.

As a great patriot and patriotic poet, Qu Yuan was admired by later generations. His deep and persistent patriotic enthusiasm, his spirit of persisting in ideals, unyielding death, pursuing truth and boldly criticizing reality in political struggle set an example for later writers. There are many poems in Lisao that show Qu Yuan's patriotic spirit.

After the failure of political struggle in the early Han Dynasty, Jia Yi was demoted to Changsha. When he passed the Miluo River, he felt that he had a similar experience with Qu Yuan and wrote a very painful "Mourning Qu Fuyuan". On the one hand, I mourn Qu Yuan and introduce Qu Yuan as my confidant. On the one hand, he studied Qu Yuan's creative spirit and boldly exposed the dark social reality.