What is the earliest form of tourism in the world?

Travel and tourism in pre-Qin period;

This stage is from the legendary primitive commune of Yao, Shun and Yu to the establishment of the Qin Dynasty in feudal society. Including the whole slave society-Xia Shang, Western Zhou, Eastern Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States.

1. tourist traffic conditions: developing traffic routes is one of the basic prerequisites for the development of tourism. The first problem that China faced in the pre-Qin period was to break through the barriers between the territories, develop various means of transportation, and prepare conditions for the emperor's inspection, business travel and diplomatic lobbying. According to the current archaeological findings, the paddle was invented by the matriarchal clan commune in China 7000 years ago (the paddle unearthed from Hemudu site in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province is evidence). In the Xia and Shang Dynasties from 2033 BC to 65438 BC+0066 BC, there were already cars. At that time, there were many kinds of cars, including ox carts, horse-riding carriages, military vehicles for combat and field vehicles for hunting. Sun Tzu also likes to "take advantage of Yin". Road buildings, in the Western Zhou Dynasty, had waterways, which were divided into ditches, rivers and rivers. There are roads, roads, roads, roads. The road was not only leveled, but also planted street trees and established a maintenance system. Postal services mainly rely on the post office. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, stations, houses and libraries were set up at regular intervals on the main roads for tourists to stay.

2. The main types of tourism are hunting patrol, sightseeing, sightseeing and entertainment, taking care of volunteers and having loose bowels.

(1) Emperor and vassal patrol: The monarch toured and played in the areas under his rule, which had the nature of political and hedonic two combination. Zhou Muwang in the Western Zhou Dynasty (BC 100 1 ~ 952) was the earliest recorded emperor traveler in China. "Zuo Zhuan" says: In the twelfth year of Zhao Gong, "If Mu Wang wants to be arrogant and travel around the world, there will be ruts." Mu Zhuan, one of the pre-Qin ancient books Jizhongshu, found in Wang Wei's tomb in the Jin Dynasty and the Warring States Period, the first five volumes describe his route and story of going to the western regions in the color of myths and legends. Legend has it that he met the Queen Mother of the West in Yaochi (today's pool) in Tianshan Mountain. Some people think that he has been to Persia (now Iran). In a word, Zhou Muwang is a person who loves traveling very much. Footprints spread all over the northwest, North China and many other regions, even resulting in "Hunting on the Westward Journey and Forgetting to Return, Xu Yanwang Insurrection" (Historical Records of Qin Benji).

In addition to the trip to Zhou Muwang, there are also the inaugural trips and legends of Huangdi, Zhuan Xu, Yu Shun and Yu Xia. The Historical Records of the Five Emperors said: The Yellow Emperor "walked on the side of the mountain, but he was never at peace" and "moved around". Zhuan Xu goes to the island in the east, Longxi in the west, Jiaozhou in the south and Youzhou in the north. Yu Shun focused on offering firewood to mountains and rivers, so he traveled all over the five famous mountains and rivers. Yu Xia lived abroad 13 years, "dredging three rivers and five lakes, clearing the East China Sea", surveying landscape geography, and traveling all over China.

② Business travel: it was especially active in the pre-Qin period. To do business, they sell goods and travel around the world.

(3) Diplomatic lobbying: During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the vassal regime was divided. Diplomatic lobbying activities between countries are frequent. At that time, "scholars" went to various countries to lobby and publicize their political opinions, hoping to be reused. For example, the grandson who traveled around the world spent 14 years abroad, Mencius who led dozens of disciples, and Su Qin, Zhang Yi and Gongsun Yan who lobbied for Lian Heng, Zonghe.

(4) Ordinary people's sightseeing: The Book of Songs, the earliest preserved poetry classic in China, once praised the folk tourism activities in the Yin, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties. Among them, it said: "The white week is also flooding, and you can't sleep. If there are hidden concerns. Only I don't have a culvert to teach me to swim. " It can be seen that as early as the pre-Qin period, folk sightseeing activities have appeared, including: watching music, attending clubs, watching wax, watching sacrifices and so on.

⑤ Hunting activities: It was called "You Village" in ancient times. "Tian" can also be written as "Tian" It means hunting and hunting. For example, the hunting articles written in The Book of Songs, Car Attack and Lucky Day, are the representatives of hunting.

(2) Tourism in Qin and Han Dynasties:

After Qin Shihuang established a unified centralized feudal country, with the consolidation of political situation, the development of economy and transportation, tourism activities became more and more frequent than in the pre-Qin period. In particular, Qin Shihuang carried out the "straight road" and "straight road" to unify the national vehicles and tracks, which provided convenient conditions for emperors, literati and businessmen to travel. The main types of tourism are:

1. Emperor's patrol: According to historical records, Qin Shihuang led hundreds of civil and military officials and made five cruises all over the country, from Dongting in the south to Jieshi in the north to Zhifu and Penglai in the east, and finally died in the fifth cruise. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also visited Jieshi, Mount Tai and other famous mountains and rivers in China.

2. Scholar Mohist went out to inspect: Sima Qian, a historian and writer in the Western Han Dynasty, was the most famous. Sima Qian (BC 145 ~? I have been roaming in the north and south of the Yangtze River since my youth. In the preface to Historical Records of Taishigong, it is mentioned that he "traveled south to Jianghuai, petitioned Huiji, explored Yudong (Yu was buried in Huiji Mountain), saw Jiukui (the place where he traveled south), drifted in Yuan, Hunan, and the north to talk about Wen and Si, talked about the capital of Qilu, and observed the legacy of Confucius ...". After becoming a doctor, Sima Qian traveled to southwest, Luoyang, western Liaoning and other places on business, and his footprints were all over the territory of the Western Han Dynasty at that time. He "surveyed the situation of mountains and rivers, inspected the scenery, visited historical sites and collected legends" and wrote the immortal masterpiece Historical Records. Among them, Biography of Huo Zhi is rich in tourism geography.

The opening of the "Silk Road" has opened up favorable conditions for Chinese and foreign tourism. In order to contact the Moon Family in the Western Regions, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions to attack the Huns. In 139 BC, he led more than 100 people from Longxi and returned to Chang 'an for thirteen years. This trip to the western regions, I went to Dawan, Kangju, Yueshi, Daxia, Kunlun Mountain, Qilian Mountain and other places. In 1 19 BC, Zhang Qian led 300 people to the western regions again, reaching as far away as rest (Iran) and poison (India). He went to the West twice, learned a lot about the mountains, rivers, geography and customs of the western regions, and opened the road from Chang 'an to the western regions (Central Asia and West Asia), so that China's handicrafts such as silk and ceramics were transported to the west, and western native products were also transported to China. This is the famous Silk Road in history. From then until 13 and 14 centuries, it has been a bridge connecting China and India, the two river basins, Egypt, ancient Greece and ancient Rome, and played an important role in economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West.

4. Maritime travel: During the Qin and Han Dynasties, maritime traffic was quite developed. There are frequent business contacts along the coast of China, and there are more and more maritime exchanges with Japan, North Korea, Vietnam and India. For example, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wu Dong sent Kangtai and Zhu Ying to Southeast Asian countries by sea and wrote Fu Nan Chuan, which recorded the scenery of Southeast Asia. At that time, the fleet sailed in the Indian Ocean in a heroic manner, and all countries in Nanyang praised it.

(c) Tourism in the Middle Ages

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Song and Yuan Dynasties were the periods of great division and great integration in China's history. For more than 1000 years, there were both the heyday of feudal society (such as Sui and Tang Dynasties) and the era of fruitful scientific and technological achievements (such as the three great inventions of Song Dynasty). The development of economy and culture has promoted various forms of tourism. For example, the hotel industry in the Tang and Song Dynasties was quite extensive. Du Mu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote in Lodging: "Lonely in a pub, quiet and natural", and Wang Wei's poem "Chengwei Ququ" described "Chengwei Morning Rain, Guest House Clear Willow Color New", which is the proof of this kind of hotel industry management.

In the Song Dynasty, there were not only private hotels, but also tourism run by local officials. For example, in the second year of your life (105 1), Fan Zhongyan, the governor of Hangzhou, used the beauty of lakes and mountains and the strength of famous ancient temples to order the temple owner to repair the Rong Temple, and held a boat race in Taihu Lake, calling on officials and people to run around and earn huge sums of money to help the victims. This is an out-and-out prototype of tourism, more than 700 years earlier than the 1940s of Cook 19 in Britain.

The types of medieval tourism activities in China mainly include:

1. The rise of literati roaming: refers to the travel of literati for the purpose of entertainment and relief. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, due to the unstable social and political situation and the decadent rulers, some literati were dissatisfied and disappointed with the reality. Some scholar-officials are negative and world-weary, looking to nature and pinning their feelings on mountains and rivers. For example, seven people, Ji Kang and Ruan Ji in Wei and Jin Dynasties, wandered in bamboo forests and wrote a lot of landscape poems. Tao Yuanming in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Xie Lingyun in the Southern Dynasties are both famous poets who express their feelings about mountains and rivers. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, this roaming became more prosperous. Such as Li Bai, Du Fu, Liu Zongyuan, Su Dongpo, Ouyang Xiu and Lu You. , are famous roaming poets. Since the age of 20, Li Bai has "left his hometown and traveled far and wide"; All the places of interest in the country have been there personally, which has opened up the source of the poet's thoughts and creation, and has written many eternal songs during his roaming. Another example is Liu Zongyuan's "Little Stone Pond" and Ouyang Xiu's "Drunken Pavilion", and other famous travel notes are also written by touching the scene during roaming. These masterpieces, whether lyrical or vivid, or sorrowful or angry, are like colorful waves in the long river of Wan Li, which makes people hold their breath and feel refreshed, and they are like wandering in the mountains and rivers of China in repeated chanting.

2. Religious tourism is prevalent: it is a tourism activity aimed at pilgrimage and seeking dharma. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Buddhism was first introduced to China and reached its peak in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and Sui and Tang Dynasties. For example, during the Northern Wei Dynasty, there were 1367 temples in Luoyang. Some cave temples have also been opened. The famous monks in this period are Faxian, Xuanzang, Yijing and Jian Zhen.

Fa Xian of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was one of the few people who came back from China after successfully reaching their destination. In 399 AD, he set out from Chang 'an, crossed quicksand, crossed the green ridge, passed through Hexi Corridor and Xinjiang, and went through many hardships to reach Tianzhu (India). After studying in India 15 years, I returned to China by sea, passing through countries such as Lion Country (now Sri Lanka) and Java. Fa Xian wrote his travel notes as Buddhist Records. This travel book is undoubtedly the oldest travel book about Wan Li in the world. The 10,000-word book is full of content, vivid and cordial.

Xuanzang (602-664 AD) was the most famous monk traveler in the Tang Dynasty. With tenacious perseverance, he crossed the desert, climbed mountains, reached southern Central Asia and northern Afghanistan, and then reached Tianzhu. He studied lectures in India for 17 years, and translated more than 600 volumes of lectures after returning to China, 1335 volumes. For political needs, Emperor Taizong warmly welcomed him back and built a Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi 'an to collect the scriptures and Buddha statues he brought back. Xuanzang wrote "The Western Regions of Datang"; The Uighur who helped translate the classics not only recorded his journey and experience to the West, but also remembered Xuanzang's life experience before and after his journey to the West and wrote The biography of Master Sanzang. This Record and Biography describe in detail the geography, transportation, cities, customs, climate, products, customs and culture of 1 10 and 28 rumored countries.

Jingyi was also a monk in the Tang Dynasty. He went to India by boat to seek dharma. He is the author of "Biography of the South China Sea by Returning to the Inner Law" and "Biography of the Great Monk in the Western Regions of Datang".

Jian Zhen is from Yangzhou. In the first year of Tianbao, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (AD 742), he made five trips to the East at the invitation of Japanese monks, but all suffered setbacks. Jian Zhen is blind. He succeeded for the sixth time. He brought Buddhism to Japan, and later built the Tang and Zhao Temple in Nara, which has now become a symbol of friendly exchanges between the Chinese and Japanese peoples.

3. The development of international tourism: In the Middle Ages, there were more study trips and business trips abroad for political and cultural exchanges. For example, Du Huan in the Tang Dynasty and Wang Dayuan, a navigator in the Yuan Dynasty. In addition, during the prosperous Tang Dynasty, foreign envoys, businessmen, scholars and monks came to China in an endless stream. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, there were 19 Japanese missions studying in China, and more Arab businessmen came to China to do business.

(4) Tourism in Ming and Qing Dynasties:

Ming and Qing Dynasties were the last two dynasties in the development of feudal society in China. The development of national politics, economy and culture provides a comprehensive foundation for international and domestic tourism. During this period, the types of tourism activities in China mainly include:

1. Maritime tourism: Zheng He's "seven voyages to the West" was the most famous in the Ming Dynasty. Zheng He is from Yunnan (Hui nationality). /kloc-at the age of 0/0, he became the eunuch of Judy, the prince of Yan. Deeply appreciated by him, he was named Zheng He. Posthumous title Sambo, also known as "Sambo eunuch". In the third year of Yongle (1405- 1433), he led 62 large ships (the largest treasure ship was 44× 18 feet), with more than 27,000 people and seven ocean voyages. He has traveled to more than 30 countries and regions in Asia and Africa, with a voyage of100000 miles, becoming the longest navigator in the history of China and a world-famous master of navigation. Hundreds of years earlier than the three major European navigators. It has made great contributions to the economic and cultural exchanges between China and South Asia, West Asia and North Africa. Zheng He sailed at sea, leaving behind his travel notes, including Ma Huan's Sailing to the Sea, Fei Xin's Sailing to Cha Sheng, Gong Zhen's Fanzhi of the West Country and Zheng He's nautical charts.

2. Active domestic tourism: Li Shizhen, a great doctor in Ming Dynasty, was the most prominent in scientific investigation. He went to various places to interview and inspect, collect specimens and master first-hand information for compiling Compendium of Materia Medica. Xu Xiake (Xu Hongzu), a great traveler in Ming Dynasty (1586 ~ 164 1 year), has been abroad for more than 30 years since he was twenty-two, and has traveled all over the country. North to Panshan in Jixian County, Tianjin, Wutai Mountain and Hengshan Mountain in Shanxi Province, south to Luofu Mountain in Guangdong Province, east to the seaside, and west to Jizu Mountain and Tengchong in Dali, Yunnan Province. Wherever you go, you "don't avoid wind and rain, don't be afraid of tigers and wolves, and don't count mileage." With unimaginable perseverance, I visited the landscape of 16 province, and was deprived of food several times and killed. Keep a travel diary under the lamp at night. He corrected the wrong view of the source of the Yangtze River in the past, especially the investigation and study of karst landforms, which still has great scientific value. His Travels of Xu Xiake has 20 volumes, which is regarded as the first masterpiece of ancient and modern travel notes. Later generations called it "strange people, strange things, strange books", "true words, ghostwriting and strange words in the world"

In addition, Gu's travel inspection is also very famous. He was a scholar in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. During his academic investigation, he traveled all over North China, visited the Ming Tombs ten times and traveled all over the northwest for twenty years. He must visit scenic spots and make friends with celebrities. He wrote two geographical works, Records of Rural Diseases and Zhao Yuzhi.

Looking at the ancient travel and tourism in China, we can see the following five characteristics:

1. Ancient tourism was mostly an individual activity of a few people. Tourists mainly include emperors, nobles, bureaucrats, landlords and other people and their vassal literati class. Ordinary people only travel nearby during Jiaqing Festival, such as hiking and rushing to the temple fair.

2. Most domestic travelers mainly study and travel, which is carried out under the influence of the ancient thought of "reading thousands of books and traveling Wan Li Road".

3. Ancient tourism activities were closely related to the development of social politics, economy and culture at that time. When the society is stable and strong, tourism activities are particularly active, otherwise, it will be devastated. Therefore, in different historical periods, tourism has different contents and characteristics of the times.

4. The main forms of international tourism are political exchange (such as the exchange of envoys), religious pursuit of law and commercial trade. The journey is difficult and takes a long time. Most of the achievements of travel appear in the themes of "travel notes" and "experiences".

5. Tourism basically stays in the travel stage, which is essentially different from tourism aimed at obtaining economic income. However, some private hotels and tourism have rudiments of primary tourism.