"Feng Shui" of Liuhe Hakka in Shanwei

"Feng Shui", also known as "Feng Shui Theory", is a very profound theory in ancient China.

"Ci Hai" explains "Feng Shui" in this way: Feng Shui, also known as Kanyu. A superstition in old China. It is believed that the wind direction and water flow around the residential base or tomb can lead to the fortune of residents' families, and also refers to the method of building houses and tombs.

The definition of "Feng Shui" in Ci Yuan is: "The core content of Feng Shui is a kind of knowledge that people choose and deal with their living environment, and its scope includes houses, palaces, tombs, villages and cities, among which those involving tombs are called yin houses and those involving other aspects are called yang houses."

The consciousness of geomantic omen in our country has existed for a long time. Judging from the available data, the alternate method originated from the construction of primitive settlements. Written records began in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties. After the demise of the Shang Dynasty in the Zhou Dynasty, in order to appease the East, Luoyi in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty began to be built. Before the construction of Luoyi, we just need to re-investigate and ask. Shangshu Zhou Shu Zhao Hao recorded in detail the specific process of establishing the capital. It can be said that the Yin and Zhou Dynasties were the gestation period of geomantic omen.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, social and political upheaval and unprecedented ideological activity. Confucianism, France, Taoism, Mohism, Yin and Yang, Eight Diagrams and Five Elements compete with each other, forming a situation in which a hundred schools of thought contend. At the same time, the seven heroes of the Warring States competed for hegemony, feudal separatism and competing to build cities. Zhou Li, Guanzi and Kao Gong Ji, which appeared in this period, summed up the experience of urban construction and site selection theory. These achievements have laid a theoretical and practical foundation for the formation of Feng Shui.

The Qin and Han Dynasties were the period when geomantic omen was formed. Large-scale palace buildings in this period created a material premise for the formation of Feng Shui, and Dong Zhongshu's theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements and Meng Xi and Jing Fang's Yi Studies provided theories and methods for Feng Shui. Especially under the theological influence of the Eastern Han Dynasty, various taboos and superstitions prevailed in architecture. For example, "you must choose a date to build a house" and "you can't touch the ground when you are old" has become a rule in the construction of Yang Zhai. At this time, the geomantic theory of Yin House has gradually taken shape. The understanding that "the dead return to Yin, and the living return to Yang" and the concept of choosing a treasure house of Feng Shui is not only a treasure house, but also an auspicious day have been widely circulated and become the content of Feng Shui. According to Sima Qian's Biography of Historical Records in Japan, Mr. Feng Shui at that time (that is, Mr. Feng Shui in later generations) was almost full-time. The Feng Shui monographs in this period include A Brief Introduction to the Golden Chamber of Kanyu, Terrain of Palace, Book of Zhou's House, Art of Painting Academy, Burial Calendar, etc. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Feng Shui has completed the formation process from practice to theory, so it can also be called Feng Shui.

The period of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was the stage of rapid development of geomantic omen. During this period, politics was dark and wars were frequent, and people generally felt that it was difficult to control their own destiny, so the concept of Feng Shui came. During the Three Kingdoms period, Guan Ju, a famous alchemist in Wei State, was famous for his divination, physiognomy and physiognomy. Another example is Tao Kan, the grandfather of Tao Yuanming in the Jin Dynasty. He once believed the words of grave robbers and buried my father in a lying cow farm. During this period, the north-south culture and foreign culture were in a state of great integration, and the prosperity of metaphysics and the development of landscape aesthetics greatly promoted the theory of Feng Shui. During this period, a large number of geomantic works were produced, such as Guan Meng Geography written by Wei Guan and Huangdi Neijing written by Wang Zheng in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

As a part of China traditional culture, Feng Shui originated, formed and developed in the Central Plains. Before Sui and Tang Dynasties, it mainly spread to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River basin and the areas on both sides of the Yangtze River. At that time, the Hakka area was in a relatively closed state, and Feng Shui had not spread here.

The Replication and Development of Fengshui in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi Provinces

Fengshui moved into the border area of Jiangxi and Fujian with Hakka ancestors. After the lifting of the sea ban, geomantic omen was brought overseas to all parts of Southeast Asia with the migration of Hakkas. Hakka ancestors moved away from the war in the Central Plains and lived in the mountainous areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, which were remote, inaccessible, sparsely populated, densely forested, overrun by wild elephants, infested by crocodiles and infested with insects and snakes. In order to survive and develop in such a harsh environment, we need not only the spirit of hard work and entrepreneurship, but also some methods to adapt to the environment, among which settlement is the first problem. The mountainous areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi have complex terrain, rivers all over the country, and many snakes and beasts invade them. Choosing a good place to build a house and settle down is obviously much more complicated than the flat land in the Central Plains. Because the purpose of Yang Zhai theory in Feng Shui is to pursue the harmony between the location of the house and the surrounding environment and nature, so as to ensure people's physical health and psychological peace. The so-called "people stand because of the house, the house exists because of people, and people and the house help each other and feel what is going on in the world." At that time, many Mr. Feng Shui were people with high cultural quality. They can read and master certain scientific knowledge, are familiar with astronomy and geography, can use a compass, and are good at observing topography and water quality. Therefore, at that time, geomantic omen played a positive guiding role in the settlement life of Hakka ancestors and the struggle to develop mountainous areas in the future. With the consciousness of seeking peace and the subtle influence of Yin Fu's descendants, the northern geomantic culture took root, sprouted and bore fruit in Hakka New District. This is also the inevitable result of the spread of Central Plains culture to the south.

According to the oral materials handed down from generation to generation by geomantic magicians in Hakka area, Yang Junsong is the main figure who introduced geomantic omen into Hakka area. Yang Junsong belongs to the ancestors of Hakkas, who fled the chaos and moved south in the late Tang Dynasty. After he came to Gannan from Chang 'an, he lived here, pursued Long Mai, engaged in Feng Shui practice, and taught students to spread Feng Shui in Gannan. There is no biography of Yang Junsong in the Book of Tang Dynasty. In Song Dynasty, Chen recorded his name in Zhi Zhai Shu. In Song Dynasty, Yi called Yang to help the poor. It is also recorded in detail, but it was handed down from one family to another and recorded sporadically in local chronicles. Yang Junsong inherited and developed the theory of form and method in geomantic omen, and founded Jiangxi Situation School (now Gannan School). The characteristic of his theory is that it focuses on the subject and orientation, emphasizing the cooperation of dragon, cave, sand and water. In fact, it is to adjust measures to local conditions, choose according to the shape, observe its context, pursue the artistic conception of beauty, pay special attention to the analysis of the surface, topography, site, atmosphere, soil and trend, and make the house as beautiful as possible.

According to the research of experts and scholars, there are not many Feng Shui works created by Yang himself. Among the History of Song Dynasty and the Records of Arts and Literature is Yang's Zhenglongzi Jing. Since Yang Junsong gave lectures in Gannan, Mr. Feng Shui has become a profession handed down from generation to generation in Hakka areas, and Yang Junsong has therefore become the ancestor of Feng Shui magicians in past dynasties.

During this period, a large number of geomantic theory works of situation school emerged. With the development of Hakkas, the geomantic omen of Situational School has also spread rapidly to the vast Hakka areas. There are many famous Feng Shui masters in Gannan and other places. These feng shui masters not only watch feng shui in the local area, but also have a good reputation. Invite them to visit Feng Shui in other places. Celebrities of Western learning in Song Dynasty are listed in the books Integration of Ancient and Modern Books and Kanyu Department, and have made great achievements in theory and practice. Liu Qian, a native of Nankang, wrote Principles of Geography. Once, Fu was summoned by the emperor to see if Hangzhou was suitable as the capital.

In the Southern Song Dynasty, a new school, the School of Science and Law, was derived from the School of Situation. Founded by Wang and others. Wang Ji lost the imperial examination, abandoned his home and drifted, and later lived in Fujian Ning. He used his geomantic technique to measure the houses of Yang and Yin for the local people, and was called Fujian School. The geomantic omen of Li Law School is based on the principle of five-star eight diagrams, that is, the four basic principles of eight diagrams, twelve branches, stars and five behaviors pay attention to the orientation, especially the compass orientation, with the Yangshan facing the sun and the Yinshan facing the sun, so as to determine the health.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the school of situation and the school of science and law completed the process of confluence. Since then, geomantic magicians in Hakka area have not only operated compass orientation, but also attached importance to the geomantic coordination of dragon points. There is no difference between situational school and rational school.

Although geomantic omen prevailed in China feudal society for thousands of years, thinkers of all ages criticized it. As early as the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wang Chong, a great thinker, made a fierce criticism of superstitious thoughts in Feng Shui. Zhang, a famous thinker in Ming Dynasty, opposed the superstition that "burial can be a blessing" advocated in Feng Shui. He quoted the Book of Changes as saying, "Where there is a good house, there is Qing Yu. If you are poor and weak, there must be more than one. " Words to criticize the superstition in Feng Shui, indicating that "people's misfortune, happiness and misfortune are all caused by my actions." Since ancient times, many enlightened people have not believed in Feng Shui. They criticized geomantic superstition in their works and speeches.

The influence of geomantic omen on Hakka people

Because geomantic omen, an ancient traditional culture in China, is inherited. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, geomantic omen has become more and more prosperous. From the emperor to the common people, people attach great importance to the choice of yangzhai and yinzhai.

Before the Hakka ancestors moved into the Guangdong-Fujian-Jiangxi triangle, the aborigines here were descendants of the She nationality, an ancient Yue nationality, who believed in "witch culture". When they merge with the Han nationality in the Central Plains from the north, they will inevitably mix the elements of "witch culture" into Hakka culture. This "witch culture" is in complete harmony with the superstitious elements in Feng Shui, and they complement each other and develop together. Therefore, Feng Shui in Ming and Qing Dynasties was influenced by Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties, "witch culture" and religious culture in Hakka areas, and was covered with a strong superstitious color. The geomantic omen in Hakka area is both scientific and superstitious. It has accumulated the traditional qualities of Hakka people and become an indispensable part of Hakka culture. Because of its inheritance and stubbornness, this is the main reason for the prosperity of geomantic omen in Hakka areas.

Hakka ancestors who moved southward from Wan Li in the Central Plains have a special liking for the theory of geomantic omen, which has a deep historical origin. In the theory of geomantic omen, the idea of "advocating heaven and earth" is the first to be perfected. "Sacrifice to Heaven": There is a special incense altar in the residence. On holidays, the first and fifteenth day of the first lunar month, burning incense and worshiping Buddha is the most fun: helping incense "extinguish" people's wishes and communicating with their ancestors, emptiness is the psychological factor of superstitious people. "Shangdi": "Throw all over the earth, bless the rice harvest, have plenty of food and clothing, and make your dreams come true. In a word, the first mourner of "Feng Shui Theory" is to help people choose and build houses reasonably and realize the good wish of "Feng Shui is pleasant and harmonious".

In the past, people in Hakka areas were superstitious about ghosts and gods and believed in geomantic omen. There are temples in urban and rural areas, and even there are more temples than schools in some places. The countryside is full of princes, sand officials, wellheads and tree heads. More and more people believe in Feng Shui. Whenever there are weddings, funerals and celebrations, large and small buildings, Mr. Feng Shui should be invited to investigate the geographical location and choose auspicious days, which have been enduring since ancient times. People in Hakka areas often spend a long time supporting Mr. Feng Shui and entertaining him with rich food and wine in order to find a good house or grave. This creates a suitable cultural atmosphere for Mr. Feng Shui to bluff and swindle. In this cultural atmosphere, some Mr. Feng Shui who don't understand the relationship between human existence and ecological environment cheat people who really want to get a suitable place to recuperate by chanting a few "geographical formulas", which seriously affects people's lives and spiritual world.

With the formation of Hakka clans in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, geomantic omen was very popular in Hakka areas in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

References: Chen in Song Dynasty

Some feng shui activities in Hakka society are related to the struggle for survival resources and economic interests. In some places, geomantic omen is regarded as the strategy of clan group struggle. Some people use people to worship their ancestors and build ancestral graves as public opinion to provoke contradictions and struggles between clans and endanger society. One of the characteristics of Hakka society is that clan organizations are very developed and have a long tradition. All clans are kinship organizations based on the same surname and the same ancestor. It is the historical product of China feudal society. In China feudal society, it was an informal power organization at the bottom of society. Hakka area is dominated by family management and production, and paddy fields and mountains are indispensable basic living resources for families. These basic living resources, together with residential areas and cemeteries, have become the object of contention among various tribes. From the descriptions of these objects, we can see that Hakka people believe in geomantic omen, which is also the result of geomantic omen belief.

The ancients not only chose geographical environment to build houses with geomantic omen for the living to thrive, but also paid great attention to choosing burial places for the dead. For many people, the living are protected by the ghosts of their ancestors. So we try our best to find a good burial place for our ancestors. It seems that if we put the body and soul of our ancestors in a good burial place, his descendants will always benefit from it, and those buried bones will bless his descendants with good luck and prosperity. Under the influence of this feudal superstition "ghost culture", the feudal superstition activity of "divination" prevailed for thousands of years.

The Song Dynasty was the peak of China's geomantic history. The idealistic ontology of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties is similar to the idealism of Yin House Theory in Feng Shui, but it is essentially the same. This provides a perfect explanation for the basic premise of Yin's geomantic theory-the location of the cemetery can determine people's good or bad, thus promoting the prosperity of geomantic art in this period.

The superstitious theory of "feng shui secluded house" has long poisoned people's spiritual world. For example, Mr. Feng Shui chose a shady house for your ancestors. If it is predicted that there will be a scholar in your family, people will regard it as a "spiritual pillar". Parents and relatives have high expectations of you, and their attitude towards education will become positive. However, there are many successful people. After a successful career, I have no gratitude to people and society. He only thanked "Feng Shui comes from ancestors". Losers don't hate society. He just attributed his failure to "the bad feng shui of his ancestors" and died. People regard "Feng Shui" as a kind of "spiritual strength", which is a fatalistic way of thinking.

In the field investigation of Hakka folk customs, before the founding of the People's Republic of China, there were full-time Feng Shui teachers in both urban and rural areas of Meizhou, some of whom were people with higher educational level. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Feng Shui and Mr. Feng Shui gradually lost their market in Hakka areas. During this period, Mr. Feng Shui dared not engage in public activities. However, the influence of Feng Shui theory has not been completely eliminated, especially in remote and backward rural areas, where many people are superstitious about Feng Shui. Some people invite people to see Feng Shui when building houses, and also invite people to see where it is suitable to be a yin house when burying the dead. During the ten-year Cultural Revolution, Feng Shui activities were forbidden, and Mr. Feng Shui could only move in the dark. After the reform and opening up, the living standards of Hakkas in urban and rural areas in China have improved, farmers have generally built new houses, and the geomantic activities that have been silent for more than 20 years have resumed. In recent years, Feng Shui culture has flourished, and bookshops and bookshops in the town are full of Feng Shui books. A new generation of Mr. Feng Shui came into being. They build houses for people, choose sites for Yin's houses and build rooms. These feng shui masters all have full-time or part-time jobs, and some of them are people with high cultural quality. Some people use computer information to deal with complex cases, and even build a multidisciplinary and all-round theoretical model of Feng Shui, so that Feng Shui will develop in a popular and scientific direction. Therefore, geomantic omen has deeply influenced people's cultural life and spiritual world in Hakka areas.

The influence of architectural geomantic omen theory on people's spiritual world

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Meizhou has become the second base of Hakkas. There is a humanistic cave, and Wenfeng Pagoda and Shuikou Tower are widely built everywhere.

Wenfeng Pagoda is mostly built near towns to pray for the prosperity of culture and education and the development of scientific officials. Shuikou Tower was built at the bend or intersection of rivers to prevent floods. There are also some stories and legends circulating in Hakka places that ancestral houses and graves with surnames are treasures of geomantic omen.

In Hakka areas, geomantic omen is widely used in residential buildings.

Such as the pond in front of the house and the Feng Shui forest behind the house in Wei Long, Meizhou, and the layout of the hall and patio in the house. In Hakka areas, geomantic omen is widely used in residential buildings. Living should not only combine the characteristics of physical geography, but also have the environmental characteristics of taking into account climatic conditions and adapting to local conditions. For example, "forest transport can be touched in the mountains, and aquatic products can be harvested near the water", which is probably a typical combination of "people-oriented" living environment created by Hakkas. There is also a theory of "negative yin embracing yang", the core of which is to regard the living environment as a combination of yin and yang embracing, such as Hakka houses in mountainous areas, taking "the back of the mountain is facing the sun (shielding or opening the sun)" as a good crucible, and thinking that there are still mountains that can make use of the essence of the sun and the moon; There should be a "wilderness in front and a backer behind" in the plain, which can form a space of dynamic and static combination. Village residence is a typical enclosed (square or semi-circular) residence, which is connected with the hall (road) to form a circulating airflow system to ensure fresh indoor air circulation; Courtyards of different sizes receive the essence of sun and moon dew and have a rigid ventilation circulation layer. The small courtyard world with "Habitat Center" as the core is connected with the surrounding and even the vast world: an angel embraced by Yin and Yang, and a thriving home that conforms to nature is faintly visible in Cang Sang after several generations of storms. For example, the unfinished valley in front of Hakka houses makes the lion dance feast all the rage; Fish farming in Pingqian fish pond: every year is a good omen, and it also regulates the climate to prevent fires; There are wells in front of the ping or in the corridor, which is convenient for living; The ancestral mountain forest behind the house is lush and contains soil, which is a symbol of the wealth of the clan. From ancient times to the present, the geomantic theory of "harmony between man and nature" in Zhouyi has prevailed in the world and become a major feature of Hakka folk houses and folk customs.

From the perspective of cultural geography. Building a tower can increase artificial attractions for the local area, change the natural landscape of a place and meet people's psychological needs. Wenfeng Pagoda is similar to the lintel of fame and fortune in front of Hakka ancestral home (in the old days, anyone who was admitted to a scholar, a juren, a scholar, an academician or an official with a level of four or above could erect a lintel in front of his ancestral home, and the specifications varied with different degrees and official positions), which can stimulate the enterprising spirit of literati and make the local area a Wen Xiu district with a large number of people who respect teachers and respect morality. It also shows that a person can meet his personal needs and change his mental outlook by changing his living environment, thus stimulating his vitality and helping his career succeed through his own efforts.