Architectural composition of Xiannongtan

There are five groups of buildings in Xiannongtan: 1, Qingcheng Palace; 2. Tai Sui Hall (including the worship hall and the silk burner in front of it); 3. God Chef (including sacrificial pavilion); 4. Shencang; 5. Everything serves the temple.

In addition, there are four altars: Guangeng Terrace, Xiannong Altar, Temple of Heaven and Ditan. These buildings and altars are basically located in the inner altar wall, and only Qingcheng Palace, Temple of Heaven and Ditan are located outside the inner altar wall and inside the outer altar wall. In addition, there is an acre of three-point cultivated land in front of the inner altar, which was reclaimed by the emperor during his visit to Tian Li.

The building complex of Xiannongtan, including the existing inner altar wall, has gone through more than 400 years since it was built in the Ming Dynasty and overhauled during the Qianlong period. The overall layout is basically complete, and the architectural features and artistic styles basically retain the characteristics of the Ming Dynasty. According to the different requirements in the sacrificial activities, these sacrificial buildings are divided into palace buildings (places where emperors change clothes before and after the sacrificial ceremony, places where civil and military officials celebrate their achievements after the sacrificial ceremony, and temples for worshipping Tai Sui, etc. ) and functional buildings symbolizing production (Shencang, Shenku, Shenku, etc.). ). Due to the different use requirements, the structure and skills of the building are also different: the palace building is magnificent, with magnificent roof, black or green glazed tiles, finely carved interior, decorated with gold-plated buckets, three bowls of linghua for window sash doors and windows, and golden dragons and seals painted inside and outside the building. Although the rest of the buildings are also hall structures, the gray tiles are hard and the decoration is simple, which forms an obvious grade contrast with the former. In addition, the complete inner altar wall is well preserved, the outer skin is paved with city bricks, which were basically made during the Qianlong period, and the inner layer has a rammed earth wall in the Ming Dynasty. The wall is 2.2m wide and 4. 1 m high. Wooden rafters are placed at the top of the wall and covered with cylindrical tiles. There are three arches around the inner altar wall. The south gate and the Taizi Temple complex are on the same axis, the north gate is between Shencang Courtyard and Jiafutang, and the east and west gates basically correspond to the south of Guangengtai and Xiannongtan. The four doors are all masonry structures, resting on the top of the mountain, with black glazed tiles and green edges. The third-order single-upturned grinding brick bucket is placed between brick columns. The four doors all have typical Ming characteristics, and the north and south doors all have clear early colorful paintings of square-centered whirlwind. Qingcheng Palace is located in the northeast of the inner altar of Xiannong altar, which is basically in the same direction as several groups of buildings in the inner altar. Qingcheng Palace was a mountain and river altar Zhai Palace in the Ming Dynasty. It was renamed Qingcheng Palace after being overhauled in the Qing Qianlong period, as a place for the emperor to rest and reward hundreds of officials after the ceremony.

Qingcheng Palace faces south, with a length of122.84m from east to west and a width of114m from north to south, covering an area of13529.6m. The central axis is the palace gate, the inner palace gate, the main hall and the princess palace in turn from south to north. There are east and west halls between the main hall and Princess Palace, and arch tickets between the inner palace gate and the courtyard wall between the main hall. The overall layout of Qingcheng Palace is a courtyard, and the inner and outer doors form two large courtyards. Buildings are concentrated on the same high platform on the north side of the central axis, surrounded by walls, forming a closed courtyard; The left and right sides of the Princess Palace are connected with the affiliated hall by walls to form a small courtyard; There are courtyards on both sides of the building high platform, and the back wall is the courtyard wall of Qingcheng Palace. There are wall doors on the courtyard wall, and there are corresponding wall doors on the south wall of the courtyard. All the buildings and walls in the yard are green glazed tiles.

The structure of the inner and outer palace gates is basically the same, and they are brick-shaped wooden arches without beams. Each building has a building area of 120.7 square meters and five rooms with a width of 16.54 meters and a depth of 7.3 meters. The roof is single-eave and mountain-leaning, with green glazed tile edging, three-step and single-step brick grinding, and bucket holding, with 6 bays, 4 bays and 65440 bays. Three arches were opened in the building next door, and nine doornails were installed in the board door. White marble railings are placed in front of and behind the building, and carved dragon boards are laid in front, back and middle of each building.

The construction area of the main hall is about 4 14.53 square meters. The front of the stage is 246.93 square meters, equipped with white marble railings. There are nine steps in front of the stage, with sundials and time cards on both sides, carved dragon cards in the middle and seven steps on both sides. The total width of the main hall is 27.2 meters, and the depth of the three halls (9 rafters and 7 purlins) is 15.24 meters. To the south of the bright room in the hall, two gold pillars are subtracted, the roof is single eaves, and the green glazed tiles are pushed. The eaves and the stigma have been cut. Dou Shuo is a five-step, single-step, single-step and single-step gold-plated dou Shuo. There are six doushuos in the Ming Dynasty, four in the intermission, 16 in the capital around * * (including the four corners), and 64 in the intermission. Fight for the truth and win gold. The rear end of the beam is placed under the purlin between the middle purlin and the lower purlin, and the upper eaves of the purlin are raised. Both ends of purlins pass through humps and are placed on beams or six-frame beams. A bucket with a three-liter partition is placed between the lower gold pad and the lower gold Fang under the inner eaves. There is smallpox in the temple. There are five lattice doors on the front eaves of the temple, and there are doors on the back eaves, which lead to the Princess Palace. Tai sui temple complex is located in the southwest of the north gate of the inner altar of Xiannong altar, which is a place to worship natural gods such as Tai sui, spring, summer, autumn and winter. It is adjacent to Shencang in the east, Shenchu in the west and Jifutang in the south. Its location is basically in the center of the inner altar building of Xiannongtan, and the building volume is the highest in Xiannongtan. Tai sui Dian complex covers an area of about 9076 square meters, with four single buildings, with the central axis from south to north in turn being Bai Dian and Tai sui Dian. There are 1 1 rooms on the east and west sides, and the buildings are connected by walls. There are four wall doors on both sides of the White Hall and on the north side of the east and west walls. The building area of Baidian is about 860 square meters. Seven rooms are 50.96m wide, and three rooms (8 rafters and 9 purlins) deep16.88m.. The front platform is 332.5 square meters, and there are three six steps on the front. The back eaves are slightly open with six steps. Subtracting four gold pillars in the north of Temple, the wooden frame structure is similar to the "three pillars, eight rafters *% and six rafters *%" in the architectural style of Song Dynasty. Well-made The roof has a single eaves, black glazed tiles and green glazed tiles. The eaves and the stigma have been cut. Doushuo is a five-step, single-step, single-lift, single-gilded Doushuo, six-rescue Doushuo is in tomorrow's interval, four-rescue Doushuo is in tomorrow's interval, twenty-two-rescue Doushuo has a stigma around * * * (including four-rescue pancratium), and eighty-four-rescue Doushuo is in tomorrow's interval. On the front eaves of the temple, there are three four-grid doors, a small room with a sill wall, four-grid windows on the top, and walls in each room. Seven rooms in the back eaves are fully opened with four grids, four grids for fan system, and three bowls of linghua.

Tai Sui Temple is magnificent and tall, with a building area of118.2 square meters. The overall width of the seven rooms is 51.35m. There are six steps and a small room before the opening, and the depth of the three rooms is 25.7m (12+ 13). Its wooden frame structure is basically similar to the upper floor of the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City. Well-made The roof is single eaves, with black glazed tiles and green edges. The base stone of the column is a plain basin cover, the eaves column is 6.2 meters high, and the stigma is cut. The height of the golden pillar is10.35m, and the total indoor height of the building is15.97m.. Dou Shuo is a seven-step, single-jump, double-edged golden bucket Shuo, with six rescues between tomorrow and the next time, four rescues between a little time and the end, twenty-two rescues with a stigma around * * * (including four rescues) and ninety-six rescues between times. There are seven eaves in front of the temple, each with four lattice doors, walls on the other three sides, four lattice fans and six bowls of Ling Hua. There is a shrine in the north of Ming Dynasty in the temple, but there is no statue. The worship hall and Tai Sui Hall are painted with golden dragons and seals.

The construction areas of the East and West Annex halls are 755.3 square meters respectively. Its width is 1 1 55.56 meters, and its depth is 3 rooms (6 rafters and 7 purlins) 13.58 meters. Going out from the front corridor, there are only five steps in the bay, and there are three steps on the north and south sides at the end of the corridor. Hanging mountain black glazed tile roof. The early characteristics of the large wooden frame in the East-West Attached Hall are that the stigma of each node of the hall beam directly bears the bucket, the front is the beam head, the side is the purlin, and the columns are connected by foreheads. Stigmas are twisted and columns have side angles. The width of the temple is 1 1, and each room has four gates. Color painting is the heart of Jinlong.

On the southeast side outside the courtyard of Tai Sui Temple, there is a brick-like wooden structure with no beams, which is used to burn paper and silk as a memorial service. To the west, it is 6.6 meters wide and 3.74 meters deep, with black glazed tiles with green edges, resting on the top of the mountain and the base of Sumi Mountain. There are three arched doors of different sizes on the front (the middle door is slightly larger), and there are circular brick-grinding columns at the four corners. On the column, the brick forehead is carved with colorful paintings of the Ming Dynasty, and the brick is placed on it to imitate wood in five steps, one step is single and oblique, and there are four corners in the circle.

Tai sui Dian complex was placed under the management of the cultural relics department on 1987. At the same time, a large-scale rescue repair was carried out, and according to the records of Shuntian Prefecture, "three rooms in the north, south, east and west", the four-corner value room was rebuilt. It is now used by the Museum of Ancient Buildings, which displays the exhibition of ancient architecture in China. Jufutang and Guangeng Terrace are buildings on the same axis, which are located in the southeast of Taizuitang and the north of Guangeng Terrace respectively. It was the place where emperors of Ming and Qing dynasties changed clothes and borrowed farming classics when they sacrificed to farmers.

Jufutang is built on a high platform of 1.65m, with a building area of 392.5m, five rooms are 27.22m wide, three rooms are 14.24m deep (six rafters and seven purlins), and there is a platform of 254.5m in front, which is as wide as the building platform, with ten steps in the south and eight steps in the east and west. Green glazed tile roof with sloping hills. The eaves and the stigma have been cut. Four gold columns are subtracted from the open room of the hall, and the front and rear eaves columns bear seven beams, with a length of 10.48 m. It is built on the top of the bridge, and a bucket of three-liter partition is set under the beam head and purlin. The cornice bucket is a five-step single-upturned single-gilded bucket, with six buckets in the interval tomorrow, four buckets in the interval, three buckets in the interval, around * * * (including four buckets in the corner) 16 bucket, and 56 buckets in the interval tomorrow. Jinlong prints. The observation deck was built during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty (a wooden platform in the Ming Dynasty). The observation deck covers an area of about 508 square meters. Platform height 1.9 m and area 16 m. There are nine steps in the east, west and south, and lotus patterns are engraved on the edges of white marble strips. There are white marble railings around the stage, the meter head is carved with dragon rhyme, and the bricks above the ground are fine. Sumitomo at the bottom of the platform is made of yellow-green glazed tiles with flowers and plants carved on them. The structure of Tai Su's secret works is completely in accordance with the provisions of the Qing-style Building Code, and it is a typical court altar foundation building.

1997, the library of Yucai School moved out of Jiafu Pavilion, and the Jiafu Pavilion and observation deck were completely renovated with funds from the Municipal Cultural Relics Bureau. During the renovation, the original appearance of the renovation was restored according to the early photos, that is, four doors were opened in five rooms on the front eaves and walls were built on the back eaves. The fan-shaped system is four wipes, and the diamond-shaped flower is three hands and six bowls. According to the indoor color painting standard, the eaves of the big wood were painted. Located in the east of Taizui Hall, Shencang is a building in the 17th year of Qing Qianlong (1752). Shencang has the reputation of "the first warehouse in the world". According to the four-year "Map of Places of Interest in the Tang Dynasty": "In the middle of spring, the emperor will go to plow the fields", "In autumn and summer, I will hear about it and choose an auspicious day, which will be kept in the warehouse. When offering sacrifices to heaven and ancestral halls, it must be the second time. " Shencang Hospital covers an area of about 3,435.9 square meters. Sitting in the north facing south, the central axis from south to north is the mountain gate, the valley-harvesting pavilion, the round Olympic god warehouse and the ritual warehouse in turn, and there are three warehouses on the left and right, the god warehouse and the value room. In addition, the whole hospital is divided into two houses, front and back, with a round door in the middle.

The gate is a brick arch with no beam, with a building area of 72 square meters, three rooms with a width of 13.48 meters and a depth of 5.34 meters. The roof is a single-eave, mountain-resting green glazed tile with double eaves and no bucket, and the tile surface is inlaid with black glazed tile. There are three arches in the building, and nine doornails are installed in the door. The grain pavilion is square in plane, with a building area of 49.9 square meters. The length and width of each side are 6.85 meters, with three steps from north to south, no bucket, and a four-corner tapered roof with black glazed tiles.

Shencang is circular, with a building area of 58 square meters. It is 8.6 meters in diameter, with five steps due south and no bucket. The roof is a circular pyramid roof with black glazed tiles and green edges. Eight eaves columns are made on the circular plane, covered with wooden boards, and four gates are set on the south. In addition to laying square bricks in situ, a wooden floor beam with a thickness of 16 cm and a width of 13 cm was laid on it, which is for grain storage and moisture prevention.

The building area of the sacrificial vessel library is 245 square meters. The width of five rooms is 26. 17m, and the depth of two rooms is 9.36m (4 rafters and 5 purlins). There are different steps between the two rooms. The roof hangs from the top of the mountain, and the upper layer is cut with tiles. This building is open and low, with the eaves column height of 3. 16m and the room width of about 4.8m Only the open room of the building has four latticed doors and four stickers, and the rest rooms are lattice windows.

The construction area of Nancang on both sides is 76.9 square meters. The width of three rooms is 10.48m, and the depth of one room is 7.34m (4 rafters and 5 purlins). The front eaves are three steps, the roof is difficult to climb to the top, and the upper floors are tiled. Only the open rooms in the building have lattice doors, and the other rooms are lattice windows.

The building area of Beicang is 96.5 square meters per room. The width of three rooms12.44m, and the depth of one room is 7.76m (4 rafters and 5 purlins). The front eaves are three steps, and the roof hangs from the top of the mountain, with black glazed tiles and green edges. There is a skylight hanging on the tile roof in the middle of the bay. The skylight is about 2.6m high,1.76m long and 0.78m wide. Only the open rooms in the building have lattice doors, and the other rooms are lattice windows.

The construction area of the northernmost houses on both sides is 1 19.8 m2 respectively. The width of three rooms is 14.36m, and the depth of two rooms is 8.34m (4 rafters and 5 purlins). There is a satisfactory step between the front eaves, the roof is suspended from the top of the mountain, and the upper floor is tiled. Only the open room of the building is open, and all the other rooms are windows.

The architectural color paintings of Shencang Courtyard are realgar jade color paintings specially used for royal sacrificial buildings, except that Gu Ting is a Jaú ink painting.

1994, all the units occupying Shencang Hospital moved out, and at the same time, the Municipal Cultural Relics Bureau allocated funds for comprehensive renovation. During the renovation, according to the existing window frames and early photos, the original four-pasted rhombic frame doors and windows were restored in the whole hospital, and office facilities with the same style were added in the four corners of the hospital. Located on the west side of the Prince's Hall, the Xiannong Altar is located on the south side of the central axis, and there is a sacrificial pavilion outside the northwest wall.

Covering an area of about 3,790 square meters (excluding sacrificial pavilions), the Divine Kitchen Courtyard faces south, with "five halls in the north main hall, five halls in the east, five halls in the west, and a well pavilion on the left and right" (Textual Research on Old Stories of Sun, Volume 55).

At present, there are only wooden frames such as columns and bucket heads left in the gate, with a building area of 17.9 square meters, a width of 6.88 meters and a depth of 2.6 meters (3 purlins and 2 rafters). The bucket master consists of five upturned bucket masters. The bucket has hidden pages and six complementary bucket masters. There is no big bucket in the stigma bucket, and the bucket jumps out of the column mouth and has a ridge. According to the above analysis, the roof is a single-eave hanging mountain type. The main hall covers an area of 342.4 square meters. Five rooms are 26 meters wide and four rooms are deep 13. 17 meters (8 rafters and 9 purlins). There are five steps on the front eaves, and two central columns are subtracted from the room. The roof is suspended from the top of the mountain, and the upper floor is tiled. The building only has a lighting room with four lattice doors and four plasters, and other rooms have windows on the windowsill walls.

Jingting has a building area of 48.9 square meters. Hexagon, each side is 4.34 meters long. There are three steps on the single-sided gilding bucket and one static page. There are two buckets on each side of the flat body, with a circumference of 12 bucket and six buckets on the corners. There is no beam in the room. Hexagonal ridges extend from the back and both sides of the flat body. There are steps due north of Jingting.

The construction area of Dongshenku is 270.92 square meters. Five rooms are 26m wide and one room is10.42m (4 rafters and 5 purlins) deep. There are different steps on the front eaves, and the roof hangs from the top of the mountain. The indoor rafters are slate, and the upper layer is cut and tiled. The building only has windows in the daylighting room, and all other rooms have windows on the windowsill wall.

The building area of Shen Xi kitchen is 27 1.6 m2. Five rooms are 26.4m wide and two rooms are10.4m deep (4 rafters and 5 purlins). There are different steps on the front eaves, the roof is hung from the top of the mountain, and the upper floor is cut with tiles. Only the open rooms on the front eaves of the building have doors, while other rooms have windows on the windowsill walls. There is a sill wall and a window on the back eaves, and a stone sink is placed on the platform inscription outside the window. Located in the northwest of Shenchu Garden, two meters to the west is the inner altar wall on the west side of Xiannong altar. The building area is 261.3m2 ... The five rooms are 20. 13m wide, and the three rooms are 12.98m (6 rafters and 7 purlins) deep, with two eaves and a single floor inside. The upper eaves are hung on the top of the mountain, and the lower eaves are four slopes of water. The upper beam frame forms a layout with three rooms wide and one room deep. The gold column adopts a through column, and the rafters, corner beams and head beams are inserted in different positions on the column body to form a four-slope water roof with the surrounding eaves column structure. The upper and lower floors are all cut tiles. There is a blood pool in the center of the indoor light room, which is 2.4m long, 1. 16m wide and 1.3m deep. It is used for slaughtering livestock. There are drains above and below the pool, doors are set in the building light room and the second room, and some rooms are windows.

Shen Chuyuan's architectural color paintings are all golden dragon color paintings with large ink lines and beautiful hearts. The color painting on the outside eaves of Zaiting Pavilion is painted directly on the big wood, without staff, and the color painting on the inside eaves is a whirlwind color painting, with unclear patterns on the heart.

During the period of 1998, the factory building of Yucai School was moved out, and the Municipal Cultural Relics Bureau allocated funds for comprehensive renovation. In the process of decoration, it was found that the grey backs of all building roofs were covered with white ash after removing the tile surface. According to the principle of not changing the original state after the cultural relics are repaired, the repaired roof is still covered with white ash. During the renovation, although there were mortises and tenons of straight lattice windows with plate doors in each hall, the existing window frames in the main hall were finally adopted to unify the doors and windows in the courtyard into a square diamond for the purpose of use function and hospital unification. At the same time, the gate was repaired in accordance with the provisions of the "Regulations on Clearing and Building" after the scale investigation of the plane slats and wooden frames of the gate. The building area is about 288.6 square meters. The total width of the five rooms is 26. 14m, and the depth of the three rooms (six rafters and seven purlins) is11.04m. To the south of the bright room in the hall, two gold pillars, single eaves on the roof and green glazed tiles are subtracted. The base stone of the column is covered with basin, and the stigma is cut. There are five steps in a single bucket, six provinces in intermittent bucket, four provinces apart and slightly above, 16 with the periphery of the stigma bucket (including four corners), and 56 provinces in intermittent bucket. In the temple, a melon column is erected on the peach-pointed beam on the mountain surface, and the front and rear purlins and the lower purlins are handed over on the melon column, and the beam is placed on the top of the mountain purlins, and then the front and rear purlins and the lower purlins are handed over to push the mountain. There is smallpox in the temple. The front eaves of the temple are open, and the rest of the sill walls have windows. Build walls on the back eaves and mountain faces.

Both the main hall and the Princess Palace are painted with golden dragons and seals.

The building areas of the East and West Annex halls are 84. 12 square meters respectively. Its width is12.48m and its depth is 6.74m (3 rafters and 4 purlins). It has a rolling shed roof and a green glazed tile roof. There is a bucket of three liters on the forehead of the eaves column in front of the temple, and there are four buckets in each room. The stigma is rolled and the column has side angles. Open the temple. Color painting is the heart of Jinlong.

Under the east and west doors, there is a brick-like wood structure, with no beams and eaves on the flat top. The building area is 64.7 square meters. 8.9 meters wide and 7.27 meters deep. It has a green glass roof, an arched door in the middle and a nine-way doornail on the board door. Last week, the flat was circled with three steps, with 28 flat bodies and 4 corners. Built in the early years of Shunzhi, also known as Tiantai altar, it is located in the southeast outside the inner wall of Xiannong altar. South of the three gates, the heavy wall is dazzling.

Tiantan Square in the east and Tiantan Square in the south. The first floor is five feet square and four feet five inches five minutes high. There are four out of position in the ninth grade.

There are four bluestone niches in the north of the altar, carved with Yunlong, each nine feet, two inches and five minutes high, dedicated to the gods of clouds, rain, wind and thunder.

It is twenty-four feet square and five feet five inches high.

There are three doors and six columns in the south, one door and two columns in the east, west and north. The pillars and lintels are all white stones, and the doors are all vermilion.

The west is the altar, the side is the ambassador, and the north is the direction. The first floor, ten feet wide, six feet high, four positions, six floors.

To the south of the altar, there are five green and white stone niches:

The third is to offer sacrifices to Wuyue (Yun Qi Mountain, Tianzhu Mountain, Long Ye Mountain, Changrui Mountain and Yongning Mountain) in Wuyue five towns.

The water carver II. Dig a pool around the niche to sacrifice water and profane the four seas. Each is 8 feet 2 inches tall.

The east of the altar is a stone niche, offering sacrifices to the famous mountains and rivers in Gyeonggi, with a height of seven feet and six inches.

There is a stone niche in the west of the altar, which is shaped like a landscape and worships famous mountains and rivers all over the world. It is seven feet and six inches high.

It is twenty-four feet square and five feet five inches high.

There are three doors and six columns in the north, one door and two columns in the east, west and south. The pillars and lintels are all white stones, and the doors are all vermilion.