Appreciation of Li Sao

Li Sao is a poem about Qu Yuan's political career. Narration in the form of romance and lyricism is its main style. The flexible alternation of fu, bi and xing is the biggest feature of his language use. It expresses the idea that if Chu wants to be strong, it must carry out American politics. He expressed his dissatisfaction and remorse after the failure to implement the US government, and his firm belief in continuing to implement the US government. He said that he would rather die than betray the king of Chu if he had no chance to do American politics again.

Qu Yuan is a superstar in the country of poetry, far ahead of all other stars. It appeared in the history of China's poetry, and became the style admired by countless successors. Li Sao, his immortal work, has been shocking for thousands of years and has become the most wonderful and "permanent charm" chapter in the history of China poetry and even the history of world poetry. Great and excellent art has eternal vitality and is an endless treasure house of beauty. Goethe said: "An excellent work, no matter how you explore it, can't go deep into it." Yes, people have read Li Sao for many years. People know it, analyze it and explore it. As long as it is serious and really eager, it seems that it never comes back empty-handed. It gives people the enlightenment of truth, the encouragement of goodness and the enjoyment of beauty. It is so perfect and rich, ancient and always new. "Clothes are outstanding all one's life." "Clothes are a poet, not a generation." "Those who leave Sao are still worried", which is Sima Qian's explanation of the meaning of leaving Sao. "Qu Ping's work Li Sao is self-reproach." This is his interpretation of the motive force of poetry creation and the emotional tone of the long poem Li Sao. In order to revitalize the country, Qu Yuan practiced "American politics" and "tried his best to serve his monarch with loyalty and wisdom", but he was slandered for his loyalty. He is full of ambition to "save the monarch and rejuvenate the country", but he can't wake up the fatuous monarch. Seeing that Chu soldiers were hacked and killed, he was in danger. He was left out in the cold and there was no way to save the country. Can a patriot who cares about his country and people have no complaints? There is a cloud in the poem: "It is not difficult for me to leave my husband, which hurts the soul to practice numerology" and says: "I am also sad when I am sad; Hug like wisdom and hide tears, touch the waves of Yujin. Finally, she said: "Since I am not satisfied with the beauty of politics, I will live in Peng Xian's house!"! Li Sao is a sad and angry song written by a poet full of patriotic passion and blood and tears. It is heartbreaking and thrilling to read. The reason why the poem Li Sao is called difficult to read is not only because of some obstacles in understanding caused by dialects, history, myths and scenery in southern Chu, but also because of the emotional turmoil and repetition of the whole poem, which is difficult to grasp. It is true that Li Sao is a large-scale long poem, with 2477 words and 373 sentences (from Hong's statement, delete the sentence "We say it's one o'clock in the evening, but we have to change the way"). It is not only an autobiographical long political lyric poem, but also contains some mythical colors, narrative events and plot factors. Therefore, only by grasping Li Sao as a whole can we go deep into its thought and art and discover its profound thought and great artistic creation. The long poem Li Sao describes some of the poet's own life experiences, which means that it has the nature of autobiographical biography, but it also has a lot of surreal descriptions, and its self-image is permeated with strong mythological factors. The conception in the poem has some plots, but it is not an objective and real life experience, but a subjective imagination. All these show that the long poem Li Sao is a romantic lyric work, not an autobiographical narrative poem understood by some people. In other words, when reading the long poem Li Sao, we should especially grasp its "emotion", grasp the ups and downs of the poet's inner world activities, and even run through the full richness and artistic characteristics of the whole poem. The "feeling" that runs through the long poem Li Sao, that is, the "resentment" feeling that Sima Qian said, is more precisely a kind of loyalty and resentment. The poet lived in the era of drastic changes in the Warring States period. His parents' country, his beloved motherland, was originally a strong and rich country. Among heroes, he once occupied the position of leader and had many conditions to unify the world. However, since the failure of King Chu's political reform, the national government has been ruled by the old aristocracy. By the time of Chu Huaiwang, where Qu Yuan lived, he was in a precarious situation due to the lack of internal affairs and external pressure from Qiang Qin. Qu Yuan is a politician who is "knowledgeable, strong-willed and knows how to control chaos". He is also a patriot with ideals, foresight and integrity. He was concerned about the country and the people, full of loyalty, and tried to innovate politics and revitalize Chu. But his sincere heart is not understood. At first, he was trusted by the king of Chu as a leftist and promoted the New Deal. Unexpectedly, just when he served the motherland faithfully, rumors began to rise because he violated the interests of the old nobles. "Many women are jealous of Yu's beauty. They say Yu is a good prostitute." A small group of people showed their magical powers, but the king of Chu ignored them and ignored them. He disliked the "numerology" and "no slap" of the king of Chu; Resentment of "greed" and "usurpation" of "party member" and the defection and depravity of "party members". What makes him feel sad and resentful most is that he witnessed the country's growing peril, but was deprived of the opportunity to serve the country. "I am afraid of losing the court" and "I am far away from the boudoir, but I am not afraid of the king of philosophy." As a "loyal minister slanderer", what kind of resentment it is to be guilty of patriotism and see the motherland on the verge of danger and "save the country without a door"! So the poet's feelings erupted like a volcano, and this long poem, Li Sao, was cast, which contained deep anger and destroyed people's courage. Loyalty and resentment is a main line of the long poem Li Sao, but from the perspective of the whole poem structure, it can be divided into two levels, that is, from the opening to "I can punish my luxury", which can be regarded as the first half of the poem. This part mainly shows the contradiction and unfair treatment encountered by this noble and self-sufficient poet who is determined to serve the country, and fully shows the conflict between the lyric hero and the dark reality of Chu. From the criticism of women to the end of the article, it mainly focuses on the poet's spirit of continuing to seek after persecution, the inner conflict caused by it, and even the final choice. As far as artistic techniques are concerned, although the first half also has artistic exaggeration and uses many symbolic techniques, it is basically the poet's real life experience and is actually written; The second half mainly turns fiery feelings into surreal imagination, showing the poet's mental journey, a depressed soul and the spirit of seeking heaven and earth, which is empty writing. Having mastered the structural level of the long poem Li Sao, let's analyze its internal logic in detail, that is, the emotional trajectory of the lyric hero in the poem and the subtle psychological description of the ups and downs of the whole poem. The beginning of the long poem Li Sao is very strange. The poet first described his noble birth, strange birthday and "good name" given by his father because of his great expectations of himself in a very solemn and proud tone. According to the analysis of predecessors, "it is solemn to trace back to the source and name it after the year of birth and death." It is true that the feelings in the first eight sentences are very solemn and profound. He emphasized that he was the ancestor of the king of Chu ("the descendant of Emperor Levin"), which meant that he was duty-bound to the rise and fall of Chu, and at the same time laid the groundwork for his own death. His strange birthday and beautiful name just show his dignity and lofty ideals. "The name is right and the word is clever." Behave yourself, go straight to the right path and be strict with yourself; The spirit is average, the endowment is good, and the average public is one. This is the expectation of his relatives and the creed he has adhered to all his life. In short, the first eight sentences set the tone for his life's self-esteem, self-respect and self-love ("I'm not in a hurry to chase Xi", "I'd rather die in exile than have the heart to do this", "My own life is happy, and I'm good at mending"). Then the poet expressed his morality, talent and ideal, and expressed his desire to devote himself to the monarch with great urgency. "If I am not as good as me, I am afraid that my age is not with me." This is for yourself. He is afraid that time will fly and he can't do anything for his country. Therefore, he is not satisfied with the inherent "inner beauty", but also "focuses on cultivating ability", enriching and upgrading himself day and night and making contributions to the motherland. "The sun and the moon suddenly don't drown, spring and autumn for its generation. However, the grass and trees are scattered, fearing that the beauty will be late. " This is for King Chu ("Beauty"). He was worried that the king of Chu could not forge ahead in time and delayed the future of Chu. The word "fear" fully expresses the poet's sense of crisis in national affairs, especially his anxiety about the future of the motherland and the fate of the motherland. He pinned his hopes on the king of Chu. He advised him to "protect the strong and abandon filth". He was willing to "guide the husband first" for the king of Chu, hoping that the declining Chu State would be revitalized and restored to the prosperous situation of the founding of the People's Republic of China: "I am afraid that the imperial court will fall." Suddenly, I ran away, and I followed the heel of the former king. However, the poet's sincere heart has not been properly understood and supported. On the contrary, it violated the interests of conservative nobles and caused heavy blows and persecution. The poem shows a suffocating and heinous social picture of Chu. King Chu is fatuous and changeable in trust ("I don't care about Yu's feelings, but I am angry when I trust him", "I talked to Yu Cheng at the beginning and regretted having him at the beginning"); "Fang Qun" (trained talents) turned with the wind and degenerated ("It's no harm to wither, lamenting the filth of Fang Qun"); The imperial court clique is small "greedy" and "jealous", covering up beauty and calling it evil, and doing everything possible. The dark reality constitutes a tragic conflict between the "inevitable requirement of history" and the "impossible realization" of the poet's patriotic ideal. The poet then felt depressed, lonely, resentful and even strongly disappointed. However, the poet is determined not to give in. In his poems, he repeatedly stated his determination to die without regret for his ideals, beliefs and ethics: "I have a good heart, and I have died for nine years without regret", "I would rather die in exile than bear it", "I am happy in people's livelihood and good at repairing; Although I haven't changed my mind, I can punish my heart. "Poets should stick to their ideals and beliefs until death, and remain innocent until death. But the long poem didn't end there. The dark reality and the Great Depression forced the poet to go from reality to fantasy. " Rummanmanqi Xiu Yuan Xi, I will search up and down ",so the whole poem turns to the second part. A loyal soul needs to overcome temptation. Like ordinary people, in the extreme pain of failure, the poet's inner contradictions are also fierce. When our ideals are not understood and persecuted, should we stick to our principles and never break our word? Shouldn't we go to other countries to seek bosom friends and show our talents and ambitions without being tolerated by our motherland? The poet visualizes their inner conflicts and choices through fictional characters such as female mourning, Wu Xian and Lingqi and their persuasion, thus showing us a great soul that has passed the test of purgatory and is more white and flawless. Women use the historical tragedy of "dying" to persuade him to give up persistence and get along with the world. This contradicts the poet's attitude of sticking to the truth, and is actually a denial of the poet's past struggle life. This kind of inner conflict is fierce. How to solve this contradiction? He needs historical reflection and fair arbitration. So he revisited the history of the rise and fall of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties with On Zhong Hua, and looked back on the fate of those who fought for justice in the previous dynasties with heroic feelings. This re-understanding not only strengthened his original beliefs and beliefs, but also inspired his courage to continue to struggle and his heroism of preferring to die without regret: "Look ahead and see what the people intend." "Who is righteous, who is not good? He died in danger, but he didn't regret it at the beginning of the visit. Don't measure the chisel, be positive and decide before. " Overcoming the secular temptation, his inner world was temporarily balanced. So on the basis of new understanding, he carried out a new "exploration" with passion. In this way, this poem shows a touching situation, that is, the reborn soul stubbornly pursues to realize its ideal. The poem says that he rode a flying dragon, crossed Kunlun Mountain, crossed Baishui, climbed Langfeng River, visited the Spring Palace, knocked on Tianmen and begged for a girl. What is he looking for? He wants to awaken the king of Chu, save the national luck and seek the opportunity to join the cause of the motherland again. However, the reality of Chu is too dark. He was met with cold reception and teasing, and ended up with hardship and disappointment: "The world is turbid, jealous of the virtuous, and concealing beauty as evil. The boudoir is far away, and the philosopher king is not embarrassed. " The poet was completely immersed in despair and sadness: "I don't feel sad, how can I bear to die?" The poet initially linked his destiny with his motherland. He is loyal to his country, but he is "square and forbearing". So what else can he do? There is a way out, that is, to go to the country and die, to seek their own security and future. This seems to be understandable from the custom of "using Chu materials" at that time, or from the poet's subjective talent and realistic situation. Then the second and third temptations. "It's a pity that Suomaomao has a spiritual atmosphere." The result is to tell him that there is no way out in Chu, and to persuade him to leave Chu, where right and wrong are reversed, to seek his own future. "Want to kyushu's breadth, more than his daughter? Yue: I'm suspicious, but who is looking for beauty and letting her go? Why don't you care if there is no grass? " But making such a choice is too important for the poet after all, which makes him "want to take advantage of the spiritual atmosphere, and he is hesitant and suspicious." Then there is Wu Xianjing's persuasion. Wu Xian not only advised him to leave, but also inspired him to travel while he was young with historical examples of different opinions: "It's not too late to get old." I'm afraid I'll sing first, so my husband won't smell good! "Women's advice, spiritual persuasion and Wu Xianjing's urging not only represent the secular human feelings at that time, but are undoubtedly the manifestations of the poet's inner conflict in extreme hesitation and depression, that is, the visualization of two ideological struggles of firmness or vacillation. If Qu Yuan wants to test his thoughts and feelings more firmly, he must pass various temptations. Therefore, in the poem, the poet assumes that he will temporarily listen to the advice of the spiritual atmosphere, "I will die far away to make myself scarce" and is determined to travel abroad. However, just as he was flying in the sky, riding a Yao bike, playing nine songs and dancing Shao, he suddenly saw his hometown of Chu. In other words, it seems that when all contradictions and conflicts are coming to an end, everything starts again: should we leave this dark and hopeless motherland or stay hopelessly? The poet's deep patriotism once again prevailed. " The servant is sadder than Mahuay, but he can't do it. "The poet finally stayed. He knew that the reality of Chu was so dark and the political turmoil was so sinister. In fact, he has suffered a lot, but he can't leave his troubled motherland, even if it is out of fantasy. In this way, the poet was forced into reality from fantasy, and the tragic conflict led to an irreversible tragic ending. He loves Chu, but the king of Chu misunderstood him and could not use him. Chu-Han Group persecuted him fiercely. He wants to leave Chu, which is incompatible with his deep patriotic feelings. In the end, I can only pay homage to his ideal by dying: "I live in Peng Xianjia, since I am not satisfied with the beauty of politics. It is a personal tragedy of Qu Yuan, a poet, and a tragedy of the times that the glorious ideal of "the inevitable requirement of history" was stifled. Qu Yuan was the first great patriot in the history of China literature. The poems written by him with his own life, such as the sun, the moon and the stars, have illuminated future generations and become the great spiritual wealth of our nation, which will last forever. We have said before that great art is an endless treasure house of beauty, especially the long poem Li Sao. When we read the long poem Li Sao, we feel so thrilling and sublime. What kind of beauty does it contain? First of all, it has the incomparable beauty of magnificence and sublimity brought by solemn and great thoughts. Progressive political ideal, deep patriotic passion, solemn sense of historical mission and tragic dedication constitute the poet's extremely lofty and beautiful personality and dazzling and beautiful image. As Chernyshevski said: "If a person's whole personality and life are devoted to a moral pursuit, if he has such power, and all other people are small compared with this person in this respect, then we will see lofty goodness in this person. "Yes, we can see this perfect and lofty image in the long poem Li Sao. His noble pursuit, white personality and loyal ethics make those greedy, selfish, vulgar and even evil people around him look so small and humble, while the poet's personality and image are solemn, clean and tall: "To cultivate bacteria, to cultivate flowers and to cultivate Hu Sheng. "Not let the secular obey my dharma. Although I am not good at this, I am willing to follow Peng Xian's legacy. Raptors are not crowded, since past lives; Where have the ability to become Zhou Xi, her husband is different and peaceful. I don't know. It's embarrassing. I feel like I believe it! High risk is at stake, and Pei is far away. Although Fang and Ze are mixed, they are still not lost. " Poets are lonely, even lonely. But he is sacred, noble and proud. Li Sao, a long poem, has created such a lofty typical image of personality beauty for us. "After reading Li Sao ... I feel sorry for my ambition." "It is also possible to promote this ambition, although it is the sun and the moon." (Sima Qian) "Without Qu Yuan, can you be Li See Sao?" Running away is amazing and ambitious. "(Liu Xie)" One word, an outstanding life "(Lu Xun), people all over the world have the same words and feelings about the sublime beauty of Qu Yuan's poem Li Sao. Secondly, the impassioned tragic beauty is another distinct aesthetic feature of the long poem Li Sao. Qu Yuan's life is a tragic one. He not only has the ambition of "protecting the monarch and rejuvenating the country", but also has the ability to govern the country and quell chaos. He is "knowledgeable and strong, knows how to control chaos and is good at rhetoric" and has the ideal of "American politics" in an attempt to improve the situation in Chu and revitalize the country. But being besieged by the dark forces led to a tragic conflict. The most touching thing is that Qu Yuan has always been the conscious undertaker of his tragic fate. The so-called conscious commitment means that he has enough estimates of the personal consequences of persisting in the struggle, but he accepted it without hesitation: "Gu Yu knows that embarrassment is trouble and cannot give up. "I'd rather die in exile, but I don't have the heart to do this! Although I haven't changed my mind, I can be punished! " Knowing that it would be unfortunate to stick to it, he chose the road of struggle and stuck to it for profound principles, thus enduring great pain and suffering great tragedy in life. "Tragedy is great human suffering or the death of a great man" (Chernyshevski). The poet Qu Yuan held high the ideal of "beautiful politics" and endured severe political struggle and self-struggle with the heroic dedication of "dying without regret". Qu Yuan's life was extremely unfortunate. He was wronged, there was no way to sue, and finally ended his life by sinking himself. However, the overall feeling permeated in the long poem Li Sao is not pessimistic, or even sad at all. Explain that justice triumphs over evil, solemnity over terror and beauty over ugliness. What it shows is the indomitable spirit of "staying innocent and dying straight" and "dying nine times without regret"; It's exploration, it's bitter pursuit. When we read the heartfelt poems in Li Sao, we will feel an uncontrollable agitation, lofty feelings and tragic heroism, which is another distinctive aesthetic feature of the long poem Li Sao. What is related to the above-mentioned aesthetic characteristics of the long poem Li Sao is its superb and unique artistic expression. The poet Ai Qing said in On Poetry: "A poem must have a kind of plastic beauty, and a poem is a living sculpture of a soul." How does Li Sao, a long poem, accomplish the beauty of lyrical subject and shape a beautiful soul through artistic means? The poet combines passionate feelings with absurd surreal imagination, criticizes reality with historical reflection, and melts the universe, nature, social reality, life experience, myths and legends and historical stories into one furnace, thus forming an incomparably magnificent lyrical system, which is the singular contribution of the poet Qu Yuan in the history of China poetry and a great development of China ancient poetry. Mr. Lu Xun once compared it with the ancient "300 poems" in the Outline of China Literature History, and made such an evaluation of its characteristics and contributions: "Compared with" Poetry ",its words are very long, its thoughts are fantastic, its words are beautiful, its purpose is clear, and its influence on later articles even exceeds 300." Qu Yuan's creation, especially the long poem Li Sao, opened up a new tradition for China literature and became a model of positive romantic literary creation in ancient China. This is in terms of the overall creative method and macro structure of the long poem Li Sao. Li Sao, a long poem, has many novel creations in terms of its concrete forms. For example, he developed the meaning of "Bi Xing" since the Book of Songs, and regarded fragrant flowers and beautiful grass as a symbol of the emotional integrity of the lyric hero, which made readers see his lofty and holy posture and smell his moral fragrance. Li Sao, a long poem, is a political lyric poem, but from time to time the poet borrows the love psychology between men and women to express his hopes and disappointments, loyalty and jealousy, loved ones and pursuits. Qu Yuan's tragedy is a political tragedy, but his loyalty, sadness and attachment to the monarch are more tortuous and touching than love and love psychology. The poet grasped the rich aesthetic connotation of fragrant flowers, beautiful trees, beautiful flowers and the love between men and women to beautify the image and character of the lyric subject, thus making the style of the whole poem more gorgeous and radiant.