Han culture, architectural art and other family customs

Opening a face is a ceremony to remove facial hair and trim forehead hair and sideburns. One of the symbols of women's marriage in old China. Also known as noodles, noodles. Opening a face is done in the woman's house before getting on the sedan chair and after marrying the man. The person who opens a face must be a woman with parents and children. Use new tweezers, colored silk thread or coins. After opening a face, reward the person who opens a face.

The routine operation procedure is: first, apply powder on the face, especially on the edge of the hair. Later, the red double line was changed into a "small organ" with three heads. When one hand pulls one head, the thread stretches straight between the two hands, and the other head has to be pulled away with its mouth, forming a cross. At this time, as long as you move your hands up and down, the red double line will be separated. When the thread touches a person's face, the hair can be twisted off. Most of this was done by my aunt and sister-in-law, and some was done by my grandmother.

Before the bride opens her face, the groom must first tie three hairs on her face. This move sounds scary. How can the bride stand it with three hairs? ! It's just a statement, but it's only three times, symbolic. What is the symbolic meaning here? Anyone who knows the local customs knows that the groom is willing to do it, which means that everything is fine on the wedding night. It was he who opened the bride's new life. Of course, the groom doesn't do it easily, and the bride doesn't just let you do it. If you want to do it, you must use the shelled cooked duck eggs and put some wet wipes on the bride's face first. What the bride wants to say and the groom's approval are actually hidden here. The bride asked the groom to do this to show that she was as perfect as a duck egg, and it was the groom who made her no longer a yellow flower girl. However, when the bride was busy showing herself, she forgot one thing. Check whether the groom's official follows the rules before marriage. I'm afraid there was no ready-made method at that time. It seems unfair to the bride. I don't know if brides care about this now, and if there are any new methods. I haven't explored it. I don't know.

Different customs in different places have different engagement processes. The following is for your reference.

Overview of engagement custom

Engagement, also called "Wen Ding", used to be called "Naji" and "Zheng Na". Although engagement is not as complicated as marriage, traditional customs still attach great importance to it. Both men and women need to prepare some gifts. The process is as follows:

The groom is getting married on the way!

The groom finishes the family sacrifice at home first, and then goes to the woman's house by car with the matchmaker to get married. Get off the bus and enter the door, and the red envelope will not run away!

(1) Gong Guan: commonly known as "Mr. Boxer", responsible for the appointment of gift-giving companies. Tribute officials must control the number of people (even number), vehicles (six or twelve vehicles), engagement money (even number and properly wrapped in red paper) and six gifts.

(2) Family Sacrifice: Before leaving for the woman's home, the man will hold an ancestor worship ceremony at home. At this time, he will give his ancestors a "box cake" or a big cake for harvesting. He will go to a virgin's home to take a job and ask his ancestors to bless this marriage.

(3) Departure: After the family sacrifice, the tribute officer is responsible for loading all the bride price on the car, and the groom and the matchmaker go to the woman's house together.

(4) Red envelopes: Before departure, Gong Li Palace should not only take care of the number of people, cars and bride price, but also remind the groom to prepare more red envelopes. For example, the uncle who came to open the groom's car door, the "pressing table" and the six accompanying relatives all need to prepare the bride's ceremony, the bride's new friend who washed the water and the gift of the matchmaker.

How to hire after a lifetime reservation?

You've always heard of "Marry a good husband after a full meal"! Therefore, sweet cakes should be included in the six gifts.

Besides, why prepare four-color sugar? It symbolizes the sweetness of newlyweds and the meaning of growing old together.

The bride price represents not only the man's gratitude to the woman's parents, but also the man's face. Therefore, most of them are willing to get a glamorous and decent appearance, and each dowry also contains the symbolic meaning of seeking good luck and increasing perfection.

Bridal gifts are usually divided into six simple gifts or twelve exquisite gifts. The amount of bride price is arranged according to personal budget. At the same time, we might as well ask the matchmaker for the advice of the woman's parents to achieve the best of both worlds.

Marriage between men and women officially appeared.

Bang bang! Firecrackers sounded and the married man arrived! On that day, ancestors should be worshipped, tea should be served, and rings holding hands with each other should be worn until they are old.

After the gift, how does the woman return the gift?

China people always pay attention to "reciprocity". After the man gives a big gift, the woman should also prepare a gift in return, but she can't let the man go home empty-handed.

Han nationality-marriage customs

In the past, most of the marriages of young Han people were arranged by their parents. Most of them got engaged when they were very young, and some even called their bellies marriage, that is, their parents established a marriage relationship for their children before they were born.

No marriage with the same surname: that is, men and women with the same surname do not marry each other, which began in the early Western Zhou Dynasty and was a rule left over from the Zhou people's practice of intermarriage. In the Spring and Autumn Period, people further realized that intermarriage with the same surname would cause abnormal infertility of offspring, but intermarriage with the same surname still occurred from time to time among nobles. After the Warring States Period, the surname Shi, regardless of the surname after the Han Dynasty, is often unavoidable. In the Tang Dynasty, intermarriage with the same surname followed the ancient system and was prohibited. There was a Tang law in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and the same surname was reserved for marriage. The Ming and Qing dynasties had a large territory and a large population, and it was already a society based on region, replacing the clan based on blood. Therefore, the Ming law regulations and the Qing law regulations are divided into two parts: the same surname and the same clan. On the surface, it is forbidden for two people to get married. In fact, people with the same surname and different clans can get married. Calligraphy in the late Qing Dynasty merged unmarried relatives with unmarried surnames, and only intermarriage within the same clan was prohibited.

Please ask the matchmaker to propose marriage at the woman's house before engagement. When engaged, the man gives the woman some property as a "gift", and when married, the woman also brings a lot of property to the man's family, which is called "dowry".

On the wedding day, the groom will get on the limousine or sedan chair and go to the woman's house to "greet the bride". There is a band in front of a limousine or sedan chair. After the bride is welcomed into the man's house, she should worship heaven and earth and her parents. After the ceremony, the newlyweds entered the bridal chamber. At this time, the man gave a banquet to entertain relatives and friends who came to congratulate him. Some places also have the habit of making trouble in the bridal chamber and listening to the wall.

Check date: marriage customs of Han nationality. Also known as the reporting date. Popular in most counties and townships in Guangxi. Talking about marriage in rural areas: a step towards marriage. When young men and women get to know each other, they tell their parents and communicate with the media. The man gives the bride price to the woman and then sets the wedding date.

In the past, fortune tellers always ranked the "eight characters" first, and the fate was consistent. In some places, parents meet to get engaged. For example, in quanzhou county, after the two sides agreed, the matchmaker sent wine, meat and cloth to the woman on behalf of the man, and accompanied his parents and uncles to meet at the man's house on the agreed date, and the man gave a banquet. The young man poured wine in a pot, first to the woman's uncle and then to his uncle, and then toasted in turn. The two sides agreed on the wedding date and the engagement was completed. Later, men and women gave the woman heavy gifts and bride price, the woman prepared dowry, the man prepared furniture, and the wedding was held as scheduled. If the woman urges marriage, she will make a pair of glutinous rice cakes (commonly known as "reunion cakes") and send them to the man's house. The man got the message, treated him warmly and invited his neighbors to go with him. Generally speaking, it is respected for the woman to take the initiative to advance the wedding date.

He Lang Song: The marriage custom of Han nationality popular in Xing 'an area of northeast Guangxi. After visiting the church and dinner, relatives and friends gathered around the groom in the main hall and sang "Song of Welcoming Lang". Impromptu congratulations, but also joking and humorous words. Friends and relatives sing a song and the groom drinks a glass of wine. Sing till midnight and send the groom into the bridal chamber. The female singer waited behind closed doors, and the men and women sang "Open the Door Song" in pairs before opening the door. Singing noisily after entering the door, from "a toast to the groom" to "ten cups", the groom drinks from 1 to 10 cups in turn (male singers can drink instead of winners). Then sing "Sex Wine" and the couple have a drink together. Finally, the singer closed the door and sang the song of closing the door to end the wedding.

Sitting in the Red Hall: The marriage custom of the Han nationality is popular in quanzhou county, northeast Guangxi. Young men and women worship their ancestors in their own homes and receive instructions from their elders on the eve of marriage. The bride wears red ornaments and is accompanied by her classmates. She sat in the main room, singing "Weeping Wedding Song" softly, remembering her parents' kindness and expressing sisterhood. Sisters told the bride to be filial to the elderly and live in harmony with her brothers and sisters, and praised the groom for his handsome and hardworking. When the bride expresses her unhappy thoughts, the sisters comfort her in many ways. Singing late into the night, Yiyi said goodbye and presented gifts. The groom is also accompanied by his classmates sitting in his main hall, and is taught by his elders to be diligent and keep the house and obey the rules. After the teaching, the old man retired, and the boys joked and chased the groom, and the joy didn't end until late at night.

Seeking the Key: The marriage custom of Han nationality is popular in quanzhou county, northeast Guangxi. The bride's wedding key is in the hands of any of her siblings or nephews. Before meeting the bride, the groom sends a package to the bride-to-be and asks for the key, so that after meeting the bride, he can open the box and show Gu Mi's money, symbolizing a bumper harvest after marriage and a rich family. There were too few relatives to see me off, and the groom added many times. Farewell Lang took the parcel, and the groom got the key and went to see the bride happily.

Housekeeping: one of the marriage customs of Han nationality, is an important procedure of rural marriage negotiation. Also called housekeeping rounds. Popular in most counties and townships in Guangxi. At that time, accompanied by more than 10 relatives and friends, the woman and two girls called "accompanying aunts" went to that house (some women didn't go). The man gave a banquet to entertain. The matchmaker introduced the two parties to get married. When the woman's relatives and friends ask for gifts, the man will generally promise to give the guests "money" at that time. The next day, the two sides negotiated through the matchmaker. In some places, it is also allowed to enter the inner room of the man who is proposing marriage to check the real situation and then propose marriage through the matchmaker.

Stealing relatives in the dark room: the marriage custom of the Han nationality is popular in the county of Guidong. In the downtown mountainous area, after the bride cried and got married for two days and two nights, she hid in a dark room with her girlfriends early in the morning on the day of crossing the door. After the men and women arrived, the bride's brother (or cousin) and the young men in the pro-prestige broke into the house. The female companion threw sand and waved bamboo branches to resist. The robber tried to drag his girlfriend out of the door to eliminate interference. If you defeat two robbers, it will increase to four people even 10 or more until the bride is forced out. Then two (or four) women in the man's wedding team take turns to carry the bride to Lang's house. In the competition of stealing marriage, the man wiped the cigarette and ink for the woman, and the woman tore the man's clothes, which turned the legacy of ancient stealing marriage into a farce for young men and women.

Courtesy: Marriage customs of Han nationality are popular in most counties and towns in Guangxi. An important procedure in the wedding. Usually, the groom's uncle will light a pair of wedding candles on the altar and say some blessing words to express congratulations and prayers. For example, in the county of Guidong, colorful words are often used: "The dragon lantern shines alone, the flower hall shines high, the husband and wife live together, and the luck is in pairs", "Holding a bonus in hand, congratulations on the nephew's marriage to the bride, and the husband and wife and Tian Ming live a long life, and the husband and wife are harmonious for a hundred years." After the speech, the bride and groom worship the heavens and the earth and their ancestors and get married.

Huimen: the marriage custom of ancient Han nationality. That is, on the third, sixth, seventh, ninth, tenth or full moon after marriage, the son-in-law goes back with the bride to pay homage to the scorpion's wife, son's parents and relatives. The ceremony of becoming a husband from kissing is now complete. This custom originated in ancient times and is generally called "mothering in the province", which means going home to visit parents after marriage. Later generations have different names, such as "Hundred Doors" in Song Dynasty, "Two-way Doors" in North China in Qing Dynasty, "Huijia" in South China, "Jiaoshu" in parts of Hebei Province and "Huilang" in Hangzhou. On the third day after marriage, modern Bao Tong was also called "the meeting gate of three dynasties". This is the last ceremony of the wedding. Daughters will never forget the kindness of their parents. The son-in-law thanked her parents-in-law and newlyweds for their love and beauty. Generally, the woman hosts a banquet, and the new son-in-law is seated, accompanied by the female elders. The newlyweds either return on the same day or stay for a few days. If they stay, they won't live in the same room.

Marriage custom of ancient Han nationality

Thirty percent:

Ask relatives for relatives: When a man reaches a certain age, his parents will ask for a good relative. First, find a matchmaker. After finding a good matchmaker, introduce the family situation, your required goals, give gifts to the matchmaker, show off your employment and so on. The matchmaker went to the corresponding home and said how to introduce the man's home. If the woman's parents agree, the man can go to the woman's house or the woman can go to the man's house for blind date (in ancient times, men and women could not go in person, but parents could go instead). Parents talk about two situations, and if both parties agree, they will give each other engagement tokens, such as Yu Pei. Or if the woman agrees, she will send the man a cup of tea, and then put the "tea money" (unlimited, but even) on the table to drink tea. Even if you agree to get married.

Engagement:

Ask the name; If there is no personality conflict between men and women, they will give each other a Geng card with their names, birthdays, ages and so on. Write it on it as evidence of engagement.

Najib: After the engagement, the man chose the auspicious day to give a big gift, and a few days later he formally saluted.

Gifts: Fifteen to twenty days before marriage, on auspicious days, the man sends dowry, hairpins and marriage certificate to the woman's house to propose marriage.

(Bedding): A few days before the wedding, a good married woman will move the wedding bed to the right place. Then, before the wedding, the good daughter-in-law is responsible for making the bed, laying the mattress, sheets and dragons and phoenixes on the bed, and taking out all kinds of happy fruits, such as red dates, longan, dried litchi, red mung beans and lily. After the bed is installed, no one is allowed to enter the new house and touch the new bed before the new couple enters the house on the wedding night.

(Dowry): The woman should prepare a dowry and bring it on the wedding day. Dowry is a symbol of a woman's family status and wealth. Dowry includes bronze mirrors, various ornaments, money and treasures.

(before marriage): the man worships his ancestors-before going out to marry the bride, he should worship his ancestors first, tell him that the marriage is settled and pray for blessing. A woman is dressed and covered with a red veil by her mother before going to bed.

Gift:

Wedding reception: Ancient weddings were held at night. The wedding reception is the climax of the whole wedding. The bride is taken out by her sister or maid of honor, given to her father, and then given to the groom. Before leaving the bride's house, the bride and groom bowed to their parents and in-laws. Big sedan chair. Six people, eight people and twelve people carry the bride to the man's house. The groom's wife will personally open the car door and let the bride off. Then a blessed elder of the man (mostly women) will tie more than a dozen red ropes for the bride and groom. The two of them took the red rope into the auditorium to avoid stepping on the threshold: the threshold represents the facade and the bride must cross the threshold. The girl holds a bronze mirror and shines it on the bride and groom, praying for happiness.

Meeting the bride: a formal part of the wedding. In front of the mourning hall, the bride and groom stood in worship of heaven and earth and their parents under the auspices of Yi Bin; Husband and wife worship, cheer up and complete the ceremony.

After the ceremony: The next morning, the bride and groom meet their in-laws, and the groom will introduce all the relatives in the family to the bride. Then the bride and groom will offer tea to their elders. On the third day, the bride and groom will go to worship their ancestors together, and the bride will formally become a family and the wedding will officially end.

After marriage, the groom should also prepare money to thank the matchmaker. This is called a thank-you ceremony, or he can make fun of the matchmaker to express his thanks.

The ancient wedding was called "Little Deng Ke", so the wedding dresses of men and women should be festive and solemn, mostly big red dresses. Men usually wear a red silk scarf or red flower on their bodies, and the bride wraps her hair with auspicious phoenix and phoenix patterns embroidered on red Jifu, which is commonly known as "above", puts on makeup and wears a rockhopper.

The system of concubines in ancient China is a miracle of the world. This system began to sprout from the day when the matriarchal clan disappeared, and then flourished and was unstoppable.

In the eyes of modern people, the Chinese-style "concubine system" is an extremely inhuman and cruel system. Because it brings "class" into the family, into the people who share the same bed, into the brotherhood, and forcibly divides the blood-related families into oppression and oppression. This is really a great mockery of human nature. In terms of system, the concubine system is not even as good as the "four wives system" in Arab countries. It cannot be said that this is the black humor behind the principle of "benevolence and forgiveness".

In fact, the ancients in China raised objections to the concubine system long ago. I ching said: "when two women live together, their wishes are not the same, so they are different."

However, foresight and human equality are better than hedonism and dictatorship, and the concubines system still exists and a complete set of rules has been formulated.

Now many people say that China was polygamous in ancient times. This is not right. If you were really born in ancient times, you will definitely be considered as a rude person. China was monogamous in ancient times, and concubines were not legal spouses. If you must say so, it can only be "monogamy, polygamy."

During the period of clan society, the country had a "marriage system", which only clan leaders were qualified to implement. That is, when a daughter gets married, the Yue family must be accompanied by a niece with the same surname. Sisters or slaves married in the past naturally belong to concubines, and it goes without saying that sisters and concubines are higher than slaves.

Later, the "concubine" officially appeared. Concubine in the family, although undertaking the obligation of bearing children, cannot enjoy the treatment of "wife". Why? The initial reason is simple-the wife's family background is higher than that of the concubine. Concubines generally come from humble families, even gifts from the defeated side.

Therefore, the wife is "married" and the concubine is "accepted". The property given to the Yues by their wives when they get married is called "dowry", while the property given when they take their concubines is called "buying money for concubines".

Gu Liang Biography: "Don't be my wife". In other words, concubines are not qualified to be wives, and men who have concubines and no wives are still unmarried "bachelors". When the first wife dies, even if her husband has a room full of concubines, he is a widower without a wife. He should find another good family to hire the first wife.

The identity of a concubine is a foregone conclusion, and it has become an iron law in the Tang and Song Dynasties. "I am a bitch", "I know how to buy and sell" and "I am the wife of a guest girl for one and a half years" in A Brief Introduction to the Law of the Tang Dynasty.

If I was promoted to be a wife, it would be a violation of the criminal law. Once things happen, the couple will be sentenced to one and a half years in prison together, or they will divorce. Under such a law, a woman who has become a concubine is no longer a person, and it is common for her husband or first wife to abuse concubines.

Hui Yuan: "If I take it, I can meet a gentleman but not a husband and wife." It turns out that concubines are only for the handover of men and women. They can only call their husbands brothers, but they are not qualified to call them husband and wife.

Book of Rites: "A concubine buyer has the same property as her base." The same is to sleep with my husband and give birth to children for him, and my concubine's identity is just a bought item.

Besides, China was an absolute class society and patriarchal society in ancient times, and the marriage of children was decided by parents. Perhaps in order to fundamentally put an end to free love between young men and women, especially between different classes, legal provisions should strictly stipulate the division of wives and concubines.

"Book of Rites": "Runners are concubines, parents are cheap", "Good quality and low price don't get married". In other words, if the young children's free love is blocked and they meet and elope, the woman is not qualified to be a wife, and both families only think that she is just a concubine.

In the Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi wrote a long poem "The Silver Bottle at the Bottom of the Well" about the social status quo of "the runner is a concubine": The silver bottle at the bottom of the well wants to go to the top. The hairpin made of jade is placed on the stone, and the jade hairpin grinds around but breaks from the middle. How did the vase Hosta fall into the Hosta at the bottom of the well? Just like the difference between my days and Jun. When it comes to the old days of a family, people say that there is a beautiful shadow between actions. Comb your hair into a beautiful bun, like Qiu Chan's wings, and gently turn your eyebrows like distant mountains. Laughing and laughing together in the back garden, I haven't met Hejun yet. I play with plum branches on the low wall and the gentleman riding a white horse on the edge of the willow tree. I'm on the wall, and you're looking at your immediate family, and when you see it, you know that you have the virtue of heartbroken. Knowing that you are heartbroken, your Zhongnanshan pine and cypress tree. Emotions are like pines and cypresses, thinking about forming a pair of Huan and wanting to go with the king. Your parents often have something to tell me when you go home until five or six o'clock. The official wife is a wife, eloping is a concubine, and she is not qualified to participate in family sacrifices. Finally, I know that the king's home can't live, but he doesn't leave home, but there is no place. Don't I have parents? My hometown is also a family. I haven't heard from my hometown since I eloped with you for so long, and now I can't go home because of grief and shame. For you, one day's marriage has delayed the happiness of my life. In my experience, tell young people about their love for their daughters, and be careful not to make friends easily for life.

A good woman, just because she eloped with her lover, lost her qualification as a wife. "I have lived in your house for five or six years, and your adults talk frequently. If you are hired, you are a wife and a concubine. You can't bear to be worshipped by the Lord. " I have served my in-laws for five or six years, but I can't get her husband's approval. She is not qualified to participate in family sacrifices, and her son is not the preferred heir of her husband's family.

From this perspective, the concubines system ravaged not only these women who missed their lives, but also men who loved her but had no autonomy and her sons. A man can only watch helplessly as his beloved woman and his first wife, the strange strange bedfellows, are recognized by their parents and become the first wife's fertility tools.

Another angle: concubine system, on the premise that men are superior to women. Why do women become concubines when they elope, but men are safe and sound? What is the truth? Besides, how happy can a woman who becomes a man's first wife in this situation be?

In addition, in terms of etiquette, there are strict rules on the number of concubines.

The Book of Rites stipulates: "The son of heaven has six palaces, three wives, nine wives, twenty-seven wives and eighty-one emperors".

Zhou Li: "There are 120 people in WangZhifei: the last one, the third lady, the ninth lady, the twenty-seventh lady and the eighty-first lady."

The son of heaven can have 120 women headed by the queen. The queen is the first wife and she is entitled to get along with the emperor alone. Other concubines and concubines can't be alone with their husbands, and whether to accompany them must be approved by the Queen. This system went further in the Ming and Qing palaces: after the emperor selected the sleeping concubines, he sent the list to the queen for examination, and if the queen agreed, he stamped the queen's seal. If the queen resolutely refuses to stamp this seal, the emperor often has no choice. If we want to abolish the official position and replace it, it will often affect the reputation of the emperor behind us. No one wants to take the risk except the bad king.

The emperor is the son of heaven and has the most concubines. Below the son of heaven, the number of concubines fell sharply in etiquette:

Doctors can only take two concubines, and the cremation can only take one concubine. Ordinary rich people can't take concubinage until their first wife is in her fifties and has no children. Moreover, all concubines are not allowed to stay with their husbands all night. She had to leave after their husbands fell asleep.

This rule also applies to empresses.

However, rules belong to rules, and few people are willing to abide by them.

Concubine system was originally a way for men with wealth privileges to enjoy themselves. How can they let the rules bind their hands and feet?

Therefore, in addition to "concubine", there are also many names such as "Ji", "Maid" and "Geisha". After every name, there are a group of women living in pain.

"Gimaifu geisha", they are actually concubines, but because they have no legal status, their experience is even worse than that of concubines.

In the note novels of the Tang Dynasty, there was a woman named Huo Xiaoyu. Her father is Huo Wang, and her mother is just the "pet princess" of the prince. So after her father died, she was deprived of her daughter's qualification. The mother and daughter were driven out of the palace by Princess Huo Wang Guan and her children, became prostitutes, and finally met a fickle lover.

Due to the influence of laws and social concepts, most men do not take their "concubines and handmaids" seriously. Contrary to modern people's concept of equality, if you treat concubines equally, you will become the object of ridicule and think that he is self-indulgent and incompetent.

In the Tang Dynasty, Joe fell in love with his handmaid Mi Niang. Because of her low status, Joe, as an official, is unwilling to marry her. As a result, Yan Niang was snatched away by Wu Yansi and threw herself into the well with Joe's love poems. Wu Yansi took it out on Joe Zhi Zhi, framed him for imprisonment and ruined his family. If the circumstances didn't allow it, if Joe could marry his mother, maybe things wouldn't have come to this. -In the eyes of people at that time, taking a wife and concubinage were two concepts. When people accuse Wu Yansi, they think it is meaningless for Joe to break up his family for a maid and concubine.

Su Shi, a great writer in Song Dynasty, was a great man with heroic style. Many people know that he is infatuated with his wife Wang, and a song "Jiangchengzi" makes people cry. However, if we examine his attitude towards ladies-in-waiting concubines, it is enough to make modern people dumbfounded and have to make another evaluation of his affectionate image.

Su Dongpo had many concubines and many affairs in his life, but his attitude towards these concubines was basically heartless and unintentional, just like patriarchal clan system, he just regarded them as personal belongings.

When Su Dongpo was demoted, he gave away all his concubines around him. It is said that two of them were pregnant, and he was busy asking (the person at the bedside gave them away, and even asked if there were any children in his stomach. What is his attitude? Liang Shicheng, the eunuch at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, and Sun Shuo, a scholar of Hanlin, both claimed to be the sons of Su Shi born to Su Dongpo's concubine. Even Su Dongpo's son did not deny this situation, but was very close to Liang and Sun. It is said that Liang Shicheng takes care of brotherhood very much, and even said to the cashier at home, "Master Xiao Su doesn't have to sue me if he spends less than 10 thousand yuan, just pay."

The concubine who gave away the fetus was lucky, and even more desolate was a concubine named Chunniang. Su Dongpo's friend Jiang came to see him off. He met Chunniang by chance and was greatly admired. He said to Su Dongpo, "I have a white horse and I would like to exchange it with my bachelor for a beautiful concubine." Su Dongpo thought it was worthwhile to exchange a colt for a concubine, and nodded at once. But when Chunniang heard the news, the talented concubine refused, accusing Su Dongpo that Yan Ying even knew that she could not offend people. You are a noble Su, euphemistically called "Xiyu", but you want to exchange people for horses! In a rage, Chunniang hit a tree and died on the spot. -Although she is a concubine, she is also a woman. It's really boring for a woman to be treated as an apple polisher by the man she loves.

Apart from the tragic death of Chunniang, Su Dongpo's most famous concubine is Wang Chaoyun. She is the only concubine who has not been sent away by Su Dongpo and can accompany him to exile in Lingnan. However, although Su Dongpo was widowed at that time, although Wang Chaoyun shared his joys and sorrows, and although Wang Chaoyun bore children for him, she still could not be his wife. After her death, Su Dongpo still only wrote the word "Ji Ren" on her tombstone. -because she was born in a humble family, because taking concubine as a wife was a taboo in the society at that time. This clever woman can only be unknown all her life. Although she is proficient in classics and history, she is powerless to change her life.

In addition, although the concubine is cheap, the prostitute is even cheaper, which is also the concept of literati. Although they sing with famous prostitutes and are romantic with celebrities, they despise them in their hearts and never really care about or cherish their life experiences. Su Dongpo once called a prostitute a "confidant", but in the end she cherished her reputation and refused to accept her as a concubine. A famous prostitute can only become a monk in despair.

Su Dongpo's way of treating concubines is very typical among ancient literati in China. He is notoriously bold and open-minded, so much for his mistress. How many women in the world will be willing to be concubines?

Being a concubine is a great misfortune for women. They are not even qualified to express their love for their husbands.

If any man has deep feelings for concubines, it will make him laugh his teeth off.

Mandarin: During the Spring and Autumn Period, Dr. Wenbo, the father of Lu Guo, passed away. His mother warned his concubines: When there are outsiders at the ceremony, you are not allowed to cry, frown or show your eyes! I can't embarrass my son and let outsiders say that he is having an affair with concubines!

I just don't have feelings for concubines, that's fine. Besides, more and more men regard concubines as a tool for fun and can beat and scold at will.

Yan Tingzhi's favorite concubine, Xuan Ying, was very dissatisfied with her first son, Yanwu. He smashed her head with a hammer while sleeping in Xuan Ying. Did Yan Tingzhi punish his son? Don't! He marveled that his son had the courage to kill at an early age! Later, Yan Wu really became our era, and he was even more proud to be strict. Xuan Ying died like this, and he still "loved my concubine", so I don't care.

Zheng Yang, a famous star in the Southern Song Dynasty, killed concubines more often: "There are dozens of concubines, all of whom have piano skills, but the younger ones must be killed with sticks. They should be skinned, surrendered at their feet, nailed to the wall and thrown into the water until they are dry." I was so scared that my staff couldn't speak.

Dong Xiaowan, a romantic genius in Qing Dynasty, ventured across the border to take a concubine, calling it an affair. In fact, Dong Xiaowan is nothing but a beaten and scolded thing in his eyes. In the war, he risked his family to flee, ventured across the border to help his mother and wife, but scolded Dong Xiaowan for holding him back, which is proof. When Dong Xiaowan was being treated, she ventured across the border, bossing her around, beating and scolding her, saying that she was ill. -since the disorder, Dong Xiaowan why is beating and cursing? Never abuse your mother or your first wife? It's very simple. He has already decided in his heart that concubines are just things that can be beaten and scolded.

The husband who should love each other still treats his concubines like this, and the first wife is certainly welcome.

There is no need to give examples in this regard. Opening the history books is almost full of potholes.

Not to mention ordinary people, even the palace, give not much. Wang Meiren, the birth mother of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, is the granddaughter of a well-featured corps commander. She used to be a noble lady, but she married the emperor and unfortunately became a concubine, so she could only recognize her original match and the handmaiden under the queen. She gave birth to her son Liu Xie for her husband Emperor Han Ling, which made the queen jealous. She was poisoned by a cup of poison before she came down from the delivery bed.

As a husband, Emperor Ling didn't take Wang Meiren seriously. She is only a concubine, so Queen He almost didn't pass the exam. Although he became an emperor after offering the emperor, he never really avenged his mother: Queen He was his first mother, and even if he died, Liu Xie could do nothing about her. Wang Meiren (in fact, she was a child when she died) died silently.

The royal family in the Northern Wei Dynasty took killing the princess as a matter of course. According to the rules, the prince's biological mother must commit suicide. Naturally, no queen will want to die, and innocent people are concubines. In the imperial palace of the Northern Wei Dynasty, concubines not only became surrogate tools for their ex-wives, but also became scapegoats for their ex-wives.

There was a system of imperial concubine martyrdom in Ming Dynasty. These martyred women were concubines and never had a queen. The burial of Nurhachi big princess Abahai in Qing Dynasty became an anecdote in history books. Everyone is saying that Huang Taiji forced his stepmother to death and complaining about Abahai-in fact, Nurhachi's two concubines were forced to death at the same time. How many times have you seen someone pay attention to their name and experience and plead for their grievances? Abahai, wife, wrongful death. Do they deserve to die as concubines?

That's all! It can't be copied.