Is China polluted by air? Is it polluted by water?

According to the data released by the State Environmental Protection Administration, among the 559 cities monitored in 2006, there were 322 cities at the prefecture level and above (including the capital of prefecture, state and alliance, the same below) and 237 cities at the county level. There are 24 cities (accounting for 4.3%) whose air quality meets the first-class standard, 325 cities (accounting for 58. 1%) whose air quality meets the third-class standard, 59 cities (accounting for 28.5%) whose air quality is worse than the third-class standard, and 5 cities (accounting for 5 1) The main pollutant is inhalable particulate matter. According to the average annual concentration of important pollutants, in 2006 1 13 key environmental protection cities, none of them reached the national first-class standard, 50 cities reached the national second-class standard (44.2%), 55 cities reached the third-class standard (48.7%), and 8 cities were worse than the third-class standard (7./kloc- (Figure 1) Compared with the previous year, the proportion of cities meeting the standards increased by 1.7 percentage points, and the proportion of cities inferior to the third-class cities increased by 0.9 percentage points. Distribution of air quality grades in key cities. Main pollutants in urban air 1. Inhalable particulate matter is the main pollutant affecting urban air quality. The average annual concentration of urban particulate matter in 66.5% of the country reached or exceeded the second-class standard, and the average annual concentration of urban particulate matter in 7.0% was worse than the third-class standard. Cities with heavy particulate pollution are mainly distributed in Shanxi, Xinjiang, Gansu, Beijing, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Sichuan, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Hunan, Liaoning, Henan, Chongqing, Tianjin, Jiangsu and other provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government). 2. Sulfur dioxide In 2006, 86.8% of the cities in China met or exceeded the Grade II standard, and 3.6% exceeded the Grade III standard. Compared with the previous year (comparable cities), the proportion of cities where the average annual concentration of sulfur dioxide reached or exceeded the national secondary standard increased by 4.3 percentage points; The proportion of cities exceeding the national third-class standards decreased by 2. 1 percentage point, and the pollution level of sulfur dioxide decreased. Cities with heavy sulfur dioxide pollution are mainly distributed in Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Xinjiang, Guizhou, Gansu, Hebei, Hubei, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, Liaoning, Henan, Chongqing and Tianjin. 3. Acid Rain In 2006, among the 524 cities (counties) that participated in acid rain monitoring and statistics, 283 cities (accounting for 54.0%) had acid rain at least 1 time, and 198 cities (accounting for 37.8%) had acid rain frequency above 25%. Eighty-seven cities (accounting for 75%) jiande city, Xiangshan, Huzhou, Anji, Shengsi and Jiangjin in Chongqing have acid rain frequency of10. In 2006, areas with acid rain frequency above 5% accounted for 32.6% of the national land area, and areas with acid rain frequency above 25% accounted for 15.4% of the national land area. The distribution of acid rain in China is mainly concentrated in the south of the Yangtze River and the east of Sichuan and Yunnan. It mainly includes most areas of Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Guizhou and Chongqing, as well as the Yangtze River and Pearl River Delta (Figure 2). Distribution of acid rain in China in 2006. In 2006, the State Oceanic Administration continued to monitor the marine atmospheric environmental quality in four key sea areas: Dalian offshore, Qingdao offshore, the Yangtze River estuary and the Pearl River estuary. The results show that the concentration of total suspended particles and its deposition flux in atmospheric aerosols in key sea areas of China remain stable. The sedimentation fluxes of cadmium, copper and lead showed an upward trend (table 1). Changes of marine atmospheric quality in national key sea areas from 2002 to 2006 (Source: China Economic Report) IV. Industrial emissions are one of the main sources of air pollution. In terms of emission of main pollutants in waste gas, in 2006, the national emission of sulfur dioxide was 25.888 million tons, the emission of smoke and dust was10.784 million tons, and the emission of industrial dust was 8.075 million tons (Table 2). Emissions far exceed the environmental capacity. In recent years, the emission of main pollutants in waste gas in China is one of the main sources of air pollution, including four key industries: electric power, non-metal manufacturing, steel and chemical industry. For example, the power industry is the main emitter of air pollutants. The annual report of China's environmental statistics in 2005 shows that the sulfur dioxide emissions from thermal power plants in China are110000 tons, accounting for 5 1.3% of the national industrial sulfur dioxide emissions. Guangdong and Jiangsu are the top five southern provinces (regions) in sulfur dioxide emissions from thermal power plants. In 2005, 55 million kilowatts of coal-fired units were put into operation, and only about 40% of them were equipped with desulfurization facilities. As of the first half of 2006, the flue gas desulfurization facilities in thermal power plants have been completed and put into operation, and the actual operation rate is less than 60%. V. Harm of Air Pollution In China, the excess deaths caused by urban air pollution and indoor air pollution reached178,000 and165,438+million respectively (Supervision Bureau of Ministry of Health). Every year, there are 350,000 outpatient cases of respiratory system and 6.8 million emergency cases caused by urban air pollution, and the environmental and health losses caused by air pollution account for 7% of China's GDP (China Newsweek, 2007.438+02). Environmental protection needs the extensive participation of the whole society. 1. Environmental protection needs to solve the mechanism problem. Today, the top leadership of China has changed its thinking, put forward Scientific Outlook on Development, and proposed to build a harmonious society between man and nature, and ecological civilization has also been put on the agenda. Under the guidance of this principle, ministries from the State Council to below are also actively making plans to transform the mode of economic growth. The 11th Five-Year Plan emphasizes that energy conservation and emission reduction targets are hard targets and must be well implemented (Table 3). During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, it is still very difficult to implement the national total carbon dioxide emission control plan. In 2006, the first year of the 11th Five-Year Plan, this goal was not achieved. Obviously, the environmental protection department has made great efforts to carry out the EIA storm for four consecutive years and has done a lot of work to purify the air. However, the environmental protection administration is still a weak department, and the effect of the storm needs to be further strengthened. For example, an enterprise's emissions are very problematic and should have been treated long ago, but we can see that there is a sign at its door, called the key protection centralized payment enterprise. This situation is not uncommon in the whole country. In some areas, enterprises with excessive pollution focus not on governance but on protection. A mechanism problem needs to be solved. Environmental protection needs the extensive participation of the whole society. To control pollution, we must strengthen law enforcement; To strengthen law enforcement, we must break through the interest relationship; To break through the interest relationship, there must be public participation; To encourage public participation, first of all, there must be environmental information disclosure. The problem now is not only a technical problem, but also a financial problem. First of all, we must solve the mechanism problem. In this regard, China has made great progress, and policies and regulations on the right to know about the environment are gradually being established. For example, the Environmental Impact Assessment Law, which came into effect on September 1 2003, is the first law in China that requires public participation in public decision-making, and the Interim Measures for Public Participation in Environmental Impact Assessment, which came into effect on March 18, 2006, is also a very important provision. Second, green choice-consumer behavior can affect the environmental performance of enterprises, and people are concerned about air pollution. According to "China Public Environmental Protection and People's Livelihood Index (2006)", 73% of the interviewed 14 questions are concerned about air pollution. 42% of the respondents said that they had encountered air pollution problems in their daily lives. In cities, 39.6% people are dissatisfied with air pollution. At present, many environmental protection organizations in China have issued a "green choice" initiative, urging consumers to use their purchasing power to influence the environmental performance of enterprises, and to choose products produced by unqualified enterprises as carefully as possible under selective circumstances. Including international and domestic well-known brands with high market share, their products are dazzling, but the production process has caused serious pollution, but the choice between consumers' ideas can put real pressure on polluting enterprises. At the same time, manufacturers and retailers are called upon to strictly review their supply chains and not to choose enterprises that exceed the standard as their suppliers. In order to create a positive market incentive mechanism, enterprises willing to be responsible for the environment can win a competitive advantage. Third, establish a new interactive relationship among government, enterprises and the public. Public: Need information, need more channels of participation. NGOs collect data published by the government, which can make the public get information conveniently and systematically. The mass media has played a great role in this respect. 2. Government agencies: alliance is needed. Strictly enforce the law under the public's attention, and some polluting enterprises will be required to rectify. 3. Enterprise: Need motivation. Under the pressure of the government, the media and the public, it will assume its own corporate social responsibility. What we need to do now is to make those enterprises that do well succeed in society through green selection and supplier management, not the other way around, so as to reverse the serious water pollution and air pollution in China.