Brief introduction and detailed information of Manchu language

In the long historical evolution, Manchu evolved from Sushen-Jurchen through the continuous integration of ancient people, Sushen people and surrounding ethnic groups. Like other national languages in the north, the formation of Manchu is mainly influenced by Mongolian. There are many common terms in both languages, such as bi (I), bayan (Fu), mini (Mine), holo (Valley) and so on. However, Manchu and Mongolian belong to different language families and cannot talk directly.

Manchu belongs to the Manchu branch of Altai-Tungusic language family. Historians and historical comparative linguists agree that the Altaic-speaking peoples originated in northern China long ago. Scholars generally believe that Tungusic language family * * has 12 languages, which are mainly distributed in China, Russian and Mongolian. There are six languages in China: Manchu, Xibe, Hezhe, Ewenki, Oroqen and Jurchen.

Manchu written language has 29 consonants, of which 3 are used to spell Chinese loanwords. There are six vowels, regardless of length, with polyphony. Manchu standard language has vowel harmony law, but it is not very strict, and there is phonetic assimilation. Having the characteristics of adhesive language. The basic word order is SOV, that is, the subject comes first, the object is in the middle and the predicate is at the end. Function words are rich and can express grammatical meaning flexibly. Nouns vary in case and number. Verbs change with time, state (note: different from tense), aspect, form, verb form and auxiliary verb form. Manchu is a language with rich expressions and colorful forms. There are some differences between Manchu and Jurchen in Jin Dynasty.

According to the historical records of Manchukuo, 1599, Nurhachi ordered Erdene and Gagai to borrow Mongolian characters to create Manchu. Despite the opposition of two consultants, Nurhachi continued to change Mongolian letters into Manchu without punctuation. This kind of new writing prevailed in Jianzhou at that time, which had a far-reaching impact on the establishment of the post-Jin state. Later, the prefix 12 was added to the sea, which was circled next to the old Manchu characters to make Manchu more perfect. This new script is called "New Manchu" and is popular in the late Jin Dynasty.

In the early and middle period of Qing Dynasty, Manchu was mostly used to issue imperial edicts and letters, and became the main language used in newspapers, official documents, teaching, translation and daily life. Before Qianlong, there were many memorials in Manchu dynasty, far more than a single Chinese memorial. Among them, there were more Manchu memorials in Shunzhi dynasty and before, and more Manchu memorials were merged in Kangxi and Yongzheng dynasties, and fewer Manchu or Chinese memorials were made alone.

After the tenth year of Guangxu (1884), when Xinjiang was established as a province, the number of people using Manchu reached more than 40,000. On the premise of maintaining the priority of nobles, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty adopted the policy of sinicization to a great extent.

There was a process in the loss of Manchu. According to some data, Manchu was still used by some lower-class people in the capital until the end of Qing Dynasty, and gradually disappeared after Xinhai. However, in the middle and late 20th century, only a few villages in Heilongjiang and Nenjiang Valley had some daily Manchu dialogues.

Misunderstanding a widely circulated rumor: the dialect of Putonghua has a tongue sound because of the influence of Manchu pronunciation.

In fact, Manchu is not warped.

Phonetics According to the research of modern scholars, Manchu in Qing Dynasty can be divided into four dialects: Southern, Northern, Eastern and Western. The accent of Liaoning province, especially Shengjing (Shenyang) city, is called Nanyin, and some words (Manchu) are compiled with the standard pronunciation of Jianzhou phoneme and belong to this dialect area; The accent of Heilongjiang province and the vast area north of Heilongjiang is the northern accent, which is close to Hezhe and Oroqen languages. The spoken language from the east of Wusuli River to the East China Sea is called Dongyin. After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty and the relocation of Banners to Beijing, written language (that is, Jianzhou Spoken Language) was used as the standard language, and the words spoken with their own local dialect accent and local vocabulary eventually formed Beijing Spoken Language, that is, Western accent. The western pronunciation is roughly the same as the spoken language in Jianzhou.

Manchu mother tongue written language has 6 vowel phonemes and 19 consonant phonemes. Vowels are divided into masculine, feminine and neutral. Homosexual vowels are in harmony with each other, and consonants are also in harmony. Manchu letters are written differently at the beginning, middle and end of words.

Phonetic Alphabet Table The following table lists Mulinder's transliteration/Taiqing transliteration (when Mulinder uses different letters, Taiqing transliteration is in brackets) and international phonetic symbols.

consistent

lab

Cogged

Tongue/hard palate sound

Soft palate sound

Nasal

m /m/

Not applicable/

ng /？ /

Packing and fricative sound

Breathing and silence

p /p？ /

Wire transfer? /

c(q) /？ /

k /k？ ，q？ /

Unaspirated unvoiced sound

b /p/

Wire transfer/

j /？ /

g /k，q/

fricative

f /f/

s /s/

? (x) /？ /

h /x，χ/

trill

r /r/

Near sound

w /w/

l /l/

y /j/

Among them, soft palate sound and uvular are not antagonistic in their mother tongue /k? , k, x/ and e, I, u, /q? , q, χ/and a, o, χ (v)], but it can be reversed in foreign languages (/k? , k, x/ can be spelled with a, o and (v).

There are also three foreign consonants: ts' (c)/? /、dz (z) /？ /and then what? (r') /？ /。

vowel

front

middle

After ...

i /i/

u /u/

e /？ /

ū /? /

a /ɑ/

o /？ /

A, O and V are masculine vowels, E is feminine vowels, and I and U are neutral vowels.

Similar to Turkic and Mongolian languages belonging to Altai language family, Manchu also has vowel harmony, that is, the vowel of the stem determines the vowel of the affix. If the stem ends with A, E and O, the affix also ends with the same vowel, such as Suraha and Mutler. The stems end with I and U, and the affixes are mostly E, such as bi-he and ku-he.

The syllable structure of Manchu is close to that of open syllable language. Vowels and "n" consonants account for the vast majority. Some Manchu words are separated by consonants, such as abka (rain, sky) and ilha (flower); Most other words are separated by monosyllables. The characteristics of this syllable-opening language are certain in Manchu southern dialect as a written language, but not necessarily in other dialects. After written Manchu came into being, Manchu gradually became an open syllable language. For example, abka (Rain) and abtara-mbi (Xuannao) are mostly simplified to aga and atara-mbi when writing.

At first, the standard language of Manchu was Jianzhou Jurchen dialect. After hundreds of years of development, it absorbed the languages of other Jurchen tribes and Xibe people, and Manchu changed in Beijing, resulting in a new dialect called "Silence". Its features include: the b of the verb suffix -mbi is silent, the vowels of ci and ji are pronounced lightly, and ong and oi are pronounced as eng and ei. However, the spoken and written language of Manchu is consistent, and the written language also changes after the sound change.

Grammatical Manchu vocabulary includes nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, postpositions, conjunctions, onomatopoeias, mimetic words, exclamations and auxiliary words. The case and number of nouns and pronouns will change. Numbers are divided into cardinal number and ordinal number. Adjectives vary in degree and rank. Verbs vary in tense, case and form, and are divided into present tense, past tense, future tense, subjective dynamic, passive dynamic, causative state, statement, imperative form and conditional form. Obviously, Manchu nouns borrowed words from other languages.

As far as the characteristics of Altai language family are concerned, the Manchu complex sentences are relatively developed. For example:

Abka de deyere gasha bi literally translates as: sky, (positional auxiliary), flight, birds, and existence.

Niyalma de tusa arambi literally means: people, rights, convenience and giving.

Manchu is influenced by other languages.

Manchu has also absorbed many Chinese loanwords and pronunciations. For example, non-round lip vowels (Y), such as sy (Buddhist Temple) and sycuwan (Sichuan); Examples of Chinese affricates are dzengse (orange) and tsun (inch). Besides Chinese loanwords, Manchu also has loanwords from other languages, such as Mongolian. Examples are morin (horse) and temen (camel).

Vowel harmony Manchu has vowel harmony. In principle, A, O and Yi are masculine vowels, E is feminine vowels, and I and U are neutral vowels. However, the rules of polysyllabic stem are more complicated. If the stem is a masculine vowel, the affix behind it is also a masculine vowel. If the stem is O, the vowel of the suffix will sometimes become O, and other cases are generally negative vowels.

Although nouns sometimes have different stems and vowels, which represent things of different genders, the general rule is that A is used for masculine things and E is used for feminine things, but Manchu has no real sexual existence in grammar.

Manchu nouns are divided into singular and plural. When the plural form of kinship nouns is followed by -ta/-te/-ri, the -n at the end of the stem often disappears. General nouns are followed by -sa/-se/-so/-si.

Manchu nouns can be basically divided into five situations, as follows:

Nominative: The basic form of a word, indicating the actor. There are no affixes.

Genus-Toolbox: indicates that subordinates or actions use tools. I is added after the word, and ni is added after the noun ending in ng.

Traversal directional lattice: indicates the location or direction of the action. Add de after the word.

Accusative: the receiver of table action. Add be after the word.

Main item of the text: Manchu

Brief introduction Manchu is a pinyin character written vertically from top to bottom and from left to right. Manchu is an all-phoneme script.

Manchu language originated from traditional Mongolian language and can be traced back to ancient Uighur. Jurchen language originates from Khitan language, and Khitan language originates from Chinese characters (see Jurchen language entry for details).

Manchu numerals, Manchu unicode fonts and input methods have come out, which can realize computer input and correct display. Manchu input methods mainly include Monkli Manchu input method and Taiqing Manchu input method, and the mobile terminal has Dulejia Manchu input method and Anami dictionary. There is an experimental version of Wikipedia in Manchu on the wiki incubator, which is transcribed in traditional Manchu and Latin; Manchu Wikipedia contains some Manchu ancient books, which are displayed in traditional Manchu. At present, the entry work is in progress.

At present, Manchu studies for Manchu majors have officially become the key subject of Heilongjiang University. Folk Manchu classes have also begun to appear in some cities and networks.

In March 2005, Sanjiazi Manchu School was established.

In June 2005, 65438+ 10/,the Manchu-Tungusic Language Research Association (Student Union) of Harbin Engineering University was incorporated. On June 23rd, 2005, the first compulsory Manchu primary school class started in Harbin Engineering University. In June of the same year 165438+ 10, Professor Zhao Aping from Manchu College of Heilongjiang University was invited to give an academic lecture on the current situation of Manchu. On April 9, 2006, the second compulsory education Manchu primary school class started.

On May 15, 2006, Northeast Agricultural University Manchu Fans Association (Student Union) was incorporated. On May 27th, the first phase of compulsory Manchu primary school started.

In June, 2008, Harbin Vocational College of Science and Technology, located in Acheng District, Harbin, incorporated Manchu into the enrollment scope, becoming the only vocational college in China to offer Manchu secondary school. The first phase plans to enroll 30 students.

In April 2009, some media reported that the primary school in Molijie Village, Xiangfang District, Harbin faced the problem of insufficient students after opening Manchu classes for two years.

In September 2009, baishan city Jiangyuan Manchu School was established.

20 1 1, taught in Manchu class of Central University for Nationalities.

On May 20 12, Manchu language teaching was carried out in Benxi City, Liaoning Province.

20 12 12 in high school affiliated to renmin university of china, Manchu courses are offered on the basis of student associations. At the end of the same year, after the establishment of Manchu Society in the High School Attached to the National People's Congress, Fushun No.1 Middle School and the High School Attached to Peking University also started related associations and elective courses.

The current situation of Manchu 20 10 A reporter visited and found that there are no schools that teach Manchu in Beijing, and few citizens know Manchu. As a part of China culture, Manchu has declined. The Qing historical data recorded in Manchu are gradually sinking into the long river of history. Manchu gradually declined in the late Qing Dynasty. By the end of last century, only some old people in Heilongjiang could speak Manchu.

Zhao Zhiqiang, a member of CPPCC, calls for saving Manchu people. Zhao Zhiqiang said that Manchu is an important tool to study the history of Qing Dynasty. A large number of Manchu documents need to be translated, and the lack of Manchu talents should be paid necessary attention.

Sanjiazi Yu Man school

"Yilan Song" is a Manchu Yilan boo, translated as "Sanjiazi" in Chinese, and it is a village in Fuyu County, Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province. The "Sanjiazi" village was established in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, with a history of more than 300 years.

Sanjiazi Village is located in the southwest of Fuyu County, Heilongjiang Province, more than 40 kilometers away from Qiqihar City. Qineng Railway passes through its east side, and the famous Nenjiang Sleeve is on the west side.

At the end of 2005, it was reported on the Internet that Sanjiazi, under the jurisdiction of Fuyu County, Qiqihar City, planned to build the first Manchu language school in China, and it was confirmed that Sanjiazi Manchu Primary School had started in March 1. At the beginning, the teaching environment of Sanjiazi Manchu School was difficult and the teachers were weak.

History of manchu is very short.

Mr. Jin told reporters that Manchu is a kind of pinyin. History of manchu has a long history, but Manchu appeared late. It was not until 1599 that Nurhachi ordered the Manchu language to be changed from Mongolian to Mongolian that the so-called "old Manchu" appeared.

1632, Huang taiji ordered philologists to improve the old Manchu script, add some dots on the right side of the letters to distinguish the originally indistinguishable syllables from letters, and absorb Chinese language elements to create syllables for spelling loanwords. This writing is called new Manchu.

In order to consolidate and strengthen feudal rule, Emperor Qianlong ordered Confucian officials to draw up Manchu seal script. Since then, many precious documents have been copied by Manchu seal.

According to Mr. Jin, many top secret files of the Qing court were written in Manchu, so the significance of studying Manchu in the study of Qing history can be seen.

The emergence and decline of Manchu in Zhao Zhiqiang is only a few hundred years. This short development process is inseparable from cultural integration.

Manchu is mainly used for research.

In Mr. Jin's home, Manchu calligraphy and Manchu research monographs can be seen everywhere. Teacher Jin said that Manchu has declined, and Manchu is basically only used in the research field.

Manchu Institute of Beijing Academy of Social Sciences is the only Manchu research institution in China. The reporter learned that several young doctors are working hard to promote Manchu studies.

Dai Xiao, an assistant researcher, focuses on Manchu studies. Dai Xiao went deep into the village of Qiqihar to record the Manchu language used by the local elderly. "It is the oldest Manchu language, and only a few people can speak it. When they left, they took away those precious Manchu. "

Dai Xiao and another Manchu doctor in the Institute are translating and sorting out Manchu documents. This is a huge project, which requires researchers to endure loneliness.

According to Mr. Jin, there are more than 9 million files of Ming and Qing Dynasties in China No.1 Historical Archives, including only 3,600 files of archives of ming dynasty, and the rest are Manchu or Manchu Qing Dynasty files. The Manchu Library of the Palace Museum also has more than16,000 books. In addition, many libraries all over the country also have books in Manchu. Manchu archives are a rich treasure house, but there are few Manchu talents.

Scholars often ask Mr. Jin for words, while old people like to write in Chinese and Manchu. In Mr. Jin's home, a Manchu word "shou" often arouses guests' curiosity. Even in the eyes of professional researchers like Dai Xiao, it is enviable to know Manchu calligraphy.

But in any case, the original Manchu has been far away from public life. To save the Manchu Dynasty is to keep a key to open history. Zhao Zhiqiang said that there are many Manchu documents to be translated, and we need to put more efforts into the rescue work.

There are still some Manchu words in Manchu place names. Here are some examples:

The old translation of Shenyang: "Fengtian" (French) and "Fengtian" (English) comes from Manchu "Fengtian Huotun".

Yu Liang Faku Faku

Pulandian, Bula, thorn thorn

Harbin, Harbin, threshing ground.

Yilan, Yilan, three, namely Yilan Hala.

Mudanjiang, peony, twists and turns. Mudanjiang was called Huerha River in Qing Dynasty, that is, Guhan.

Zalantun, Jia Lan, the leader.

Yakeshi, yaksa, that is, the "collapsed bend of the river" means "fortress".

The old names of Manzhouli, Manzhou, Manchuria, Manchu and Northeast China.

Shangdu, Shangdu, means "dancing water".

Tumen, Tumen, Wan

Hunchun, Huncun, the name comes from the Jurchen language of the Jin Dynasty.

And dragons, holograms, valleys

Jilin, Jilin, along

Yanji, from sheep Gil Iman, a wild goat.

Acheng, that is, Alechuka Alchuka.

Ning 'an, namely Ningguta Ningguta, originated from Ninggun, VI.

Lalin

Tumen River, Tumen River Wula

Wusuli River

Songhuajiang River, Songga Riwula

The Wengsheng Street in Antu County originated from the noisy peak Wulagahada, which is called Wengsheng Wengqi in Chinese.

Emu Town originated from Emu Solo, namely Emu Solo.