Pairing type

China's couplets have a long history, rich contents and various types. The classification of couplets is also controversial. Some people divide couplets into horizontal and harmonic couplets and informal couplets from the perspective of horizontal and horizontal relations; Some people divide couplets into short couplets and long couplets from the number of words; Some people also divide it into scenery writing, celebration, giving and receiving, kit kat and so on.

The classification here is mainly based on the function of couplets, but this is only relative. Some couplets actually have multiple functions, and it is inevitable that they will overlap according to their functions.

* Spring Festival couplets

The so-called "Spring Festival couplets", also called "spring stickers", are couplets made to celebrate the Spring Festival, which is an important form and the most common one. Most of these couplets express their feelings and hope for good luck in the year. For example:

Beginning;

Universal update.

The motherland has a beautiful day;

There is spring breeze everywhere in China.

Rain moistens Tian Yao and returns to autumn year after year. You sow Xiantao first.

The east wind blows the earth, and the trees are full of new machines, but you can see the spring in the willow.

Spring returns to the earth, green mountains and green waters, and the motherland is as beautiful as ever;

Warm China, long life and happiness.

Up and down, men, women and children, all add one year;

Every household, talking and laughing, is happy and happy, and is celebrating the New Year.

The language of Spring Festival couplets is generally relaxed and cheerful, full of joy, and red with auspicious words adds a festive atmosphere to the Spring Festival.

:: Festival Federation

The so-called festival couplets are written to celebrate and commemorate various festivals and make them more joyful, warm and grand. This kind of couplets can be said to be the expansion and evolution of Spring Festival couplets. At present, it has become a unique form of couplet. For example:

Peach and plum are all over the world;

Educate all of China. (Celebration Alliance)

Wanjiayuan stays up late;

Songs of peace in the streets. (Lantern Festival couplets)

People are particularly happy when they are happy;

It is especially bright from January to Mid-Autumn Festival. (Mid-Autumn Festival)

The pulse is as deep as spring;

A bitter heart shines like a candle in the spring and autumn. (Teachers' Day Trade Union)

The army loves public opinion like a mountain;

The people support the army as deep as the sea. ("Bayi Festival")

Festival couplets are full of festive atmosphere, suitable for the object of writing couplets, and have strong pertinence.

* Door connecting rod

The so-called door couplet means "door to door" and "door to door". Generally, it is a couplet engraved or written by the door, which often plays a role in showing the interest of the family or the owner. For example, in the old days, it was common that "loyalty and faithfulness last forever, and poetry and books last forever". Generally speaking, what kind of couplet to write depends on the family background, which is easy to be confused, otherwise it will make a joke. For example:

No one can match the national strategy;

Hanyuan's first article. (Zhu Yuanzhang's book is a couplet for Tao Anmen)

Hugh left the country, rich and glorious;

The same day is old, and the article is morally sacred. (Confucius and Mencius)

Labor has been passed on for a long time;

Diligence is passed down from generation to generation.

Carry forward the revolutionary tradition;

Strive for greater honor.

Fish jump over the blue sea and praise the sea;

Birds fly in the blue sky, praising the height of the sky.

Three friends of pine, bamboo, plum and cold,

Peaches, plums, apricots and spring breeze.

The first pair and the second pair of the above-mentioned couplets are in line with the family characteristics of Tao 'an and Confucius' House respectively. The third pair is more common in the families of workers and peasants, the fourth pair is more common in the families of military martyrs, and the fifth pair and the sixth pair are more common in the families of military martyrs to show their master's ambition and interest.

:: Professional federations

The so-called professional couplets, that is, industry couplets, are posted on the door, so that people can know the characteristics of their industry at a glance and play the role of industry advertising. They are not to be underestimated in couplets. This kind of couplet is rich and attractive.

Moisturizing poetry and painting is still moist;

Drunk by love, drunk by pen. (Hotel Alliance)

Meet by chance like friends and relatives;

Stopping for a while is like going home. (Hotel Alliance)

Flowers yearn for each other;

Under the bamboo, I took part in Lu Yujing. (Teahouse Alliance)

Although the last skill;

But it's top kung fu. (Barber Shop Union)

Tao Qian is good at drinking, elegant and good at cooking, and drinking and cooking are very moderate;

Tao Kan cherish points, Yu Xia cherish inches, measured. (Hotel Alliance)

Carve a reminder to the police province;

The voice advises you to cherish the beautiful voice. (Watch shop couplet)

Profession has no dignity. As long as you feel at ease in your career, he shaved his head, sang and sewed clothes.

Character should be divided into high and low. I'm afraid it's still dirty if I want to mess around at will and become an official and emperor.

The above seven couplets are all in line with the professional characteristics of their respective industries, and some of them are full of philosophy. The fifth pair and the sixth pair advise people to eat moderately and cherish time, while the seventh pair emphasizes that there is no distinction between high and low occupations, and the argument is clear and instructive.

* Marriage Union

The so-called wedding couplets, also known as "wedding invitations", are special conjunctions for marriage, either at the gate, the cave door, or beside the dressing table and sedan chair ... Their main content is to express praise, praise and wishes to the newlyweds, as well as wedding celebrations. For example:

Kai He Bingdi;

Shao jieshuanghua

There are both flutes and pipes;

Phoenix came to the musical instrument.

Colorful flowers in the mirror leave beautiful images;

Hairpins and tigers contribute to new makeup.

Men and women are like mandarin ducks;

The two wishes to get married are linked.

Friends warm peach blossoms with harps and plums;

The foot of the forest is determined by the forest. Immortals believe in paying jade people.

These are all common wedding couplets in the old society. Nowadays, many people like to bring forth the old and bring forth the new when writing couplets. For example, some people use their careers to join couplets, while others praise new things and do new things:

Dr. Glasses, who used the combination of traditional Chinese and western medicine to treat stubborn diseases and cure diseases, was called Hua Tuo Bian Que; (doctor)

Miss Sven is known as a candle silkworm for her disgusting blood, nourishing peaches and plums and forgetting to eat and sleep. (teacher)

Join relatives, why do you have to be right?

Make friends, just like-minded.

* Shoulian

The so-called birthday couplets are couplets made to celebrate birthdays, mostly to praise the merits of the birthday girl. For example:

Happiness is like the East China Sea;

Life is better than Nanshan.

As for Fu Sheng and Yi Xian, he slapped them.

The total angle of the bow is different, and the heroic spirit is compelling. (10 years old)

All the five mountains are the same;

A hundred years of life is like a Japanese square. (50 years old)

Jiazi is a new Jiazi;

Spring and autumn several times. (60 years old)

Envy the spirit of high age plus 20 years old;

Live a long life, have good teeth and enjoy the Song Year forever. (80 years old)

Life is full of discontent;

It's hard to meet me in the world (Wang Wenqing Centenarian Association)

Dragonflies have a history of 50 years, celebrating a moment, approaching the sky in five, approaching the ground in five, repairing five things, preparing for Five Blessingg, having five generations under one roof, and wearing colorful clothes;

Crane counts August 80, wishing longevity, eight thousand in spring, eight thousand in autumn, eight yuan in, eight Deng Kai, eight tones obeying the law, and playing Dan in all directions. (Peng He's 80th birthday couplet)

Often a guest, why ask Kangning, but there is more money in the bag, more wine in the urn, more food in the kettle, a few leaves to enjoy old paper, let the waves sing, broad-minded, opinionated, with five senses smarter than a thousand officials, and less after sixty;

Determined to be immortal, there are troubles in the air, which will only make your ears sound vulgar, your eyes vulgar and your chest vulgar. You will have a few random new flowers interspersed, sleeping late and getting up early, one day is like two days, which means that you are over 100 years old. (Zheng Banqiao is 60 years old, from Shoulian)

The first pair is an ordinary birthday couplet; The second, third, fourth and fifth pairs are birthday couplets of different ages; The sixth deputy is quite ingenious. He wrote an article about the saying that "people are less than 100 years old" and "centenarians are hard to meet in the world", and hid these hundred words. The hidden old man is already 100 years old; Although the seventh pair is flattering, it closely follows the words "five" and "eight", and its writing style is very distinctive, showing the author's literary talent and skill. The last couplet is a birthday couplet with a relaxed and carefree style, which fully shows the author's interest and personality.

* Wan Lian

The elegiac couplet, called mourning couplet in some places, is a kind of couplet used to mourn the dead. This kind of couplets can often make solemn scenes more solemn. Black and white, through the joint language, arouse people's memory and respect for the dead:

If you cry, you will be cut. If you cry, you will be cut now! Who will bear the heavy responsibility?

Live as a class and die as a class. What will happen after class? Don't stop until you win! (holding the king)

The disease is still calling, infinite care, and all grievances must be filled;

To learn Buddhism forever, you can't die. Where can you find a smile? (Mao Zedong Wan Mulian)

It happened that Lu Xun died of the urgency of the war! The Chinese nation will cry, the proletariat will cry, and progressive writers will cry!

It happened that in the shadow of health, Lu Xun died! Imperialism will snigger, despotic demons will smile bitterly, and backward literati may laugh miserably! (Beiping Sandstorm Literature and Art Society holds Lu Xun's couplets)

For more than ten years, I have been working hard to grasp the Spring and Autumn Pen, hold the martyr's whip, brave the sword and join the army, and be loyal to the party. My ambition is not rewarded, and I am passionate in this life;

The family cried sadly, begged their parents to forgive them, advised their brothers to be patient, comforted their wives with gentle words, and told their children that they were wronged, so that they could become heroes in the world in the near future. (Xiong Zilian)

The first couplet was made at Wang's memorial service. By juxtaposing words, the upper and lower couplets are repeated three times in the same position with "Zhuo Er" and "class" respectively, and "crying", "crying", "living for" and "dying for" are progressive, which makes people sad.

The second couplet is Mao Zedong's mother-in-law couplet. 19 19 In June, Mao's mother passed away. In his works, Mao Zedong condensed his infinite affection for his mother, described the touching scene of his mother's illness and the guilt of his son's failure to enjoy himself, regretted that his mother believed in Buddhism and could not live forever, recalled the deep affection between mother and child, and fully expressed the deep and endless grief of maternal love. The third principle is to break the taboo of avoiding the same words, highlight the theme and show the feelings of love and hate; The fourth picture is Xiong's elegiac couplet before his execution, which shows a revolutionary's remorse for the failure of the party's cause and his determination to carry the revolution through to the end.

:: Communication Association

The so-called communicative couplets are the couplets that people use in return for friendship. This kind of couplets has profound meanings and rich contents, and most of them are aphorisms, among which the simple but elegant couplet is the best. For example:

Suspected;

Never forget to read. (Ye Shengtao, Yu Pingbo)

Being an official is only 600 stones;

Write more than five thousand words in a book. (Yuan Mei presented Guo Yunqing)

Fan Xiong, the town of Jingjie, is famous for three thousand miles in the north of Hebei;

The wind and frost pushed me to sit alone, and I felt great in Shandong 800 States. (Yu Qian gave it to Luf)

It is enough to have a confidant in life;

The world should treat it with empathy. (Qu Qiubai quoted from Lu Xun)

Books about this country are often read;

Nothing is useless to body and mind. (Xu Teli presented it to Wang)

The first couplet is written by Ye Shengtao and Yu Pingbo. One of them is a famous writer, educator, editor and publisher, social activist, and the other is a famous scholar. Finally, it was written by calligrapher Wu Jialu. Couplets fully express their rigorous attitude and diligence in their respective studies. The second gift couplet expresses the author's interest and ideological character; The third link is Yu Qian's inscription, which shows his trust in Luf. The fourth represents the profound friendship between the two great men; Xu Teli, the fifth representative, expressed the author's expectation of Wang, which can be called the motto of contemporary youth and the motto of dealing with people.

* Tang Lian

The so-called hall couplets are couplets hung in the hall, study, bedroom and other environments. Mainly used to decorate the environment and express feelings to express the interests and feelings of the host family. For example:

The heart must not offend heaven and earth;

Let your words and deeds benefit your children and grandchildren. (Written by Yuan Chonghuan in Ming Dynasty)

From my hometown, the two places are devastated;

After being a soldier, thousands of families in Qian Qian have long cared about their sufferings. (Li Zhi wrote Tang Lian)

There are three loves in my heart: wonderful books, good horses and beautiful mountains and rivers;

Four things are planted in the garden: pine, bamboo and Bai Mei. (Bedroom couplets written by Fang Zhimin)

The world rises and falls;

Everyone is responsible. (Gu Bookstore)

Yuan Chonghuan's church couplets show his life style and teaching his children, and have the nature of self-warning; Li Zhi wrote couplets when he was an official from his hometown of Fujian to Yao 'an, Yunnan, and wrote the folk sufferings he saw along the way into the couplets. The official name is hung in the office hall to warn yourself that officials should be honest and considerate of the people. Fang Zhimin's "Bedroom Banner" expresses the author's love for pine, tenacity of bamboo, beauty of plum and fragrance of orchid. Gu's couplets, a famous thinker and scholar in the early Qing Dynasty, are short and popular, unpretentious and distinctive in style. His character of running around all his life, observing people's feelings and never forgetting the great cause of rejuvenation has been fully reflected in couplets.

* Association of Places of Interest and Monuments

The so-called couplets of scenic spots refer to couplets written and engraved for a certain scenic spot. China has a long history, a vast territory and the best scenic spots in the world. Celebrities from all over the world often come to these famous mountains and rivers, places of interest and resorts with great interest because they touch the scenery. These couplets are either carved in pavilions or pasted on temples and graves ... to express their interest and feelings, and the excellent couplets they left behind are praised and praised by generations. For example:

Crazy that everyone wants to kill;

You can't shout when you're drunk. (Taibai Loulian, Caishiji, Dangtu, Anhui)

Song Xin hates thousands of feet;

Evil bamboo should be cut into pieces. (Chen Yi titled Du Fu Caotang Lian)

Wind, underwater sound, insect sound, bird sound, Brahman blowing sound, a total of 360 bells and drums, silent and silent;

Moonlight, mountains, grass, trees, clouds, and 48,000-foot peaks are all empty. (Zhejiang Tiantai Mountain Central Guangsi Alliance)

The heart is in Han, there is no distinction between one and two;

Famous in the world, why argue Xiangyang Nanyang. (Qing Gu Jiayu titled Nanyang Wollongong Alliance)

Li Bai's life has many commendable places, but the author of the first couplet gave a typical example, sketched a few strokes with a short seven-character couplet, like a cartoon, and then described the great poet to the point of complete expression. All-China Federation is short in meaning, neat in antithesis and clever in wording, which is really a masterpiece; The second couplet was written by Chen Yi, and he added a postscript: "Du Fu's beautiful poem has the most practical significance, and the rest are praised by poets of all ages." Can be described as ingenious, ingenious; Fangguang Temple is located in the middle of Tiantai Mountain. It is built in a high mountain canyon and close to Liang Shi Waterfall. Couplets are poetic, harmonious, implicit and meaningful, and full of philosophy. The fourth is written by Gu Jiaping, a native of Xiangyang, Hubei Province, and a magistrate of Nanyang, Henan Province in the Qing Dynasty. Because Zhuge Liang is famous all over the world, the two provinces are fighting for the location of Zhuge Liang's former residence. Gu Jiaping did not dare to offend the local gentry, and was afraid of disappointing the name of Sangzi, so he wrote this wonderful couplet, which not only praised Zhuge Liang, but also settled the dispute between the two provinces, which was fair.

However, this controversy has not subsided. When the second set of "Longzhongdui" stamp sheetlet of Romance of the Three Kingdoms was issued on 1990, Hubei and Henan provinces organized a delegation to complain in Beijing for the first place of "Longzhongdui", which blocked the design. The Institute of History of China Academy of Social Sciences and the Institute of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties of Beijing Normal University specially organized an academic seminar on "Zhuge Liang plowing the fields". Zhuge Liang's statement that he cultivated land in Xiangyang, Hubei Province has won the recognition of most people. At the same time, historians also believe that, just like the civil and military Red Cliff, Zhuge Liang's scenic spots Nanyang and Xiangyang can coexist completely. Gu Jiaping's title couplet is really a masterpiece of famous couplet.

* Calligraphy and Painting Association

The so-called calligraphy and painting couplets refer to couplets inscribed on paintings. According to the content of the picture, the couplets suitable for the picture are skillfully combined with "books, paintings and couplets" to achieve "painting with couplets, painting with couplets and painting with pictures". This kind of calligraphy and painting couplets can be said to be a comprehensive art that integrates couplets, calligraphy and painting, and it is also a major feature of Chinese painting art. This kind of calligraphy and painting couplets is unique, which can make the theme of painting more clear, profound and meaningful and give people new artistic enjoyment.

Yun Fei sword dance thousands of miles away;

Eye electro-acoustic Lei Zhen Square. (Inscribed by Tiger Alliance)

Magpie reported victory in aiding Korea;

Flowers make anti-American heroes. (Zhou Enlai title He Xiangning painted peony magpie)

There are knots when they are not unearthed;

Lingyun is still modest. (Bamboo couplet inscribed by Li Kuchan)

Great achievements, mountains and rivers grow;

Loyal to Hui Qi. (Huang is a portrait)

The first pair is our common tiger painting couplets. The couplets exaggerate the description and rendering of the tiger in the painting, making the image of the tiger more prominent; The second pair is Zhou Enlai's album "He Xiangning", which expresses the determination of the China people to resist US aggression and aid Korea, defend their country and defend their country, and their infinite love for volunteers' heroes, further highlighting the significance of painting. The third is the praise of bamboo, which is the expression of the author's heart; The fourth couplet highly praised the noble character of Premier Zhou Enlai and the glorious image of Premier Zhou. The author appropriately named this painting "Monument" (nave painting). Fully reflect.

* Literary Federation

The so-called literary couplets, that is, couplets used in literary works, are an organic part of literary works to match the description of social features, people, scenery and environment in the works. For example:

Look at the old scenery in the cave;

Looking out the window, it's already the Spring Festival. (Hongyan)

Sickle cuts off the old world;

The axe opened a new dry Kun. ("outsmart Tiger Mountain")

Sit still and think about yourself;

Gossip about other people's problems. (The Story of Pumpkin)

Indifferent to Zhi Ming;

Quiet and far-reaching (Romance of the Three Kingdoms)

The first pair is Hongyan couplets. The novel was written in the spring of 1949. The revolutionary soldiers in the concentration camp of Chongqing Sino-American Cooperation College learned that the People's Liberation Army had marched into the north bank of the Yangtze River, held a Spring Festival Gala in prison and wrote many couplets. This is one of them, which fully expresses the imprisoned revolutionaries' welcome to the victory of the revolution.

The second pair is the couplet on Li Yongqi's thatched cottage in Peking Opera "Taking the Tiger Mountain Outside", which expresses the aspirations of the broad masses of people to turn over and seek liberation;

The third pair is a couplet hung in the room of Wang, a student in the tea-picking drama "The Story of Pumpkin" in Jiangxi Province, which shows that the student is self-indulgent but framed to death by reactionary officials, thus exposing the crime of indiscriminate killing by officials and deepening the theme of the work;

The fourth pair is the couplet on the door of Zhuge Liang's thatched cottage in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, in which "Si Mahui recommended celebrities again and Liu Xuande visited the thatched cottage three times", which sets off the pragmatic ethics and academic spirit of the owner of the thatched cottage, "learning without extensive knowledge, learning without ambition" and is also a portrayal of Zhuge Liang's standing and acting. All these conjunctions can add color to literary and artistic works and make the specific characters and events displayed shine.

:: Temple Federation

The so-called temple couplets are couplets posted on shrines, temples and Taoist temples. Taoist temples in old China have many couplets. These couplets either cherish the memory of fairy tales, praise the achievements of temple owners, or say superstitious legends, praise the beautiful scenery of temples, or advise the world to do good.

For example:

Horses and horses cut Yan Liang, Hebei heroes are unpopular;

One-knife meeting Lu Su Jiangnan Wu Wen is chilling. (Guandi Temple Alliance)

Lead the gods to cut the ink and dry the tripod;

Carrying an axe can make the sun and the moon new. (Luban Temple Union)

All herbs are herbs;

If you are not a good doctor, you must be a good doctor. (Jiangxi Chengnan Wangyao Temple Alliance)

One room, one citron, one porridge and one meal, sandalwood paste, the blood and sweat of pedestrians. Don't do it if you don't keep it, you can be afraid, you can worry, you can sigh;

Day by day, January, time is easy to travel, and the illusion is not strong. Every heart is unfinished, and the holy rainbow is not round, but terrible and sad. (Zhaitang Company of Jinshan Temple in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu)

Temple couplets can also be regarded as landscape couplets. Most of the examples cited here directly evaluate the temple owners.

The first couplet pointed out Guan Yu's most outstanding heroic achievements in his life; Erlian praised Luban for his superb skills; The third part talks about medical theory; The fourth topic is Zhai Tang. The sentence pattern of the whole couplet is tight and seamless, consistent from top to bottom, without reluctance, and contains the meaning of ridicule and banter.

* Congratulate the trade union.

In addition to wedding and birthday couplets, many things worthy of congratulations in daily life can be celebrated with couplets, which are collectively called celebration couplets. For example:

Full of enthusiasm, add spring scenery;

The voice of English is full of joy.

Bo does not digress, does not go out of the hole;

A whisper is delicious, all over the world.

The literary glory of the dynasty;

The landscape of the earth is in front of us.

Jiaying has a university today;

There have been few celebrities in Meizhou.

The above four couplets are all celebration couplets. The first couplet is an old folk couplet to celebrate the birth of a child in spring, which is celebrated by auspicious words; The second couplet is Liu Haisu's congratulations to the 1985 national symposium on a dream of red mansions, and the third couplet is Pu Jie's congratulations to the establishment of the China Couplet Society. Both couplets are closely related to the content of the meeting, and write a couplet to express feelings; The fourth part is Lai Shaoqi's congratulations on the first opening ceremony of jiaying university, praising Jiaying and Meizhou as outstanding places.

:: Advocacy alliance

The so-called propaganda couplets refer to couplets used to publicize a certain political proposition, which are common in some sports and activities and play an inspiring and educational role.

For example:

Landlords and gentry treat working people as Chinese food;

The working people regard landlords and gentry as gun targets. (Donglan Peasant Movement Workshop)

Schools create talents to transform society;

Reading is for doing things, not for being an official. (Li Dazhao is the title of ethnic primary school in Daheituo village)

People can't be stupid without a teacher;

The country must not be ignorant, and ignorance will die.

Occupy the field, find a wife, and eliminate loneliness. It is useless for such a murderer to burn incense;

Filial piety to parents, loyalty to brothers, and harmony with village neighbors. If you are a good citizen, it doesn't matter if you don't come to worship. (Cooper is the title of God's meeting)

The first couplet is the couplet of Donglan Peasant Movement Workshop. The first couplet exposes the cruel exploitation and oppression of the landlord class to the peasants, and the second couplet expresses the peasants' great resentment against the landlords and gentry. For students, it is easy to understand and the educational effect is obvious. The second couplet is that Li Dazhao went home on holiday one year, went door to door to attack the gentry and clan forces in the village, knocked down a statue with strong incense in the ancient temple in the village, and founded the "Daheituo Village Ethnic Primary School". On the first day of school, he personally wrote this couplet, which clarified the purpose of running a school and studying; The third couplet is a couplet written by the United Front Work Department of Guangchang County Committee of Jiangxi Province on February 2nd 1985 to promote education. Profound and easy to understand, Jiangxi Daily once reported. The fourth part is Cooper's youth. Once in the village, the villagers asked him to write couplets for the temple gate. A wave of couplets fully expresses the author's unbelief in superstition, his deep hatred of tyrants and his deep sympathy for working people.

* Other links

As an ancient literary form, couplets are short, pithy and easy to understand, and are deeply loved by the broad masses of the people. In addition to the above 17 couplets, couplets are often used in many other occasions and some special occasions.