Oracle Bone Inscriptions, what's the word two towels?

Question 1: Excuse me, what did Oracle Bone Inscriptions read and what did he read the last word? Thank you! The first one is: bamboo

The third is: cars.

Question 2: What is cross-cultural awareness? Personal point of view, cross-cultural awareness is to have a full and correct understanding of cultural phenomena, customs and habits that are different or conflicting with the national culture, and on this basis, to accept and adapt with an inclusive attitude.

At present, the promotion of cross-cultural awareness is mainly in the field of foreign language learning, because language is the carrier of culture, it is difficult to learn the essence of a language without culturology, and it is also difficult to improve one's actual communication ability with the target population; On the contrary, learning a language on the basis of understanding culture can often get twice the result with half the effort.

Question 3: Information about ethnic minorities (say one or two)-Shui people, good neighbors of Miao and Dong people.

Shui nationality is one of the ethnic minorities in China. At present, there are 345,993 people, mainly living in Sandu County, Libo, Duyun and Dushan of Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture and Kaili, Liping, Rongjiang and Congjiang of Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, with a few scattered in the west of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.

The Shui nationality community is located at the southern foot of Miao Ling Mountain in the southeast of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and at the upper reaches of Liu Du and Longjiang River. With dense forests and picturesque scenery, it is suitable for the development of agriculture and forestry. It is the land of plenty and flowers in Guizhou Plateau. In folk songs, Shui people often describe their hometown as "as beautiful as a phoenix feather".

Shui people are engaged in agriculture, mainly planting rice. "Jiuqian Liquor" is the traditional liquor of the Shui people.

The ancestor of the Shui nationality is a branch of the ancient "Baiyue". In the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was called "Liao" together with Zhuang and Dong nationalities. In the Northern Song Dynasty, a "water-rich country" was established in the Shui nationality area. The name "clan" was first seen in the historical records of the Ming Dynasty. In Qing Dynasty, it was usually called "Shui Miao Family" and "Shui Family". After the founding of New China, the Shui nationality was officially named.

Shui language belongs to the Zhuang-Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. The ancestors of the Shui nationality once created their own characters, called "Shui Shu", which are similar in shape to Oracle Bone Inscriptions and the inscriptions on bronze, but only have more than 400 characters, and most of them are used for witchcraft activities. The Shui nationality has its own calendar, which is basically the same as the summer calendar, except that the end of the year is August and the beginning of the year is September.

In the modern history of China, the Shui people wrote a brilliant chapter. 1855 10, Pan Xinjian led the armed uprising of the Shui nationality, put forward the resounding slogan of "no food and no taxes, overthrow the Qing Dynasty and enjoy peace", persisted in the struggle 16 years, and cooperated with the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. From 65438 to 0909, Wu Chaojun led the uprising of the Shui nationality, Buyi nationality and Miao nationality. During the New Democratic Revolution, Deng Enming, the outstanding son of Shui nationality, was the only minority comrade in the first congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC). During War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation, Shui people also actively participated in the struggle led by local underground party organizations.

Traditional women's dress

Since the 1940s, the men's wear of the Shui nationality is not much different from that of the surrounding Han nationality, but women's wear still retains distinctive national characteristics. The yarn quality of Shuijia cloth (9000 Qing Bu) woven by Shui women is fine and uniform, and the dyed blue, blue and green are deep and washable, which has been well-known as early as a hundred years ago. The original printing and dyeing process of Shui soybean milk painting has a history of more than 700 years, and its printing and dyeing products are deeply loved by the masses.

Women's dresses of Shui nationality are mostly sewn with water armor cloth, without collars, big skirts, semi-gowns and long gowns. Robes are knee-length and generally have no embroidered edges. Holiday and wedding costumes are completely different from usual. Shoulders and cuffs on wedding dresses, embroidered ribbons on trousers and knees, and colorful patterns on headscarves. Wear a silver crown on your head and a silver collar around your neck. Wear a silver bracelet on your wrist, a silver elegant collar on your chest, silver earrings on your earlobe, and embroidered shoes on your feet. Brides usually dress up beautifully and elegantly. In addition, women's embroidered suspenders are more artistic. It is said to be a "belt", but it is actually a gorgeous embroidered "T"-shaped "curtain" with belts on both sides of the upper end. The curtain is big enough to wrap the child. It is made by winding a white ponytail with white silk thread, adding silk threads of other colors, respectively embroidering various patterns, and finally splicing the embroidered patterns onto the strap fabric. Straps are beautiful and practical, and they are the best gifts for mothers to give to their married daughters.

Before marriage, Shui women like to make leisure robes with light blue, green or gray fabrics, and their tops are mostly satin. The sleeves of the clothes have shrunk compared with the past, and they look neat and curvy. Embroidered apron on the chest and long towel wrapped in green and white cloth on the head are elegant and quiet. The cuffs, shoulders and trouser cuffs of married women are decorated with blue lace. Long hair is combed into a coil on the top of the head and inserted into the comb from the right side to fix it. Some women wear white scarves horizontally outside headscarves, and some directly wrap their heads with plaid square scarves, which is traditional and fashionable.

Wedding customs and etiquette

The marriage custom of the Shui nationality has a strong traditional color and pays attention to the marriage of the Ming media. Before marriage, young men and women can make friends and fall in love by singing in festivals and fairs. Even if it is a free love, it must be a marriage reported by the media, otherwise it is impolite and will be discriminated against. Young men and women should ask someone to tell their parents after they fall in love. If the parents show their willingness, the man invites the matchmaker to the woman's house to give gifts and betrothal, and chooses an auspicious day to send someone to carry the piglets to the woman's house to "eat some wine." At the formal wedding ceremony, the big pig was carried to the woman's house to "eat big wine". Toast song should be sung at the party. Every time the hostess sings a song, the guests have to drink a glass of wine to show their hospitality by getting drunk. Wedding and farewell, regardless of men and women ... >>

Question 4: Is simplified Chinese characters scientific and reasonable? Do some simplified words need to be improved? On the irrationality of simplifying Chinese characters from the method of simplifying Chinese characters

In fact, the evolutionary history of Chinese characters is that simplification and complexity coexist, and simplification is the main thing. The first large-scale transformation of Chinese characters was Qin Shihuang's Tongwen Lu, which took Qin Xiaozhuan as the national common language. Xiao Zhuan is the first standardized character in the history of Chinese characters. Compared with Oracle Bone Inscriptions's slender and straight strokes, its lines are symmetrical and smooth. Compared with Oracle Bone Inscriptions's randomness and unsuitability (many variants), its structure is basically stereotyped; The other is simplification, such as the word "car" (the car of Xiao Zhuan is consistent with the later official script and regular script), and the whole car painted by Oracle Bone Inscriptions is replaced with wheels; There are also complicated phenomena. For example, Oracle Bone Inscriptions's word "cong" means two people in tandem, which is basically the same as the simplified characters commonly used now. On this basis, Xiao Zhuan added a component-U.

Qin Xiao Zhuan is the most systematic and last hieroglyph. In the Han Dynasty, official script replaced it and became an ordinary writing. Lishu has established the basic strokes of modern Chinese characters, such as "point, horizontal, vertical, left and right", which are completely symbolized, completely breaking the pictographic tradition of Chinese characters and can no longer be regarded as pictographic characters. It is worth noting that the official script, which has always been called "Han Li", actually appeared and was widely used in the Qin Dynasty. Qin Li is a kind of handwriting formed after the preservation of Xiao Zhuan slips, which is used by junior officials for daily writing, and this is also the origin of the name "Li Shu". Qin Li and Han Li are still very different, but they are even more different from Xiao Zhuan. Interested friends can refer to the Yunmeng Qin bamboo slips unearthed in Yunmeng, Hubei Province in 1957.

Later, regular script and official script did not change much in structure, but their strokes and shapes became more symbolic.

Great changes in Chinese characters took place in the second half of last century. That is, "simplified characters" popular in Chinese mainland today. It is enforced by the government, and special laws have been formulated for this purpose. This is the first man-made mandatory change in the history of Chinese characters. Profound and clumsy. (Qin Shihuang's book is the same script, but it is stipulated that Qin Xiaozhuan is a common script, and the Qin people have already formed and used it before that. In the future, the transfer and opening of Chinese characters will be the natural evolution of Chinese characters. The motivation for simplifying Chinese characters is not discussed for the time being. Let's briefly talk about the methods and principles followed in simplification.

First, replace the original text with symbols appearing in cursive script, also called cursive script. For example, "car", "long", "specialized" and "music" ...

As we all know, cursive scripts are connected with pens, characters are connected, strokes are like running water, and fonts are varied. It is more just a work of art appreciated by literati, and basically has no practical value. Especially the weeds that appeared in the Tang Dynasty, even knowledgeable people can hardly recognize them. Therefore, the simple symbols appearing in cursive scripts are simply things outside the Chinese character system, and they are not qualified to become Chinese characters. It is unreasonable to replace the original word with this symbol. Moreover, the words "car" to "car" and "long" to "long" are not convenient to write and are more likely to be confused.

Second, take the complicated and simplified characters as an example. This kind of writing is found in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscriptions and traditional books, but it is not universally recognized. Especially in Buddhist scriptures, there are many vulgar words. For example: bug, from (slave), million (million), and (and), listening. ...

This is relatively reasonable, but more consideration is needed to revive these characters that have been eliminated or not recognized in the development of Chinese characters. For example, it makes sense to use "from" instead of "from" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. There is no basis for replacing the original characters (such as "Wan") with the vulgar characters in the classics. Vulgar characters are actually a kind of arbitrary simplification behavior of individuals in the process of copying. For example, I take notes myself, and I use "#" for Hu Shi and "*" for Fu Sinian. I can understand that, and so can my friends, but these two symbols cannot be used as Chinese characters.

Third, symbol substitution. Replace complex parts with simple symbols.

A typical example is the symbol "you". Let's look at the following groups of simplified characters and traditional characters.

1, Chinese (Chinese), sigh (sigh), difficult (difficult)

2. Power, persuasion and outlook.

3.deng (deng)

4. Right (right)

This "you" replaces four different components, not to mention whether this simplified substitution is reasonable. How did the original producers analyze and sort out this simplified scheme-simply classify vowels and replace different symbols with the same symbol? Is this not a joke?

Fourth, homonym replacement. For a group of words with the same pronunciation, taking the simplest one will simplify the meaning of the words ... >>

Question 5: Various pictographs of Chinese characters: refers to the use of graphics to represent characters, which are similar in shape to what they represent. Generally speaking, hieroglyphics are the earliest characters. Outline the shape characteristics of the object to be expressed with lines or strokes of words. For example, the word "moon" looks like the shape of a curved moon, and the word "turtle" (especially the traditional [turtle]) looks like the side shape of a turtle. The word "horse" is a horse with four legs, and the word "fish" is a swimming fish with a head, a body and a tail. The word "sun" is like a circle with a little bit in the middle, much like the shape people see when they look directly at the sun.

Demonstrative words: Demonstrative words are an abstract word-formation method, that is, when there is no or inconvenient use.

When drawing a concrete image, it is represented by an abstract symbol, such as "up" and "down"

","awesome "... and so on. The words "up" and "down" are bounded by the horizontal line "one".

Use a shorter or shorter short line to indicate the upper position on the horizontal line and write it as "two", that is,

The word "Shang"; The symbol drawn under the horizontal line is "",which is the word "Xia". The word "fierce"

It means that there is a deep pit on the ground, and pedestrians don't see it when they step into it, which means "ㄩ"

Deep pit, the symbol "×" in the middle symbolizes the feeling of panic and danger when falling into the pit.

Situation.

There are 9353 exegesis words in Shuo Wen Jie Zi. Except for the word "up" and "down", it obviously refers to things. Even other reference words recognized by later generations are explained by pictographs and knowing words. In addition, the definition of reference words in Xu Zi is concise and vague, which leads to differences in understanding the structural types of reference words between ancient and modern times. Such as Duan Yucai's "Shuo Wen Jie Zi? "Xu" notes: "Refers to the difference between things and pictographs, and the shape refers to one thing, which is different from many things and is specialized in learning. So, every day, every month, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day. Every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, every day, scholars know this. They can be divided into pictographic references ... The reference cannot be confused. When the two texts are understood, the body is the reference. " It is not difficult to see that the demonstratives that Duan thinks are abstract symbolic words with uniqueness.

Type of demonstrative word

1, monomer refers to things

Any unique text used to express abstract things without subsequent increase or decrease or formal changes is called unique reference, that is, the reference to things is a positive example. This unique writing usually uses line symbols to represent the image of abstract things. Examples of unibody reference words: up, one, two, down, │, eight, small, ㄔ, ㄐ, ㄔ.

2. Fit refers to things.

When the existing text images or symbols are not enough to express abstract concepts, we should add some stippling to the text images to introduce concepts, that is, a paragraph of text with unwritten symbols as the main body is called the combination of the two. Yuan, Shi, Wang, Zhong, Tun, Mou and Qian.

3. Variation refers to things.

In order to express abstract ideas, the written image is often changed or some strokes of the written image are omitted. Through this change, people can understand another related concept. This kind of change usually refers to the change of position, for example, some are left and right opposite, and some are upside down. Examples of deviant deixis: ㄩ, lack, court, inverse, world, minister, fantasy, summer, towel.

Understanding words: Understanding is to synthesize a word with two or more independent words according to the relationship between meanings, and comprehensively express the synthetic meaning of these word-building components. This method of word formation is called understanding. Words made by cognitive methods are cognitive words.

Understand the word type:

(1) Homographs: Consists of different characters. Such as "Martial Arts", from Ge Cong. The word "toe base" refers to people walking with weapons, indicating conquest or showing force.

(2) Synonyms: composed of the same words. For example, "from" means that two people follow each other, and "comparison" means that two people are close to each other.

Understanding is a word-making method, which is created to make up for the limitations of hieroglyphs and referents. Compared with pictographs and deixis, knowing words have obvious advantages: first, they can express many abstract meanings; Secondly, it has a strong word-building function. Shuowen Jiezi contains 1 167 words, which is much more than pictographs and signifiers. Until now, people are still using cognitive methods to create simplified words or dialect words, such as "stove, dust, country, country". A knowing word is a combination of two or more forms, which is varied and complicated. This is the way to know, so the words "high yield" and "knowledge" are >>

Question 6: What do the following four people read? What do you mean? Please advise! The best definition of love may be to treat a living body or an object (whether it is a person, an object or an animal) actively and sincerely, so as to make it happy as a whole. In short, love is taking the initiative to make the whole happy. (Thomas Jay Alder) Love is selfless giving, including material, emotional and action forms. People who love have friends, and people who love have many friends. People you don't love are stingy and don't care about anything but selfishness. Such people, father and son, regard each other as passers-by or even enemies. This kind of person is an obstacle to social development. Love is innate, so it can be considered as a characteristic of nature. In other words, love is one of the essences that people must possess. Although it is difficult to give a universal definition of love due to the cultural differences of all nationalities in the world, it is not impossible (Shapia-Wolff hypothesis). Love can include love for soul or soul, love for law and organization, love for oneself, love for food, love for money, love for learning, love for power, love for reputation and endless love for others. Different people attach different importance to the love they receive. Love is an abstract concept in essence. You can experience it, but it's hard to say. Junyou Association, an internationally renowned charity organization, believes that the expression of love must be from near to far, the encouragement of goodness must be from small to large, and both love and goodness must be from the inside out, from themselves and others, and self-centered. Constantly expanding, from oneself, family, relatives and friends, community, slowly expanding to society, spreading to every corner of the whole earth. Love: In the interpretation of words, the traditional "love" consists of four parts: claw (), bald cover (), heart and friend. Animal love can also be matched with many words, such as love. Love follows the heart, and when it is accepted, it is accepted, and the lips are dead, the teeth are cold and the heart is cold. It is necessary to analyze and explain the meanings of "claw", "bald treasure cover", "heart" and "friend" respectively: 1 Interpretation of the word "claw": 1, and the word "claw" is an pictograph; 1. It's like a paw with its fingertips down in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. It evolved from Oracle Bone Inscriptions. (4) "Claw" is a modern regular script, which looks like Xiao Zhuan. The word "claw" was originally the toes of birds and animals, such as Tiger Claw and cats. ② The original meaning of the word "claw" is hand claw. For example, the five-character ancient poem "Pulling Grass Up the Mountain" in the Han Dynasty said: "Although the newcomers speak well, they are not like the old friends. Tian Rui: "The skin grabs the hair, and it will fall with the world. "-things like skin, nails and hair will fall off over time. The word "claw" is a noun and can be extended to a verb. Such as Liu Zongyuan's biography of planting trees and camels: "Claw its skin to test its life and death. "It means: catch it. All the characters composed of "claw" are mostly related to hands or hand movements, and appear at the top of a word, such as "talent", "symbol", "righteousness" and "receipt". The ancients said, "Raise your hand and say' claw'. This is a hieroglyph. (1) In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, it is like a curtain or a big towel covering something. (2) In bronze inscriptions, it is almost the same as that in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. (3) Xiao Zhuan, similar to Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen. ④ In modern regular script, it is the so-called "bald treasure cover". The word "one" is a radical. In Chinese characters, all words composed of "Yi" have the meaning of "Gai", such as "crown", "ghost" and "power". Third, the explanation of the word "heart": 50000.000001